UNIT 6 APWORLD

CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (1750-1900)

What time period is Unit 6? What is the main focus?

1750-1900 & How industrialized states expanded their empires and the economic, political, and social effects of that expansion on colonized societies.

Imperialism

The policy or ideology of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means, especially during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Colonization

The process of establishing control over a foreign territory, often involving the settlement of people and the exploitation of resources, typically associated with imperial expansion.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

State Expansion

The process by which a state increases its territorial or political influence over new territories, often through military conquest, diplomacy, or colonization.

Nationalism

A strong identification with and pride in one’s nation, often a driving force behind imperial expansion.

Second Wave of Imperialism

Period from 1750-1900 where European powers, the US, and Japan expanded aggressively into Africa and Asia.

Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided Africa among themselves without African representation.

Scramble for Africa

Rapid invasion, occupation, and division of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century (1885).

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the 19th century that Americans were destined to expand across North America.

Panslavism

Russian nationalist ideology promoting unity among Slavic people under Russian leadership.

State-Controlled Colonies

Colonies that are directly governed and administered by a nation-state rather than by private companies or individuals.

Company Rule

When a private company governs a territory.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where imperial powers sent settlers to establish a permanent presence elsewhere.

Diplomacy

Negotiating with other states to gain territory or influence.

Warfare

Using military force to conquer and hold territory.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who personally owned the Congo Free State and exploited it for rubber and ivory using brutal methods.

British East India Company

A joint-stock company that ruled over much of India during the 18th and 19th centuries, establishing trade and political control before the British government took over.

Dutch East India Company

A Dutch trading company that controlled parts of Southeast Asia before the Dutch government took control and played a significant role in the spice trade.

Otto von Bismarck

German Chancellor (leader) who organized the Berlin Conference to avoid conflict among European powers over Africa

Raw Materials

Natural resources used in the industry (ex: rubber, cotton, palm oil)

Cash Crops

Crops grown primarily for export and profitrather than for local consumption. Ex: tobacco, sugar, and coffee.

Monoculture

Agricultural practice of growing one crop, often for exports, which can damage local food supply systems

Indentured Labor/Servitude

System in which workers agreed to work for a set period of time in exchange for passage (transportation to new places), often used after slavery’s decline

Chattel Slavery

Form of slaveryin which individuals are treated as personal property to be bought and sold. Unlike other forms of servitude, chattel slavery is lifelong and often hereditary.

Displacement

The forced movement of people from their homeland, often due to settler expansion, economic pressures, conquests.

Assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another group (indigenous population), often leading to the loss of their original cultural identity.

Resistance Movements

Armed or political resistance by indigenous people against colonization or oppression, often seeking to maintain their autonomy and cultural identity.

Reservations

Designated areas where indigenous people were forcibly relocated by the government, often with restricted rights and limited resources.

Meiji Restoration

Period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868, following the end of feudalism. It transformed Japan into a competitive world power by adopting Western technologies and practices.

Plantation Economy

Economy based on agricultural mass production, often using forced labor.

Social Darwinism

Misapplication of Darwin’s ideas to justify racial superiority and imperialism, often promoting the belief that certain races were naturally superior to others.

Scientific Racism

The use of pseudoscientific theories to support and promote racist ideologies, asserting that certain races are biologically superior to others.