Chapter 9

Mormons final destination

The Great Salt Lake

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Specialization

The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses). Shifting the focus on a producer based economy to a wage based economy.

Charles Goodyear

He is the one that developed vulcanized rubber. He didn't invented it he only developed it and made the car tire industry explode.

Mechanical reaper

A farming tool, created by McCormick, which allowed one worker to do the work of five.

Treaty of Velasco

The Treaty which ended the conflict between Texans and the Mexicans, and granted Texas independence, in 1836.

Graham Bell

Invented the first telephone in 1876

Samuel F. B. Morse

He was a painter and then one of the two inventors of the electro magnetic telegraph.

Capitalism

An economic system in which private business or individuals controls the means of production.

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937)

Cyrus McCormick

He is the one that invented the mechanical reaper a machine that simplified the farmers job.

James K. Polk

President in 1845. Polk is a supporter of slavery. He annex Texas as the 28th state in Dec 29th 1845. He wants to go in war with Mexico. His true tension was to bring California into the Union.

Zachary Taylor

A general that was sent by Polk before the United States and Mexico war. He was sent to blockade the river of Rio Grande

Stephen Kearny

A general ordered by Polk to march to New Mexico during the war. He was nicknamed the "Long Marcher" as he marched from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, across the desert to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Republic of California

The Republic was formed when a group of American settlers in Mexico, led by Frémont, seized the town of Sonoma in June 1846. They soon declared independence and proclaimed the Republic of California. Then was annexed with United States

Windfield Scott

General that was marching to Mexico in the U.S. and Mexico war. Nickname the "Old Fuss and Feathers" because always wearing a full-dress blue uniform with a yellow sash, haven't lose a single battle

Gold Rush

People in searching of gold in the west, mostly in California in the year of 1848 to 1850. Many of them didn't success in mining for gold. Some of them actually gain wealth as a merchant selling supplies to other people

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Free market

An economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.

Brigham Young

He was the 2nd Mormon leader. He is the responsible to be succeeded Smith. His Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

A campaign slogan used by James Polk. It was used in election of 1844. As a phrase for the desire to have the latitude 54-40 be the northern limit of the disputed Oregon territory between America and British

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Donner Party

Group of people who left their homes to go to California, led by the Donners, they took a shortcut and got stuck in the Rocky Mountains during a snowstorm, which led them to take harsh decisions to survive.

Hastings Cutoff

The shortcut that the Donner Party took and led them to the Rocky Mountains where they got trapped due to the heavy snowfall.

Sarah Graves

Was a part of the Donner Party, along with her husband and her family. She was a part of the Snowshoe Party, which was one of their attempts to try to save them selves. Her husband passed away and got cannibalized.

Snowshoe Party

Was the Donner Party's attempt to get help, 10 men and 5 women were sent in attempt to find help, they failed and some of them passed away and were cannibalized.

Lansford Hastings

Was the person who created the shortcut that the Donner Party used and led them to the Rocky Mountains where they got trapped because of heavy snowfall.

Forty-Niners

Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876) and the president of Mexico during Mexican Independence

Alamo

This was an attack planed by the Mexican troops, in order to defend their land against the United States

Annex

To include a state into a country or nation

land grant

A gift of land from the nation to a private business or an new organization

Martin Vann Buren

an American statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. He was the first president born after the independence of the United States from the British Empire. A founder of the Democratic Party.

Self-Government

The belief that ordinary people could aspire to rule themselves and do so as political equals

Oregon Trail

historic East-West, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon.

Rural American Workers

American workers that were based mostly on the country side rather than in a town. In the early 19th century most rural workers made goods for themselves and traded with other farmers.

Laissez-faire

The policy of letting things take their own course. In economics terms it means the absence of government control and interfering in the market, thus creating a completely free market.

Sauk Tribe

A group of Native America who live primarily in the Green Bay, Wisconsin. The leader of the tribe was Black Hawk

Mississippi River

Second longest river of the North American continent, it was discovered during the 15th century and was claimed first French territory by Robert de la Salle. The mission river later became purchased with the Louisiana purchase in 1803 one of the biggest transactions US has done.

Trader

Is a worker who buys and sells goods for living, more like a job, it can also be called a merchant, traders exchange their property with somebody else's to get the product they need, this action is not forced.

Protestant

Person who belongs to the Christian church, they decide to follow principles of reformation and include Baptist, and Lutheran churches.

Stephen Austin

He was an American and the founder of Texas and known as ""father of Texas"". He led the successful colonization of Texas, leading more than 300 families to the new American land.

1828 Presidential Election

Presidential election in which Democratic Party (Andrew Jackson) defeated National Republican Party (Adams)

Manufacture

To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery.

Gold Fever

the contagious excitement of a gold rush, one of the main reasons the Gold Rush was such a hit.

"American blood upon American soil"

This was declared by Polk when he asked the U.S. Congress to declare war on Mexico because they killed 9 U.S. Soldiers on Mexican Land.

John C. Fremont

Polk dispatched a courier overland with secret orders for one of the most colorful and important actors in the conquest of California, was an American explorer, military officer, and politician, and who in 1856, became the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States.

Steel Plow

Farming device invented in 1837 by John Deere that eased farming.

Telephone

Invented by Graham Bell in 1876 that enhanced communication.

Radio

Device invented by Marconi 1895 that allowed "wireless" transmission.

Vulcanized Rubber

Rubber invented by Goodyear in 1839 which didn't freeze or melt.

Railroads

Main way of transportation during the mid and late 1800s, the most notable business man of this business is Vanderbilt.

Erie Canal

A large canal which opened in 1825, making New York City a central link between American agriculture and European markets.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Blackhawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the US.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

The treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Black Hawk War

Native American tribes visited Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe, and one told of a prophet who had a vision of future events involving Black Hawk. The story convinced Black Hawk to lead a rebellion against the United States. The Black Hawk War started in Illinois and spread to the Wisconsin Territory. It ended in August 1832, when Illinois militia members slaughtered more than 200 Sauk and Fox people. As a result, the Sauk and Fox tribes were forcibly removed to areas west of the Mississippi.

Santa Fe Trail

One of the busiest and most well-known avenues of trade was the Santa Fe Trail, which led 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Texas Old Three Hundred

The original 300 families that settled Texas.

Entrepreneurs

People who give their money to start a new business. Mean to "undertake"

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Was signed to leave California as a part of the United States. Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande border for Texas and gave New Mexico and California to the United States. The United States accept to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession.

Mormons

A religious community that play a major role in settling that migrated westward along the Oregon Trail. They were a cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Christianity.

Gold Fever

Because of its location as a supply center, San Francisco became "a pandemonium of a city," according to one traveler. Indeed, the city's population exploded from 1,000 in 1848 to 35,000 in 1850.

War with Mexico (1846-1848)

(1846-1848) Polk wanted to be re-elected and wanted to get the California/Nevada area but because he had to purchase the land from Mexico was still angry& invasion looked bad he goads Mexico into attacking the US by blowing up the debate over which river was the border of Texas (Nueces/Rio?). He sends military to be stationed on the Rio Grande even though it's not prone to danger and says it's to protect the area but it was mean to provoke. We win because we have a stronger army.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.