american revoltion test, American Revolution Test copy

King George III

Leader in England who grew increasingly frustrated with colonial backlash and continued to impose strict rules on the colonies

Samuel Adams

One of the founding members of the Sons of Liberty

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who proposed the idea that all were entitled to natural rights- life, liberty, and property

Thomas Paine

Authored Common Sense in which he attacked King George III and argued that independence from England was the only way forward

Thomas Jefferson

Main author of the Declaration of Independence; inspired by John Locke's natural rights (made a switch from "property" to "pursuit of happiness")

George Washington

Virginia delegate at the Second Continental Congress who was appointed to be Commander and Chief of colonial forces

John Adams

Member at the Second Continental Congress; argued that establishing a government and army for the colonies was necessary

John Dickinson

Member at the Second Continental Congress; stated in 1775 meeting that making peace with England by extending an olive branch was necessary

Friedrich von Steuben

Prussian military leader who joined the colonial army after the winter at Valley Forge to help them develop into a strong militia

Lord Cornwallis

British army officer who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781

Paul Revere

Midnight ride to declare British were coming; created propaganda carving of the Boston Massacre

Captain Preston

Leader of the British soldiers during the Boston Massacre; stated that he did not give an order to shoot

Marquis de Lafayette

French revolutionary who joined the Continental Army to fight against the British and advocated for French support of the Americans

Stamp Act

Required colonists to pay a tax on key documents. Payment of the tax was represented by a stamp

Townshend Acts

Required colonists to pay a tax on common goods- glass, lead, paint, paper, tea

Intolerable Acts

Also known as Coercive Acts- had several key parts including: Closing of Boston Port; replaced MA government by one appointed by British leadership; Required colonists to house British troops (quartering)

Boston Massacre

1770- Colonists taunted and threatened British troops that were stationed in Boston. Shots were fired, and several individuals were killed.

Boston Tea Party

1773- Colonists in Boston dressed up as Native Americans and destroyed a shipment of tea from the East India Tea Company in protest of the Townshend Acts

Lexington and Concord

April 1775- first military battle of American Revolution; colonies had minutemen while Great Britain had well trained military. Notable for the "shot heard 'round the world" and that despite being significantly outnumbered the colonists were able to persevere

Minutemen

Individuals that were civilian soldiers; needed to mobilize to fight on short notice

Common Sense

January 1776- Pamphlet authored by Thomas Paine that argued for the colonists to declare independence from Great Britain

Declaration of Independence

July 1776- document primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson that outlined issues to King George III and also declared to colonists that they had both the right to rebel as well as natural rights (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness)

Natural rights

Life, liberty, and property; attributed to John Locke

First Continental Congress

Colonists who met in 1774 to send a list of grievances to the king and petition for rights equal to the British

Second Continental Congress

May- 1775 (beginning) Delegates were selected from each of the colonies as representatives to discuss relations with Great Britain, form a continental army, and draft/adopt the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775- petition sent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress as a last effort to try to resolve the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain; sought to show the colonists' loyalty to Great Britain

Patriots

Individuals that supported the colonies becoming independent from Great Britain

Loyalists

Individuals that aimed to stay loyal to Great Britain

Valley Forge

Winter 1777-78; camp site for continental army

Yorktown

Site of the last major battle of the American Revolution; won by Americans and French allies

Treaty of Paris

Treaty that concluded the American revolution in 1783

Impact of the war on Women

Participation- nurses, spies; not typically involved in direct combat; no significant rights gained

Impact of the war on Native Americans

Formed alliances with British or Americans; lost land

Impact of the war on African Americans

Opportunities to serve with promise of freedom (did not end up being freed)

Guerrilla warfare

military strategy; Quick hit-and-run style of fighting to attack the British

Repetition

military strategy; Used repeated attacks to wear down British over time; avoided direct battles to start

Winter campaigns

military strategy; Continued fighting during harsh winter conditions; used time at Valley Forge to become more disciplined with von Steuben's assistance

Alliances

military strategy; Formed alliances with France to garner military support and necessary aid

Flexibility

military strategy; Willingness to learn new style of fighting and use new equipment, like bayonets

Retreats

military strategy; Retreated to avoid decisive losses and preserve forces; prolonged the war and continued to wear down British forces

Use of knowledge of terrain

military strategy; Picked favorable battle locations; aided in guerrilla warfare use

Targeting economic resources

military strategy; Attacked British shipping and supply lines