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Brutish and Violent Europe

Life expectancy in 1100 was around 30 years due to violence.

Moral Code by the Church

Introduced to control violence, emphasizing bravery, honor, and protection of the weak.

Importance of Christianity

Grew significantly in medieval Europe, reflecting intense religious beliefs.

Doom Paintings

Churches decorated with art illustrating judgment from God and the contrasts of heaven and hell.

Unique England

Affluent and well-governed compared to other European countries, with a stable currency.

King Stephen

Monarch from 1135, whose reign led to a civil war over the throne.

Empress Matilda

The rightful heir, whose claim to the throne was supported by some barons but ultimately contested by Stephen.

Civil War

Began in 1139, dividing England between supporters of Matilda and Stephen.

Battle of Lincoln

A significant conflict where Stephen was captured, impacting his control over England.

Treaty of Winchester

Agreement in 1153 that ended the civil war, naming Henry as Stephen's heir.

Decentralized Government

Stephen's approach to governance during the civil war led to abuse and disorganization.

Exchequer System

The taxation system under Stephen that became ineffective, weakening the legal system.

Henry II

Inherited the throne in 1154, introduced financial reforms and established common laws.

Angevin Empire

A collection of states ruled independently by Henry II and his family.

Permanent Courts

Established by Henry II at Westminster, along with itinerant judges for legal consistency.

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury, famously murdered on December 29, 1170, during Henry II's reign.