HIST 1020 Test 2

Primary Source

original document or artifact from a specific time period

The Dual Revolution

• simultaneous political and social revolutions in Europe

• the Industrial Revolution (economic)

• The Atlantic Revolution (political)

The Atlantic Revolution

• the American Revolution

• the French Revolution

• the Haitian Revolution

• the Latin American Revolutions

• series of Revolutions in the Americas influenced by the American and French Revolutions

The Seven Years’ War

• war between European Empires

• France, Spain, and Austria vs. Britain and Prussia

• mercantilist conflict

• “The First Real World War” (World War Zero)

• conflict between major European powers from 1756 to 1763

Sojourners vs. Settlers

temporary migrants vs. permanent residents in a new country

Proclamation of 1763

British law prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Popular Sovereignty

the idea that political power resides with the people

The “Glorious” Revolution

the peaceful overthrow of King James II in England in 1688

subjects vs. citizens

people under the rule of a monarch vs. members of a democratic society

The Tradition of “English Liberty”

long-standing rights and freedoms enjoyed by English citizens

The Declaration of Independence

• document declaring the American colonies’ independence from Britain

• a rhetorical and ideological “blueprint” for revolutions, enlightenment faith in human reason, progress, and natural law, the idea of a social contract between government and the governed, the “right” to revolution, the idea of universal human equality, the idea of a sovereign nation

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

• French Revolutionary document outlining individual rights and freedoms

• “The French people…. believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man

The Haitian Declaration of Independence

document declaring Haiti’s independence from France

“Conservative Revolutions”

Revolutions that aimed to preserve traditional, social, and political structures

1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution

periods of major industrialization and technological advancements

The household/family economy

economic system centered around self-sufficiency and domestic production

The Division of Labor

specialization of tasks within a production process

Organic Economy

economy based on agriculture and natural resources

“Accidents of Geography”

factors such as natural resources and location that influence economic development

“Cultures of Innovation”

societies that encourage and reward new ideas and inventions

“Practical Enlightenment”

application of Enlightenment ideas to practical problems and reforms

An Inquiry into the Nature of the Wealth of Nations

book by Adam Smith, discussing principles of economics and capitalism

Consumer Revolutions

period of increased consumption and availability of goods

Middle Class vs. Working Class

social classes based on wealth and occupations

“The Economy of Self-Interest”

economic system driven by individuals pursuing their own self-interest

Greenwich Mean Time

standardized time used as a reference point for time zones

“The Decline of distance”

reduced significance of physical distance due to advancements in transportation and communication

secondary source

interpretation or analysis of a primary source by historians

ancien regime

the old order of society before the French Revolution

secularization

process of separating religious and political institution

creolization

blending of European and African cultures in the Caribbean

the public sphere

social space where individuals come together to discuss and debate issues

quartering act

British law requiring colonists to house and and feed British soldiers

the Quebec Act

British law granting religious and political rights to French Canadians

consumer boycotts

refusal to buy or use certain goods or services as a form of protest

nation-states

• nation= people

• People citizens, not subjects

• sovereign expression/ representation of a community of people

tricolor cockade

symbol of the French Revolution, a badge with three colored ribbons

Napoleon Bonaparte

• first consul and then emperor of France

• the heir and undertaker of the French Revolution

• French military and political leader during the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Napoleonic Code

French Civil Code established under Napoleon Bonaparte

Saint Dominique

• former French colony that became Haiti

• white minority

• black majority (mostly enslaved)

• conflicts of wealth/poverty, conflicts of race, conflicts of free/enslaved

Toussaint Loverture

Haitian Revolutionary leader who led the fight for independence

“The New Nobility”

wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs who emerged during the Industrial Revolutions

Separate Spheres

division of roles and responsibilities between men and women in society

Task-Orientation

focus on completing specific tasks efficiently

Inorganic Economy

economy based on manufacturing and industry

Capitalism

economic system based on private ownership and free market competition

Lassiez Faire

economic policy of minimal government intervention in the economy

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher, known for his book “The Wealth of Nations”

Mercantilism

economic theory that emphasizes the importance of exports and the accumulation of wealth

“Deep Time”

a framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of the universe and planet earth

“Mudlarking”

seeking items in the mud to sell in Tims in London; looking for artifacts, quite older tradition for recycling

Fashion

popular style or trend in clothing or accessories

Circa (“c”)

approximately or around a specific time

Microinventions

small-scale innovations that improve efficiency or convenience

What was the Dual Revolution

simultaneous political and social revolutions in Europe

How did the Atlantic World facilitate multiple revolutions

through the inspiration of enlightenment ideas and ideals

How did the Seven Years’ War help to cause the Atlantic Revolutions

the debt from the long war helped spark the American and French Revolutions

How did the European Enlightenment help to cause/justify the Atlantic Revolutions

the Enlightenment promoted the idea that the human political and social arrangement could be engineered, and improved, by human actions

How did Enlightenment thinkers specifically criticize (1) existing political systems and (2) existing economic systmes

1. influenced revolutions and the idea of popular sovereignty in the public sphere

2. the Enlightenment was responsible, at least in part, for bringing mercantilism to an end and replacing it with a more open and competitive economic system

how closely did each of the Atlantic Revolutions come to realizing Enlightenment ideas in practice

the United States of America was an experiment of Enlightenment ideals; everyone questions “Popular Sovereignty”

How did Enlightenment ideas ultimately shape the Industrial Revolution

• critique of mercantilism and slavery

• protection of private property

• practical knowledge and improvement

• capitalism, self-interest, laissez faire

• imitation as a virtue

• promotes production

• promotes consumption

What was the primary cause of the American Revolution

end of salutary neglect, Proclamation of 1763, Quartering Act of 1765, Quebec Act of 1774, colonial taxation

What was the primary phase of the American Revolution

Lexington and Concord, Declaration of Independence, Saratoga and the alliances with France and Spain, Revolutionary and Global Imperial War, Battle of Yorktown

who were the primary participants in the American Revolution

patriots vs. loyalists

What were the short and long-term consequences of the American Revolution

creation of an independent nation-state in North America, an experiment in Enlightenment government, inspired the French and Spanish-American Revolutions, and Declaration of Independence

What was the primary cause of the French Revolution

enlightenment critique, economic challenges (inefficient taxation), feudalistic system (conservative aristocracy), weak absolute monarch, natural disaster, and economic crisis/government bankruptcy

what were the primary phases of the French Revolution

absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, first republic, directory, consulate and empire, and finally absolute monarchy

Who were the primary participants of the French Revolution

what were the short and long-term consequences of the French Revolution

more violent (scale and type--international opposition), more radical, ended in restored monarchy, "France sneezes, Europe catches a cold" -- people and countries follow (no more diving right of kings)

what were the primary causes of the Haitian Revolution

freedom from enslavement

what were the primary phases of the Haitian Revolution

who were the primary participants of the Haitian Revolution

what are the short and long-term consequences of the Haitian Revolution

what were the primary causes of the Spanish-American Revolutions

what were the primary phases of the Spanish-American Revolutions

who were the primary participants of the Spanish-American Revolutions

what were the short and long-term consequences of the Spanish-American Revolutions

compare the events and ideas of the American, French, Haitian, and Spanish-American Revolutions

• caused by popular disconnect within the people

• tried to use enlightened thought to justify revolution

• tried to use the power of the masses to succeed (tried to convince peasants)

• formed assemblies to try to strengthen and organize cause

• copied other revolutions as a basis on what to do

who was likely to oppose the British during the American Revolution

• majority of white colonists

• minority of middling Britons

• minority of other British colonists

• minority of Native Americans

• free people of color

• enslaved persons

who was likely to remain loyal to the British Empire during the American Revolution

• minority of white colonists

• majority of Britons

• majority of other British colonists

• majority of Native Americans

• free people of color

• enslaved persons

why did the French Revolution pass through many phases

France did not know what to create; each government lead to taking away the liberties of the French people

what were the differences between the Old Regime, the Constitutional Monarchy, the First Republic, the Directory, the Empire, and the Third Republic

• old regime: the political and social system that existed in France before the French

• Constitutional Monarchy: three states with a king; not really constitutional

• First Republic: rejection of the Constitution of 1791, creates the first republic, “liberty, equality, and fraternity”, secularization

• The Directory: the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic, overthrown by Napoleon

• Empire: Napoleon creates and rules to create a new era of warfare

how were the American and French Revolutions both important political experiments

both were a kind of trial to see if the ideas of the Enlightenment would work out; nothing like this had been done before

did the actual systems of government the American and French Revolutions created live up to the ideas of the revolutionaries

no, a government will never be perfect; the persistence of slavery, the definition of citizenship and equality, and the persistence of pre-revolutionary power structure

why did the French Revolution become a revolutionary event in not just France but European and World history?

it was a key turning point in the history of France and indeed a good portion of England too. Hastened by Enlightenment philosophies, the revolution put an end to the feudal system as well as France’s absolute monarchy and changed the country’s entire political landscape

why was Napoleon the “heir and undertaker” of the French Revolution

he was indirectly responsible for spreading many of the ideals of the French Revolution throughout Europe

How did the French Revolution help to cause the Haitian and Spanish-American Revolutions

people read the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and assumed they were free and started to push back against white slave owners

why didn’t Britain’s Caribbean colonies revolt in 1775

They were the wealthiest colonies of the British Empire, plantation monoculture (sugar), absentee landlords, enslaved population were necessary for the military, memory of Tacky’s War, practical application of ideas of Enlightenment, and hid taxes better

why didn’t Britain have a political revolution like France in 1789

even under pressure from fierce popular opposition at the end of the 18th century, British parliamentary power and process were sufficient to face it down. An important reason was that, unlike the French Government, the British Government did not go bankrupt in the 1780s

why was the slave insurrection that brought about the Haitian Revolution successful

the ideas of the Declaration empowered them to feel successful. They had military tactics that were especially useful for carrying out an insurrection on an island

why was the Haitian Revolution arguably the first manifestation of the “Dual Revolution”

because it was the first to address big political changes such as liberty and equality but also had the economic changes of free labor, trade, etc. So it was truly interwoven of Atlantic/Political and Economic/Industrial

what was the Industrial Revolution

ecological and technological change

where did the Industrial Revolution take place

begins in Britain, spreads to Western and Central Europe, New England, and then globally

what kind of factors facilitated industrialization in the Industrial Revolution

In the Industrial Revolution, why did Great Britain industrialize first

-Had lots of Coastlines, ports, river systems - allows for easy movement of goods and extensive coal deposits-Stable, reliable government since 1688-Protection of private property - if people are going to consume nonessential goods they need to know the state will protect their goods nor will they take them away-Banking and credit - they have a national bank tied to the government responsible for paying off government debt but also can give out loans; development of bills so business is conducted on larger scale and people will invest in others-Improving Elites ("practical enlightenment) - British aristocracy is actively trying to figure out how to maximize their own wealth by investing in other inventions-Britains "practical enlightenment" - focusing on growing more food efficiently-Increased agricultural production: Drainage, Enclosure, Scientific farming (agronomy) - using fertilizer and other inventions; Now have people who don't need to farm for a living-Slave trade and colonial profits - gun making, lock making, etc. all make an enormous amount of money for Britain as well as sugar in the colonies-Increased consumer demand, increased domestic production-the rise of fashion consciousness and mass consumerism

how did the Industrial Revolution change the nature of work and daily life

nature of work shifted to factories vs farming, time is valued, now have consumer goods, people now go to work, separate from family

how did the Industrial Revolution change the perception of time and space

time is now valued on what society is based off of, creating better maps, a better idea of what the globe looks like due to technological compasses

what factors made industrialization possible

how did agricultural production change

drainage, enclosure “enclose fields”, scientific farming (agronomy), using fertilizer and other inventions

How did manufacturing change in the Industrial Revolution

became more efficient and faster