Education and Methods 2

Social Class

What is cultural deprivation?

Lack of appropriate NVAs

What is cultural capital?

Attitudes deemed correct by middle class people

What is material deprivation?

Inability to afford basic resources

What does Howard argue?

Poor diet and health leads to less concentration and weaker immune system

What does Bull argue?

Education comes with hidden costs which can affect the working class

What does Tanner argue?

Children from poorer families are less likely to get involved with after school clubs due to additional fees

What does Ridge argue?

Working class pupils have to work alongside education which affects their educational performance

How does poor housing affect education?

Overcrowded, damp leading to illness, selection by mortgage

What is Operation Headstart?

US scheme to promote pre-school education in deprived families

What is Sure Start?

Gives help on child and family matters

What are Education Priority Areas?

Priority investment areas

What is Pupil Premium?

Funding provided for schools to support working class pupils

What is Aim Higher?

Initiatives aimed at widening participation in higher education

What does Fernstein argue?

Middle class parents are more involved in education

What is a criticism of Fernstein?

Working class parents may support education but have to work long hours

What does Bernstein argue?

Speech codes link to class which affects education

Who speaks elaborated speech code?

Middle class

Who speaks restricted speech code?

Working class

What does Sugarman argue?

Working class subculture acts as a barrier to achievement

What are the features of working class subculture?

• Fatalism

• Collectivism

• Immediate gratification

• Present time orientation

What is a criticism of working class subculture and who argued it?

Keddie - cultural deprivation is a myth

What is habitus and who argued it?

Bordieu - NVAs of a social class

What is fatalism?

Believing the future is decided

What is collectivism?

Prioritising group over individual

What is immediate gratification?

Wanting reward immediately rather than waiting for a better one

What is present-time orientation?

Seeing now as more important and having no long term goals

What is social capital?

Networks of a person

What is educational capital?

Benefits gained in education from having cultural and social capital

What is economic capital?

Having material assets

What is selection by mortgage?

Ability to move by schools higher up in the league tables

Explain Gerwitz’s study.

14 interviews with teachers and parents regarding capital

What are the 3 types of parents according to Gerwitz?

• Semi skilled chooser

• Privileged skilled choosers

• Disconnected local choosers

What is a semi-skilled chooser?

Mainly working class but ambitious for their children

What is a privileged skilled chooser?

Mainly middle class

What are disconnected local choosers?

Working class parents whoa aren’t confident in dealing with schools

What is a criticism of Gerwitz?

People can succeed without capital

Explain Ray Rist’s study?

Middle class pupils seated at the front and labelled tigers, the rest were cardinals and clowns and were given low level books which causes them to do worse

Explain Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study?

Pygmalion effect field experiment - students took an IQ test told teachers that a random 20% were bloomers

What is a criticism of Pygmalion effect and labelling?

Self refuting prophecy

Explain Ball’s study?

Students based in lower bands do worse because they are labelled

What does Douglas argue?

Streaming locks teacher’s expectations of a student

What do Gillborn and Youdell argue?

Educational triage (A-C economy)

What does Lacey argue?

Streaming leads to polarisation

What research methods did Lacey use?

Participant observation

What is polarisation?

Moving to one of the 2 extremes

What does Archer argue?

Symbolic violence - inequalities are maintained through force