Digestive System and Macromolecules, Biology: Macromolecules, Digestion, and Human Anatomy

What are the three elements that make up macromolecules

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

______ is the element that is unique to all three macromolecules.

Nitrogen

______&______ described as grease, nonpolar, and hydrophobic molecules.

lipids + proteins

If someone had their gallbladder removed, they would have trouble with ______

digesting fats

Enzymes

______ speed up chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy.

The chief cells and the parietal cells in the stomach are responsible for producing ______ & ______

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

If a solution has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, it is said to be ______

basic

______ is broken down into glucose and fructose with the enzyme sucrase.

sucrose

______ ____ is the specially shaped spot on an enzyme that allows it to break down a substrate.

active site

The monomers of the carbohydrates are

monosaccharides

Calories burn how many grams of Carbohydrates and proteins

burn 4 calories per gram,

______ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that produces pancreatic juices.

pancreas

______ & ______ are accessory organs of the digestive system that produces enzymes

gallbladder + salivary glands

When enzymes and gastric juices break down macromolecules to be absorbed is called ______ ______

chemical digestion

Both chemical and mechanical digestion take place in the ______ & ______

mouth + stomach

The monomers of the proteins are ______

amino acids

The monomers of the lipids are ______& ______

glycerol and fatty acids

Calories burn how many grams of lipids

lipids burn 9 calories per gram.

Macromolecules

Large, complex organic molecules that provide energy and perform cellular functions.

What are polymers

Macromolecules consisting of identical or similar building blocks called monomers.

What are carbohydrates made of and what do they do

Made up of monosaccharides, provide instant energy.

What are lipids

Made up of glycerol and fatty acids, serve as long-term energy storage and form cell membranes.

What are proteins

Made up of amino acids, have various functions such as catalyzing reactions and providing structural support.

Nucleic Acids

Made up of nucleotides, contain genetic information and assist in protein synthesis.

What is hydrolysis

A chemical reaction in which water breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up biochemical reactions, including hydrolysis.

Ingestion

Taking in food.

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food through chewing and movement.

Chemical Digestion

Breakdown of food using enzymes.

What is absorption

The process of absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

What is egestion

Elimination of undigested waste.

What does the mouth do

Lubricates and breaks down food into smaller pieces.

What do teeth do

Involved in mechanical breakdown of food.

What does the tongue do

Helps with movement and swallowing of food.

What are salivary glands

Produce saliva to aid in digestion.

What is the esophagus

Food tube leading from pharynx to stomach.

What does the stomach do

Breaks down food into chyme.

What does the small intestine do

Absorbs nutrients from chyme.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and minerals, forms feces.

Rectum

Stores and eliminates feces.

What is mucosa

the inner lining with folds and villi to increase surface area for absorption.

What is sub-mucosa

Connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves.

Circular and Longitudinal Muscle Layers

Contraction and movement of the digestive tract.

What is serosa

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire digestive tract.