SusDev Midterm Clicker Questions 1-60

In the past 65 years, global population has increased by a factor of

In the past 65 years, global population has increased by a factor of

about 3.0 (approximately tripled)

In the past 65 years, US population has

increased by a factor of about 2

To the nearest 1 billion people, what is the human population on Earth now?

8 billion

Approximately what was the 2004 UN medium projected peak population at the end of this century?

9 billion

How about the 2019 UN medium projected population in 2100

11 billion

When do you think was the last year when per capita energy consumption in the US was equal to the current global average of about 2500 Watts per person?

1776

Over the past century, global human energy consumption has increased by a factor of about

10

US oil production peaked in 1970. True or False?

False (Peaked sometime recently, around 2010-2020s I think)

Over the past 150 years, global per capita energy consumption has increased by a factor of

9

I think that average, global per capita energy consumption should

increase

What is an external cost?

impact of producing a commodity borne by "the public"

In acid rain, the pH is

lower than normal (higher = basic, lower = acidic)

Emissions from burning coal, smelting copper, etc, that cause acid rain include

Sulfur oxides + Nitrogen oxides

How was seafloor spreading discovered?

marine magnetic measurements

Where is the present day spreading center

C

What has been the average spreading rate over the past 50 million years?

1 cm/yr

Subduction zones are also called

convergent plate boundaries

Mid-ocean ridges, aka spreading centers, are also called

divergent plate boundaries

True or False? Continental crust is more dense than oceanic crust

False

True or False? Continental crust is more SiO2 rich than oceanic crust

True (idk kinda makes sense that crust has more oxygen stuff idk)

True or False? Continental crust has higher Mg, Fe and Mg/(Mg + Fe) than oceanic crust

False

True or False? Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust

True

Continental crust is

up to 4 billion years old

Oceanic crust is

less than 200 million years old

Continental crust is

felsic

Oceanic crust is

mafic

Compatible elements:

fit in crystals that form at high temperature during crystallization major elements: Ni, Cr, Co if sulfur is included, sulfide minerals contain some platinum group elements (PGE's), Cu

Incompatible elements:

don't fit in crystals, instead stay in melt during early stages of crystallization most other elements, including rare earth elements (REE's), Au, Ag

Where are compatible elements?

in mafic oceanic crust and mafic intrusions

Where are incompatible elements?

in felsic continental crust (Au + Ag are incompatible and u find those in caves in Minecraft)

highest T/P?

mid-ocean ridge (higher temperature, lower pressure)

lowest T/P?

subduction zone (lower temperature, higher pressure)

Three main kinds of rocks

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

What gases are major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, but minor on Venus and Mars?

Oxygen, nitrogen

Why does the Earth's atmosphere have so much more O2 than on Venus and Mars?

Photosynthesis

A reserve is

the amount of a commodity economically and legally extractable today

The Earth's early atmosphere, like volcanic gases today, probably did not contain abundant

O2 (Oxygen)

The most abundant gas in the Martian and Venutian atmospheres (> 90%) is

CO2

After the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, which is N2, the second most abundant gas (> 20%) is

O2

What factors, other than the amount and concentration of some commodity in the deposit, help to determine the size of reserves?

Price Changing cost to produce due to added internal costs (pollution controls) and improved extraction technology Regulations, tariffs, policy changes

In the context of the terminology for "reserve" versus "resource," a resource is

the total amount of ultimately extractable commodity

Three types of sedimentary rocks are

clastic, biogenic, evaporite (also abiotic chemical, phosphorous, iron)

You are an oil exploration geologist. Where should we look?

thick, undeformed, shallow water sediments along passive continental margins and in former shallow ocean basins on land

What is the SI unit for J/s?

Watts

How many seconds in a year

3.15 x 10^7 (60 sec x 60 min x 24 hrs x 365.25 days, looks like pi x 10^7)

Compared to CH4 (methane) and other hydrocarbons, CO2 is

Oxidized

Coal is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of

reduced plant material

Oil is mainly formed by thermal maturation at the depth of

reduced microbial material

C + O2 =

CO2 + energy

CH4 + (???)O2 = (???)CO2 + (???)H2O

2, 1, 2 (CH4 + 2O2 = 1CO2 + 2H2O <-- 4 oxygens returns 4 oxygens)

Oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons are

Spontaneous, releasing energy in the form of heat (Remember C + O2 = CO2 + energy)

Combustion

Oxidation, spontaneous, release energy in the form of heat

Reduction of CO2 to make hydrocarbons

Not spontaneous, requires input of energy (e.g., solar energy, photosynthesis)

Oil is found

In shallow marine sediments that have been buried at 1 to 4 km depth

The amount of oil hat can ever be recovered on Earth is

the size of a resource

Correctly match the letters to the product associated with each zone

A -biogenic gas, B - oil, C - thermogenic gas

What is the typical temperature and depth interval for oil maturation?

50 to 170 degrees C, 1.5 km to 3.5 km

Mars and Venus have atmospheres with more than 95% CO2, as did early Earth, whereas at present Earth's atmosphere contains only 400 ppm CO2 (0.04%). Where is most of the missing carbon?

In sedimentary rocks

Are carbonates e.g., calcite CaCO3, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, and magnesite MgCO3, useful energy resources?

NO

Which is a better fuel, coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 1, or coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 10?

10