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5 XENOCENTRISM - is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies which can entail how they live, what they eat, rather than of one's way of life, which from a nationalist's point of view, lead to the rapid loss of national identity. KEY IDEAS: 1. Culture is a way of living thus it provides infinite role in the development of self and cultural identity. 2. Cultural change directly affects individual and group as well as self-concept. 3. Culture humanizes the self. The self adheres to the cultural standards (particularly normative set by each society). 4. Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism are indicators of the influence of culture to the self. 5. Assimilation, acculturation and amalgamation directly affect the formation of sense of self. In psychology- the notion of the self refers to a person's experience as a single, unitary, autonomous being that is separate from others, experienced with continuity through time and place. The experience of the self- includes consciousness of one's physicality as well as one's inner character and emotional life. I AM WHO - refers to your identity. I AM WHAT - refers to what you have acquired from the external reality (skills, talents, success). CARL ROGERS (1959)- The theory of personality also used the terms, the "I" as the one who acts and decides while the "me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object. (ex. I am generous). - He captured the idea in his concept of self-schema, or our own organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are Gleitmann, Gross, and Reisberg, 2011). SIGMUND FREUD- believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. - Freud later developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. ID (INSTINCTS) 1. Operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts) 2. The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts or drives: EROS and THANATOS EROS or life instinct- helps the individual to survive; it directs life sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido. THANATOS or death instinct- is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Freud believed that EROS is stronger than THANATOS, thus enabling people to survive rather than self- destruct (When you are unable to satisfy a need immediately, tension results. The id relies on the primary process to temporarily relieve the tension.) EGO (REALITY) 1. The Ego develops from the Id during the infancy. It's goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe and socially acceptable way. 2. It follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind. 3. The ego eventually emerges to moderate between the urges of the id and the demands of the reality. 4. The ego must cope with the competing demands presented by the id, the superego, and the reality. SUPEREGO (MORALITY) 1. The superego develops during early childhood (when the child identifies with the same sex parent) and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed. 2. The superego operates on the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner. 3. the superego can make a person feel guilty if rules are not followed. The primary process involves creating a mental image through: 1. Daydreaming 2. fantasizing 3. hallucinating

4 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD- a sociologist from the late 1800's CONCEPT OF SELF- "me" and "|" 3 Activities that develop the self: 1.Language- develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds. 2.Play- develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles, pretend, and express expectation of others. Play develops one's self-consciousness through role-playing. 3.Games- develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity. Self is developed by understanding that there are rules in which one must abide by in order to win the game or be successful at an activity. SELF HAS 2 SIDES/PHRASES: --The "me" is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. --The "me" represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. --The "I", therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of the self. --The "I' represents the individual's identity based on response to the "me". SOCIALIZATION Agents of Socialization: 1. FAMILY- introduce children to the expectations of society. 2. MEDIA- television is the dominant medium. (8-9 years old, spends 6¾ hours.) 3. PEERS- children learn concepts of self, gain social skills, and form values and attitudes. (Peer culture is an important source of identity.) 1. RELIGION- children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents. 2. SPORTS- men and women learn concepts of self. (Men being competitive in the sport considered as "manhood.") 6. SCHOOL- teachers and other student are the source of expectations that encourage to think and behave in a particular way. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF ANTHROPOLOGY- is a science and philosophical description of the life form "homo sapien" the thinking man. (Ocampo, 2006)- the focal point of anthropology as scientific endeavor deals with a man in the physical, cultural, and existential features with the purpose of gaining a deeper understanding of man's place in the world. CULTURE - According to the British Anthropologist, Edward Taylor, who proposed that culture is a system of human behavior and thoughts. - It is the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. Undoubtedly, it has a great impact on the development of a person, his bellets, his viewpoints and even on his behavior we filipinos, do have a very colorful culture. This is because of our rich history brought about by countries who colonized us. LANGUAGE - is the strongest unifying element of culture. TOWER OF BABEL a narrative in Genesis, an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages. 1. THE MATERIAL COMPONENT - This pertains to all tangible materials that are inherited from previous generation. This is the most obvious component because of its physical nature. II. THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT - Is composed of society's values and norms which guides and regulates behavior. In other words, it consists of the values, beliefs, and rules by which society directs people's interactions. III. THE NORMATIVE COMPONENT SOCIAL NORMS- insofar as the legal emphasis of culture is concerned, social norms are classified into two: formal and informal social norms. a. Formal Norms - refers to what has generally been written down and involves strict rules for punishments to offenders. Examples: Law and the school admission requirements. b. Informal Norms - refers to the generally understood customs or standards of behavior but is not precisely recorded nor have any specific sanctions or punishments for the violators. Example: - it is disgrace for a woman to be pregnant outside of marriage, but the people could not impose punishment to such offense except ridicule, gossiping, and to some extent ostracism. SOCIAL NORMS- are also classified as FOLKWAYS and MORES (pronounced as mo-rays). Insofar as their relative degree of importance is considered. FOLKWAYS- are the general rules, of customary and habitual ways and patterns of expected behavior in the society. They are more popularly known as customs, traditions, or conventions. It governs everyday behavior but there is only little concern for any form of violation. MORES- on the other hand, refers to the special folkways that are generally emphasized because they deemed necessary for the welfare of the society. They are the totality of the ideas and aspirations that embody the most cherished principles of the people. They are highly mandatory and compulsive. MECHANISM OF CULTURAL CHANGE CULTURAL CHANGE- happens because no society is in a constant state. Society continuously evolves from one period of time to another. Such evolutionary characteristics maybe too minute that is almost unnoticeable, or too abrupt, that is suddenly changes the lives of the people. For a situation to be considered as a CULTURAL LAG, one must take into account both social need and the CULTURAL GOAL. CULTURAL LAG- refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and the resulting social problems that are caused by this lag. The second mechanism of cultural change is CULTURAL BORROWING, DISCOVERY OR INVENTIONS. CULTURAL BORROWING- is a situation where one society borrows the culture of another society and uses it as a new part of the culture. DISCOVERY OR INVENTIONS- a situation where a particular item was discovered or invented which eventually becomes part of the culture.