5 XENOCENTRISM - is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies which can entail how they live, what they eat, rather than of one's way of life, which from a nationalist's point of view, lead to the rapid loss of national identity. KEY IDEAS: 1. Culture is a way of living thus it provides infinite role in the development of self and cultural identity. 2. Cultural change directly affects individual and group as well as self-concept. 3. Culture humanizes the self. The self adheres to the cultural standards (particularly normative set by each society). 4. Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism are indicators of the influence of culture to the self. 5. Assimilation, acculturation and amalgamation directly affect the formation of sense of self. In psychology- the notion of the self refers to a person's experience as a single, unitary, autonomous being that is separate from others, experienced with continuity through time and place. The experience of the self- includes consciousness of one's physicality as well as one's inner character and emotional life. I AM WHO - refers to your identity. I AM WHAT - refers to what you have acquired from the external reality (skills, talents, success). CARL ROGERS (1959)- The theory of personality also used the terms, the "I" as the one who acts and decides while the "me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object. (ex. I am generous). - He captured the idea in his concept of self-schema, or our own organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are Gleitmann, Gross, and Reisberg, 2011). SIGMUND FREUD- believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. - Freud later developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. ID (INSTINCTS) 1. Operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts) 2. The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts or drives: EROS and THANATOS EROS or life instinct- helps the individual to survive; it directs life sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido. THANATOS or death instinct- is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. Freud believed that EROS is stronger than THANATOS, thus enabling people to survive rather than self- destruct (When you are unable to satisfy a need immediately, tension results. The id relies on the primary process to temporarily relieve the tension.) EGO (REALITY) 1. The Ego develops from the Id during the infancy. It's goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe and socially acceptable way. 2. It follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind. 3. The ego eventually emerges to moderate between the urges of the id and the demands of the reality. 4. The ego must cope with the competing demands presented by the id, the superego, and the reality. SUPEREGO (MORALITY) 1. The superego develops during early childhood (when the child identifies with the same sex parent) and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed. 2. The superego operates on the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner. 3. the superego can make a person feel guilty if rules are not followed. The primary process involves creating a mental image through: 1. Daydreaming 2. fantasizing 3. hallucinating