Studied by 25 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (5)
hyperactivity
insomnia
heat intolerance
fatigue
increased appetite but weight loss
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? (5)
hypothermia
decreased appetite but weight gain
dry skin + hair
fatigue
constipation
What is the pharmacologic treatment for hyperthyroidism? (2)
Antithyroid medications
Beta-blockers
What is the pharmacologic treatment for hypothyroidism?
Medications that replace thyroid hormone, like Levothyroxine
What is the treatment for thyroid storm?
thyroid storm = extreme case of hyperthyroidism
treatment = cooling, NO aspirin, fluid replacement
What is a goiter?
Enlarged thyroid gland
What is myxedema?
A life threatening complication of long untreated hypothyroidism
In primary thyroid disorders, what part is dysfunctional?
Thyroid
In secondary thyroid disorders, what part is dysfunctional?
Pituitary
In tertiary thyroid disorders, what part is dysfunctional?
Hypothalmus
What is the function of the pancreas?
Keeps blood glucose within normal range
What are the physiological actions of insulin? (3)
Promotes entry of glucose into cells
Provides storage of glucose
Inhibits breakdown of fat and glycogen
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Caused by absolute lack of insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells
What type of insulin is rapid acting?
Lispro / Humalog
What type of insulin has prolonged action?
Glargine / Lantus
How long does it take for rapid acting insulin to take effect?
10 - 20 mins
How long does it take for long acting insulin to take effect?
30 mins - 4 hours
How long does rapid acting insulin last?
3 - 5 hours
How long does long acting insulin last?
16 - 24 hours
When is rapid acting insulin usually administered?
At the start of a meal
When is short acting insulin usually administered?
30 - 60 mins before a meal
What is the preferred site for insulin injection?
Abdomen
What type of insulin can be used intravenously?
Regular insulin
What is the safest way to give insulin?
Insulin pen
What are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? (5)
sweating
tachycardia
confusion
drowsiness
convulsions
Which drugs can raise blood glucose levels? (4)
Phenytoin
NSAIDs
Diuretics
Corticosteroids
Which drugs can lower blood glucose levels? (3)
Lithium
ACE inhibitors
Beta-blockers
What is type 2 diabetes?
Pancreas can secrete some insulin, but the insulin receptors have become resistant
How do oral anti-diabetic medications treat type 2 diabetes?
Lowers blood glucose
What are the classes of oral anti-diabetic drugs? (6)
Sulfonylureas
Biguanides
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Thiazolidinediones
Meglitinides
Incretin enhancers
How do sulfonylureas treat type 2 diabetes?
stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells
What are adverse effects of sulfonylureas? (3)
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain
hepatotoxicity
Why are biguanides usually the first line of therapy for type 2 diabetes?
Do not cause weight gain and hypoglycemia
What is the only drug in the biguanide class?
Metformin
How do biguanides treat type 2 diabetes?
Decreases hepatic production of glucose and reduces insulin resistance
What are some side effects of biguanides? (2)
Usually GI related, like diarrhea and nausea
What is important to remember about biguanides?
Stop medication if getting IV dyes for radiological study
What is a rare and fatal adverse effect of biguanides?
Lactic acidosis
What is the onset of Metformin?
less than 1 hour
What is the duration of Metformin?
12 hours
How do alpha-glucosidase inhibitors treat type 2 diabetes?
Blocks enzymes in the small intestine that break down complex carbs
How do thiazolidinediones treat type 2 diabetes?
Reduce blood glucose by decreasing insulin resistance and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis
How long does it take for thiazolidinediones to work optimally?
2-3 months
What are the common adverse effects of thiazolidinediones? (3)
fluid retention
headache
weight gain
How do meglitinides treat type 2 diabetes?
act by stimulating the release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells
How long is the duration of action for meglitinides?
2 - 4 hours
What is the most common adverse effect for meglitinides?
Hypoglycemia
How do incretin enhancers treat type 2 diabetes?
Mimic effects of incretins- hormones released into the blood by intestine in response to food to signal insulin secretion and stop glucagon production
Note 
Flashcard (80)