Nutrition: Ruminant Nutrition

cattle have no ____________ incisors, but instead have a dental ________

maxillary, pad

The rumen can hold how many gallons?

42.5

rumen microbes produce what three vitamins

B, K, C

rumen microbes produce ___________ and ___________ acids

fatty, amino

rumen microbes produce what two gases

methane, carbon dioxide

what is needed to keep the rumen microbes alive

fiber

rumen pH should be

6.2-7.2

the reticulum holds how many gallons

2.5

the reticulum is responsible for _________________ of food during rumination

regurgitation

reticulum is described as looking like

honeycomb

the omasum is described as the

book

the omasum holds approximately how many gallons

4

the abomasum is known as the

true stomach

the abomasum holds how many gallons

5

the abomasum is the beginning of ________________ digestion of proteins

peptic

the small intestine is how many feet long

150

the small intestine can hold ____ gallons of ingesta

16

the cecum is ____ feet long

3

the cecum can hold ____ gallons of ingesta

2.5

the large intestine is ____ feet long

33

the large intestine can hold ____ gallons of ingesta

7.5

for much of the production cycle, protein and energy needs can be met with low to medium quality forages (T/F)

true

amount of dietary energy needed to maintain a beef cow with no loss or gain in body energy is estimated as ____ kcal/kg to the 0.75 power

77

free-grazing cows that range long distances may have ___% - ___% greater energy needs

30, 50

best-quality hay should be saved for the ____ days prepartum through ____ days postpartum

60, 90

cows should not lose more than ____% of body weight during the winter and through calving

15

what is the most common nutrient deficient for cows grazing mature forage

protein

protein from __________ ___________ synthesis supplies on average 50% of needed protein and amino acids

microbial protein

required by the rumen microorganisms to synthesize vitamin B12

cobalt

increase _____________ and _____________ in young cattle, and with milk production and pregnancy

calcium, phosphorus

acute calcium deficiency is seen in what

parturient paresis

dietary levels of 10 ppm of ______________ is considered adequate for beef cattle

copper

what two cattle breeds are shown to have higher copper requirements than angus cattle

simmental, charolais

deficiencies of ________________ is found in Great Lakes and Pacific Northwest regions

iodine

____ ppm of iron is adequate for adult cattle

50

milk production increased ________________ requirement

magnesium

high levels of what three things interfere with magnesium utilization

potassium, phosphorus, calcium

what may result from magnesium deficiency

hypomagnesemic tetany

deficiency of _______________ can occur with high grain diets

potassium

most commonly used source of supplemental K+

potassium chloride

dietary level of ____ ppm of selenium is adequate

0.2

dietary requirement of zinc is ____-____ ppm

20-40

supplementation of what two things is necessary

sodium, chloride

what interferes with utilization of copper and selenium

sulfur

most critical times to provide adequate trace minerals is prior to ______________ through the breeding season

calving

vitamin D is synthesized in the __________ when cattle are exposed to direct sunlight

skin

B vitamin deficiencies are very common (T/F)

false

vitamin B12 deficiency occurs as a result of a deficiency of

cobalt

nonlactating cows consume approximately what ration of dry matter intake

3:1

lactating cows need an additional ____ gallon water/day for each 1 lb of milk produced

0.1

factors increasing water intake are diets high in _________ or __________ content

protein, salt

underfeeding energy and/or protein during growth results in delayed

sexual maturity

nutrient deficiencies prior to breeding may result in a longer interval from ___________ to first __________

calving, estrus

growth rate declines gradually until

puberty

newborn calves should receive colostrum within first ____ hours

72

peak benefits occur if the calf gets colostrum within the first _______ hours

24

____-____% of a calf's body weight should be fed

10-12

colostrum may be frozen (T/F)

true

___________ bypass will occur when animal is nursing

rumen

dairy calves are weaned from milk at ____-____ weeks of age

4-8

beef cattle are weaned at ___-___ months of age

7-8

beef calves should be fed

creep feed

feeder cattle may develop rumen ____________, founder, and liver _____________

acidosis, abscesses

what should receive colostrum within the first few hours after birth

lambs

lambs need ___-___ ounces of colostrum

6-8

lambs are weaned at ___ weeks of age or younger

8

adult sheep generally consume ___-___ gallons of water per day

1-1.5

sheep are better at digesting poor quality roughage compared to ___________

cattle

nutrition for sheep should be of highest quality during the last ___-___ weeks of gestation

6-8

lambs and kids should have access to creep feed at ___ weeks of age

2

sheep are susceptible to ___________ toxicity

copper

two common problems associated with poor nutrition in ewes

lambing paralysis, ketosis

what is needed for the production of wool

methionine

large, fast growing lambs are susceptible to ______________ disease

overeating