APHG U6 Vocab

John Snow

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Online Mapping

Web sites that provide graphical information in the form of maps and databases

Relative Direction

Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places

Globalization

the increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world.

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Time-Space Compression

 The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system

Time-Space Convergence

the idea that distance between places is, in effect, shrinking due to certain transportation and communities technologies.

Environmental determinism

Human actions and activities are scientifically caused by environmental conditions

Environmental Posibilism

Conditions may limit certain human actions, but people can alter their environment to meet their needs (EX: terrace farming, irrigation)

Carl Sauer

Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis, developed theories regarding agriculture

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Replacement Fertility Level

number of children needed for a population to replace itself from one generation to the next (2.1)

Aging Index

the number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14

Carrying Capacity

The largest population that an area can support

Thomas Malthus

Thomas Malthus was an 18th-century British economist best known for his theory that human populations tend to outgrow their agricultural production capabilities, resulting in famines and other disasters

Ester Boserup/Cornucopians

optimists who question limits-to-growth analyses and reject the ideas that population-growth projections are problematic and that Earth has finite resources and carrying capacity

Neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

Cultural Landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Sequent Occupance

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Cultural Relativity

the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

Sense of Place

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

Cultural Convergence

contact and interaction of one culture and another

Assimilation

When an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host society and loses many culturally distinctive traits

Acculturation

When an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function socially and economically

Interfaith Boundary

boundaries between the world's major faiths

Intrafaith Boundary

The boundaries within a major religion.

Centripetal Force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state (pull)

Centrifugal Force

a force that divides people and countries (push)

Territoriality

refers to a defined area of land or water that is claimed by a group or individual as their own and is protected from external interference

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

sees the world economy as a flexible core, periphery and semi-periphery

Core

the developed and industrialized part of the world (ex: U.S, Japan, Germany)

Semi-Periphery

"the middle class" in which nations have dominating economic relationships with the periphery and less dominant ones with the core. (ex: South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, India, Nigeria)

Periphery

the "underdeveloped", typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (ex: most African Countries and low income countries in South America)

European Union (EU)

a free trade zone encompassing 27 European countries

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.

The Paris Agreement (2016)

Agreement made between the United Nations countries to cut down on the emissions of greenhouse gases in an attempt to slow down global warming. More wealthy and producing countries have to cut down more

The Schengen Area

a zone in which there are no police or custom checks at borders between most EU countries; controls are strengthened at EU's external borders

Shatterbelt

a region located between 2 or more stronger powers whose competition for influence creates political stress

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Ethnic Cleansing

rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force

Irredentism

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

Devolution

the transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government; can lead to fragmentation into smaller states

Sustainability

Practices that meet people's needs today without endangering future generations' abilities to meet their needs

Monocropping

cultivating just one crop across an extensive land area

Multi-cropping

cultivating more than one per year on the same land

Aquaculture

the cultivation of seafood

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Organic Farming

the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

Community Supported Agriculture

A process in which consumers buy shares from local farmers in exchange for weekly produce

Brownfields

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

Low Density Housing

land use pattern meant for a small number of residential homes that include a lot of open space and contain the fewest people per geographic unit

Medium density housing

land use pattern in which residential units include multi-unit housing, such as townhomes as well as single-unit housing

High Density Housing

land use pattern in which land is occupied by residential units that include multi-unit housing such as high-rise buildings and contain the highest people per geographic unit

Hotelling's Model/Theory

theory that competitors trying to maximize sales will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

Comparative Advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Multiplier Effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

Economies of Scale

the cost per unit of production decreases as volume of product increases

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a supranational organization that creates policies on global trading.

non-governmental organization (NGO)

an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government;