Results for "wealthy"

Filters

Flashcards

Missouri Compromise (1820) An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in Congress. It also prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' latitude line in the Louisiana Territory. Manifest Destiny The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the U.S. across the North American continent was justified and inevitable. Compromise of 1850 A package of five laws designed to defuse tensions between free and slave states, including the Fugitive Slave Act and the admission of California as a free state. Harriet Beecher Stowe Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' a novel that depicted the horrors of slavery and increased support for abolition in the North. Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) Influential anti-slavery novel that shaped public opinion and intensified sectional conflict. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Allowed territories to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, leading to violent conflict known as 'Bleeding Kansas.' Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Supreme Court decision stating that slaves were property, not citizens, and Congress had no power to ban slavery in the territories. John Brown's Raid (1859) Failed attempt to start a slave rebellion by seizing a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, further polarizing North and South. Tenth Amendment Part of the Bill of Rights; states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. Anaconda Plan Union military strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports and capture the Mississippi River to suffocate the Confederacy. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) Issued by President Lincoln; declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free. Battle of Gettysburg (1863) Turning point in the Civil War; Union victory that halted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North. Gettysburg Address (1863) Short speech by Lincoln emphasizing national unity, liberty, and democracy. A Century of Dishonor (1881) Book by Helen Hunt Jackson exposing the mistreatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. 13th Amendment (1865) Abolished slavery in the United States. 14th Amendment (1868) Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment (1870) Gave African American men the right to vote. Scalawags Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party. Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction to seek economic or political opportunities. Sharecropping A system where freedmen and poor whites farmed land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, often leading to debt peonage. Compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction; Rutherford B. Hayes became president in exchange for removal of federal troops from the South. Jim Crow Laws State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine. The Dawes Act (1887) Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal land into individual plots. Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) Last major armed conflict between U.S. troops and Native Americans; marked the end of the Indian Wars. Sitting Bull Lakota leader who resisted U.S. government policies and was killed shortly before the Wounded Knee Massacre. Transcontinental Railroad (1869) Railroad connecting the east and west coasts, promoting expansion and economic growth. Homestead Act (1862) Gave 160 acres of free land to settlers willing to live and work on it for five years. The Grange Organization of farmers to advocate for their interests and fight against unfair railroad practices. Farmers' Alliance Group that sought to improve conditions for farmers through cooperatives and political advocacy. Populist Party Political party formed to represent the interests of farmers and laborers, advocating for bimetallism and regulation of big business. Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Supreme Court case that limited states' rights to regulate interstate commerce, leading to federal regulation. Election of 1896 William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan; marked the end of the Populist movement. Cross of Gold Speech Speech by Bryan advocating for bimetallism and criticizing the gold standard. Buffalo Soldiers African American soldiers who served in the western U.S. after the Civil War. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Provided land for states to build agricultural and technical colleges. Time Zones Developed Standardized to aid train schedules and commerce as railroads expanded. Social Darwinism Belief that only the fittest survive in business and society; used to justify inequality. Gospel of Wealth Essay by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy by the rich to improve society. Captains of Industry Positive term for wealthy business leaders who contributed to economic growth. Robber Barons Negative term for wealthy industrialists who exploited workers and resources. Great Railroad Strike (1877) First major nationwide labor strike, protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions. Knights of Labor Early labor union that included all workers and advocated for broad social reforms. Pullman Strike (1894) National railroad strike that ended after federal troops intervened. Old Immigration Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe before 1880. New Immigration Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe after 1880. Ellis Island Main immigration processing station in New York Harbor. Angel Island Immigration station on the West Coast, primarily for Asian immigrants. Nativism Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) First major law restricting immigration based on nationality. Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) Informal agreement to limit Japanese immigration. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) Tragic factory fire that led to improved labor safety laws. Jane Addams Founder of Hull House and pioneer of the settlement house movement. Patronage The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters. Boss Tweed Leader of Tammany Hall political machine; known for corruption. Pendleton Act (1883) Law that reformed the civil service system to curb patronage. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) First federal law to regulate monopolies and promote competition. Interstate Commerce Commission First federal agency to regulate business practices, especially railroads. W.E.B. Du Bois Civil rights activist who demanded immediate equality and co-founded the NAACP. Booker T. Washington Prominent Black leader who promoted vocational education and gradual equality. Ida B. Wells Journalist and anti-lynching activist who fought for civil rights and free speech. National Woman Suffrage Association Group that fought for women's right to vote. 19th Amendment (1920) Gave women the right to vote in national elections. White Man's Burden Idea that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize non-Western peoples. Spanish-American War (1898) U.S. defeated Spain, gaining territories like the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt's foreign policy emphasizing military strength and negotiation. Open Door Policy U.S. policy promoting equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America. Panama Canal U.S.-built waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, completed in 1914. Flappers Young women of the 1920s who embraced new fashions and attitudes. Great Depression (1929) Severe economic downturn marked by bank failures, unemployment, and poverty. Dust Bowl Environmental disaster during the 1930s that forced many farmers to migrate west. New Deal FDR's programs to combat the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform. Social Security Act (1935) Provided financial assistance to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. FDIC / SEC Agencies created to insure bank deposits and regulate the stock market. Pearl Harbor (1941) Surprise attack by Japan that led the U.S. into World War II. D-Day (1944) Allied invasion of Normandy, a turning point in World War II. Atomic Bomb / Manhattan Project Secret program that developed nuclear weapons used on Japan to end WWII. Containment / Truman Doctrine U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism after WWII. Civil Rights Act (1964) Landmark law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Updated 64d ago
flashcards Flashcards (80)
Sports & Exercise Science Lectures History of Sport and Exercise Science, highlighting relevance of training principles today. • Historian part of speaker finds interest in history of Sport and Exercise Science. Sport and exercise science history and its evolution. • Sport Science: Systematic approach to understanding factors relating to sports performance. • Exercise Science: Systematic approach to understanding how the human body responds to physical activity. • Agriculture led to sedentary lifestyle and exercise became a way to combat it (0:03:14) • Ancient Chinese philosophers like Confucius and Hippocrates advocated for exercise as a means of maintaining health (5000 years ago) Exercise science history, including Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical sketches and early physiology experiments. • Leonardo da Vinci (1500s) made accurate anatomical sketches, discovering heart as muscle pump and nervous system hierarchy. • William Harvey (1600s) discovered blood circulation in one direction, and Boyle (1600s) found Boyle's law, which explains breathing mechanism. • Johan Bernoulli (1700s) developed mathematical models to explain muscle mechanics, using tractors to investigate muscle contractions. • James Lin discovered the origins of scourgia by inviting vitamin C-rich food, with great success. • Anton Laviesia named oxygen and recognized hydrogen as an element, and his experiments on human respiration led to a better understanding of metabolism and nutrition. Note Sport and Exercise Science sub-disciplines and their roles in sport and clinical contexts. • Sport and Exercise Science sub disciplines explore roles in sporting and clinical contexts (psychologists, biomechanics, nutritionists, strength coaches, physiologists, performance analysts) • Accredited Exercise Physiologists provide individualized exercise programs for high-risk populations (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal conditions, injuries) Exercise physiology and biomechanics in sports. • Exercise physiologist specializes in prescribing exercise for patients with chronic diseases or injuries. • Sports physiologist studies the physiological demands of sports and advises athletes on training and competition. • Biochemist analyzes technique and injury mechanisms in sports, measuring mechanical loads and risk assessments. Improving athletic performance through strength training and conditioning. • Unknown Speaker discusses biomechanics and jumping throws, using a three-mesh Castle system to measure angles, velocities, and selections of throwing motion. • Strength and conditioning coach works with athletes to improve strength, power, speed, fitness, acceleration, agility, endurance, and flexibility. • Coach designs programs to reduce injury risk, optimize recovery, and deliver rehab programs in conjunction with medical staff for injured athletes. Motor control, learning, and performance in sports. • Motor control specialists focus on learning, performing, and retaining motor skills over time. • Sport psychologists help athletes overcome barriers to optimal performance, using techniques like visualization and mindfulness. Sports dietitians' role in optimizing athletes' health, performance, and nutrition. • Sports dietitians tailor nutritional strategies for athletes to optimize health, performance, and body composition. • Dietitians recommend food first approach and supplements when necessary, and provide individualized advice and hydration stations. • Unknown Speaker discusses six specialist supplements in Sport and Exercise Science, including nutrition (12:30) • Speaker shares insights on interdisciplinary approach to high performance in surfing, with focus on strength conditioning and sport science (14:45) Functional Anatomy an understanding of how to use a correct terms to describe movement interaction, understand major bones, muscles, joints, and how they work together in human movement, and begin to develop the ability to form a movement. Analysis of exercise and supporting tasks. Despite in this lecture, if you're unfamiliar with anatomy, it might require a second viewing. Beautiful lecture is the ability to stop review. If you require any further help with the content, please reach out to your tutor. So the first thing I understand in anthropical language is that whenever we refer to position or something, we're referring to it in its position when in the anatomical position. So this is the standardized position of the body where it is always direct and facing forwards, with the palms of the side of the body, toes and palms of the hands facing forwards. Having a standard anatomical position is crucial to reference and describe the relationship of body sequence to one another when it is anatomical position. There are three COVID plans from which we can view or segment the body that is essential, frontal and reverse plastics. So the station plane, or the median plane, is the side on view of the body, meaning you see a profile of the person. The frontal plane is also called the corona plane, and there's the view we get between directly at the front or back of the body. And finally, the transverse plane, also called the horizontal plane, is the birds of view of the body. There generally can be from the ground up as well, right, if it's never nearly achieved. And the other understand that the body can be viewed in three different planes. It's relatively straightforward to understand that rotational movement also occurs in each of these three axes. So this is called an axis of rotation, and is essentially an imaginary line about which any rotational movement occurs perpendicular to that Cardinal plane of action, just like the anatomical position and Cardinal planes allow us to describe the relative positions with different body parts. So it doesn't understand axis of rotation allows us to constantly describe human movement. However, most movements of human body typically occur about two or more axes of rotation, which makes the analysis of human movement far more challenging. So you think about the 3x Y and Z plane take elbow flexion like a bicycle. When view from front and the front plane, it looks like the forearm hand is simply moving up towards the face, open, viewed side on from the sagittal plane, you see that the forearm hand also moving away from the body and then back towards the body as it goes through that arc. Movement. This way to understand all three other anatomical positions, the counter planes and the axes of rotation, to be able to accurately describe pure movement. So now we can consider best view in his plans. So in the anatomical position, the most common actually the rotation between the SAP flexion and extension. And we'll go through that few slides for now. Include flexion and extension at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, trunk, hip, knee and ankle. At the ankle. It's also referred to as dorsi flexion and plantar flexion, rather than flexion extension. Multi joint actions can involve both. So kicking your foot forwards involve flexing the hip, swinging forward and extending in the knee. Some of that actually rotation. Best views in the frontal plane include adduction and abduction at the shoulder and hip, lateral flexion at the neck and trunk, as well as radial and ulna deviation at the wrist and diversion and inversion at the ankle. And this is why I move the mechanism, which can result in raw ego the arm actually in breast stroke. Swing is adduction, kicking a stop or the ring forward involved adduction of the hip. Two legs coming together are being added so that's adduction. When the arm is being taken away from the body, it is being abducted. It's been taken away. Finding the transverse plane. Some of the best view axes of rotation and movements include internal and external rotation of the shoulder and hip, and horizontal adduction and abduction for the shoulder and the forearms, pronation and supination and neck and trunk rotation. Each of these three slides are diagrams. Highlight the movements just went through. The next slide go through the names of these moves and what the actions are. Flexion and extension refer to increasing and decreasing the angle in the frontal plane. So for instance, elbow flexion is raising your forearm and hand, while extension is lowering back down. This is truthfully all flexion extension, except for the ankle, which you remember dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. So dorsiflexion refers to moving the top of the foot towards the leg, and plant deflection is away from the leg towards the ground. I find this easier to remember using your plan to flexion as the movement required to step on a plane with your toes. Adduction. And adduction refer to moving away or towards the central plane. Next is protraction and retraction. This is moving something forward or patterns. And a good example is the second level of shoulder blades. When you pull your shoulder blades back and away. This is attraction. Protraction is the opposite elevation and depression. Can be also thought of with regarding the shoulder is raising, like in a shrug, while depression is lowering back down another shoulder blade sample is upward and downward rotation, with upward rotation referring to the rotational movement around access to a point superior and downward rotation, maybe opposite. Medium and lateral rotation referred to rotating toward or away from midnight. So the arms hanging medial rotation is internal rotation of your arm, the shoulder towards midnight, and external or lateral rotation being back away from midnight. Pronation suppression has special terms for forearm movement. With a forearm rotation to have your palm facing upward in an anatomical position in front of supreme and the back of your hands facing forward into pronation. We can also use these terms of the foot, but they are known as inversion, meaning the sole of the foot faces towards mid level E version, when the solar foot rolls away from the middle. Our last two terms, especially with the circumduction, referring to the combination of flexion and attention abduction and medial lateral rotations, and often we could curtain rally, but when we move up arms or legs, it's usually not in a single plane through a multiple plane with multiple positive move and social conduction despises. Now opposition is the movement of bringing tips of your fingers and thumb together. And the reason we also have possible thumbs are very useful with lasers pick up items. Here is a diagram illustrating protraction, retraction, elevation and depression, these lines of upper rotation and downward rotation. So on this slide is a consolidated view of some special actions that only currently in places. So we've got scapular to demonstrate protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, plus upward and downward rotation. You can see that you can invert or divert the ankle. In running terms, we can talk about pronation as collapsing inwards during foot strike, which means I saw the foot faces away from midline. Next is illustrate example of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion and ankle, and define this example of protraction, retraction, elation and depression of the Mandal which is the lower jaw bone. So you would think that with each member of the move toward or away from the midline, or up versus down, all these things, or have anatomical terms to solve the time in terms of the direction of body. So anterior and posterior refer to the front and back of the body in atomic position. You also call them ventral end dorsal, and think of dorsalism, but the dorsal is the dorsal fin on the back, mostly we refer to as anterior and posterior. Superior and inferior refer to the directions towards the head or towards the feet, while medial and lateral refer to the direction towards the midline or away from midline in a sideways direction, approximately distal, our special tendencies to refer to the relative positioning of something compared to another landmark. So if something is distal, it refers to sides located away from a specific area, most often the center of body, and for instance, the hand is visible to the elbow. Proximal refers to sites located towards a specific area, so the COVID The elbow is proximal to the hand. The term distal, or is maximum or distance or proximal indicates proximity. Now last terms are superficial and deep, which require you to think in three days. So something that's superficial is close to the surface or the skin of the body, or something that's deep is away from so muscles are deep to the skin, but superficial to bone. So many of these will become important when we talk about anatomy, as certain structures can be proximal or anterior or superficial to other structures. The human anatomy is built around the scaffolding of the split system. So this slide shows you in the structure an anatom. We're not going to go through that in this lecture for this electron. Functional anatomy is more important than understand the function of the skeleton that bones make up, beyond just being the strong structure holding us together, the way the bones fit together and serve as attachment points for the ligaments, tendons and muscles, serves to allow various movements of the body that we've already discussed. The skeleton by the rib cage also protects wild organs, while the internal structure of the bone allows for the storage of minerals and production of new blood cells. We wouldn't have any of the functional movements we've discussed so far without having a skeleton to support these movements. There are 206, bones in the human body. We don't need to learn them all, but we're certainly discussing some of them in this unit. So basic understanding of the major structure of the skeleton is important, and you can use this as a reference for some of those major bones. In this particular image, the green bones represent the actual skeleton, and the non green turn the perpendicular skeleton thanks to better understand how movement can occur in the body. Is cartilage, which is a stiff but flexible connective tissue found in many applications throughout the body. So cartilage is composed of specialized cells called corona sites. They produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. So cartilage can be classified as three types. We have hyaline cartilage, which forms a smooth surface on articular joint surfaces, with Fibro cartilage that is a part of form of cartilage found at sites such as the pubic symphysis. And you've got elastin cartilage, which can be found in here. Cartilage doesn't actually contain blood vessels instead, the chondrocytes are supplied by diffusion, which is helped by the pumping action generated by the compression of articulate cartilage or flexion of the elastic charge. So because it doesn't have a blood supply, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly, which is why cartilage injuries are so slow to healing athletes and and often require arthroscopic surgery, which are inelastic but flexible bands of connective tissue that attached, attached two bones together so they enhance joint stability by maintaining the alignment of bones and limiting range of motion. Those are the two primary functions keep bone and enhancement stability. The most common injuries involve involving into sprains, which means over stretching and tearing of the fibers, and they can be quite slow to heal. So if we bring that together, we get a joints so these facilitate the movers that we discussed at the front of this lecture, per muscular structure, joined by the ones, separate by cartilage. The form joints, which used to be also called articulations. There are three types of classifications of joint. So we have fibrous joints, which are bound by dense connective tissue. And these are joints in the scale, and they really don't move much. You have a catalyst joint, which, as the name suggests, is a joint with fibrous cartilage separating two bones, such as the symphysis, pubis and the ribs. And again, they don't move very much. And then finally, we have synovial joints, which are bound by a joint capsule in containing ligaments and muscles to allow them to occur. And these are the ones with most interesting in this lecture. So not only a synovial joints most interesting for me, but also the most common type of joint. So the articulate capsule, which surrounds synovial joint forms a kind of SAC around the joint. And so there's also synovial membrane inside the articulate capsule, which secretes synovial fluid, and this lubricates the articular cartilage of the joint services, similar to enjoy car lubricating the moving parts. It also nourishes the joint structure, and it can act as a shock absorber, distributing the stress evenly across the articular surface. So all of this combines to allow for smooth fluid movement joints, and usually without needing an oil change during your lifetime, as we've already gone over, the bones with the joints are held together by ligaments. But what we haven't talked about here is the joints can also contain something else called a bursa, which we'll discuss a bit later. So even though synovial joints are major type of joint, they can also be classified with various types of synovial joints. So we have plain joints, which can be found in the joints between the vertebral articulating surfaces. We've got hinge joints such as the elbow or the knee. We have pivot joints such as the ulnar and radius. We have COVID joints in the fingers. We have several joints, which is the thumbnail and sub joint, such as the hip and joint. Okay, so this is a very useful slide for a reference for various locations where these joints can be found. As I mentioned before, we have bursa which can sometimes occur with some synovial joints. These are small sacks of fibrous tissue filled with synovial fluid, and they are found where different parts move over one another in the body, and they help reduce friction within the joint. So these mostly occur with bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons, over later, and will rub together. If a person comes in flames, it can lead to an injury you might have heard for bursitis, where the bursar releases too much fluid and the joint gets very swollen, and they can make movement difficult. So burst sit around tendons, and so that's the next structure that we look at. So tendons are tough but flexible bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone and help facilitate movement. So like many fibrous structures we've already discussed, they have a limited blood supply, which makes healing and repair slow. Some common tenderness injuries, which are strains or over stretching. Can be a tenderpathy or tenderloin, which is a result of inflammation, and tenderlois, which is a chronic inflammatory condition. Lastly, we have the muscles, and as with the bones, you'll do need to understand some of the basic muscles of the body, but for the for this functional anatomy component, we'll just talk about the functions of the skeleton worker. So essentially, our muscles control our posture. They provide support for the soft tissues in the body. They allow the body to store energy to use during movement exercise. They can guard entrances and agents in the body, and they also produce heat to allow us to regulate our body temperature. When muscle is contracted, it pulls on the tendon of the muscle, which in turn is connected to the bones, bone, and then we get the movement. So the way in which that occurs in a single muscle cell fiber is made up of many myofibrils, which can make up any starters. So within the start of me there's actin and myosin filaments, and that's called an actin mycin cross bridge. And they slide past and pull each other closer together or further to control the movement. So whilst we're over the 700 muscles in the body, here's a list of some of the major muscles that we'll refer to, and you'll cover it in a different unit, but certainly will be exposed as many of these throughout the labs. So reaching the end of this lecture, we now have to use the knowledge from this lecture to answer some applied problems. So during stationary cycling, what plane or planes of movement is this exercise occurring? So what axis of rotation is movement occurring? So we will need to look at a sporting movement or an exercise and describe it in its proper anatomical terms, so not always as simple as stationary cycling. So take this diagonal Wood Chop exercise as an example. This is still quite a basic movement. If there are multiple axes of rotation occurring through multiple planes involving many joints, bones and muscles. And even in a more complex example, we can go to Goldsmith and see movement across multiple axes of rotation of all three planes. For example, the frontal plane, we can see abduction and abduction, as well as inversion and inversion. In the Sagitta plane, we can see flexion and extension in the medial lateral axis. On the transverse plane, we can see rotation around the longitudinal latches. Many real world supporting movements will be like this, involving a complex coordination of many movements across many planes. We will work through all of these in the labs. So to be able to describe all of these different actions using proper environmental terminology, I highly recommend you start the voting time to study with most of your three credit point units. You'll find that towns a week is allocated for full time state, only four hours of that is lectures and labs, which leaves the rest of your time for state. So please use that time, why is it, this particular left of today on functionality, you may have many questions about plans of movement anatomical terms. I'm trying to write them down, bring them to the lab so that we can speak to your tuners about their experiences with learning this material. Thanks for watching this lecture. Body compostion In this lecture, we will cover body composition, the different types of tissue in the human body, and how these are distributed, measured and the impact on our health. of this lecture, you'll have an understanding of the components of body composition and implications of body composition on health. So body composition is the general term that refers to the relative amounts of tissue types of the body, generally related to fat and fat free mass. It is expressed as a percentage of body fat. There are general classifications of body composition, from underweight to severely obese. Body Composition is related to general health and can also have an impact on supporting performance. The assessment of body composition can be used to monitor lifestyle interventions. There are optimal ranges for health and exercise. Professionals administer different Exercise and Nutritional strategies to influence body composition. There any correlations between risk of chronic disease and body position, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, some cancers, hyperlipidemia is more commonly referred to as high cholesterol, but encompasses several blood lipids. Body Mass Index is one measure of obesity as a relationship between height and weight. On this low we can see the relative risk of type two diabetes starts increasing rapidly between BMI 25 to 30, which is Catia crisis, overweight, and beyond, which is obese. We can see on the right side that the same relationship holds true for many forms of cancer. Delicately, this pilot, diabetes and cancer can be thought of as lifestyle diseases, and that body composition is one factor which is correlated with the risk of these diseases. Here we can see the five different lenses through which to view body composition. So at the time level, we mostly hydrogen and oxygen, the word elements on a carbon skeleton with trace elements making it the rest. At the molecular level, we mostly water with fats, proteins and minerals making up the remainder. At the cellular level, where you predominantly cell mass, extra cellular solids, that's ECS, that ECF is extra cellular fluids and fat. And functionally, which we're most often interested is joint modify is muscle and fat, and then other substances like blood and bone. So within the functional assessment of body composition, there are a number of different models that can be used to describe body composition. As we can see, whether we're using a two, three or four component model, the common factor is fat mass. So different techniques are required for different analyzes, but most techniques can identify fat mass or a fat percentage analysis. So while fat is a common denominator between these different assessments of body composition, there are still different types of fat. So optimal fat is critical for optimal health. It is necessary for healthy cell and system function. At the minimum, it's 3% for men and 12% for women. Fat can be stored under the skin, known as subcutaneous or visceral fat, and deeper fat around the organs. It's the visceral fat that can be the dangerous for health due to its proximity to the organs. Here are a number of different ranges for recommended levels of body fat, but broadly speaking and optimum body fat percentage could be generalized to be between eight and 35% if you're unsure what these different levels of body fat look like, This slide provides a rough depiction of how body shapes change with increasing levels of body fat. For similar levels of body fat percentage, there are different fat distributions referred to as Android fat, or going away fat core locally there's the apple or pear body shape. The Android shape is more associated with health risk as the fat is stored around the organs. So humans are becoming increasingly overweight innovative. This is due to a number of reasons, but it can be summarized simply, as we are consuming more of energy. As wealth increases and high energy convenience foods become more prevalent, we're also burning less and less energy as tasks which were typically performed manually and burned like calories, and they are performed by technology machines. So this combination of more energy being consumed and less being burned has resulted in an explosion in obesity that's particularly in wealthy first world countries, and with that, an increase in preventable chronic diseases. So as many physical characteristics, there is a genetic component, and there are rare forms of obesity that are result of gene mutations which influence appetite or energy homeostasis. However, given that human genetics have changed little in the past 50 years, and obesity rates have increased significantly, the impact of genes on obesity are quite small. Instead, lifestyle choices driving the change in obesity rates, the magnitude of chronic health conditions associated with obesity are large, expensive and largely preventable, so being overweight has been demonstrated to impact cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, hypertension and type two diabetes. Type Two Diabetes is a situation where the body becomes resistant to insulin. Type one diabetes is an unable genetic condition that usually in young people, where the body cannot produce insulin. Being overweight or obese can impact sleep as we naturally, plays a critical role in physical and mental health. However, it's not only being overweight that has health implications. Being underweight can also carry significant risks. In women, it can lead to menstrual abnormalities and associated health complications with that. In women, it can lead to osteoporosis. So that's a condition characterized by weaker bones, which makes it more susceptible to fracture. But physiologists and dietitians can calculate metabolic rate using equations to determine the basal metabolic rate, that's the minimum energy required to maintain physiological function, so it is dependent upon age, gender and body mass. Resting metabolic rate can still be calculated, and it's similar, but it's measured under different conditions. This is important because knowing the metabolic rate consists professionals to prescribe nutrition and exercise, inventions to manage body composition. So once we know roughly how much energy a person needs to function at rest, we can apply an activity factor to this BMR to determine daily energy requirements, in total, to maintain weight, and use this as a guide to monitor nutritional intake, to manage weight. So in summary, body composition is the compartmentalization of body tissues. Body fat is essential for health, but there is an optimal range and lifestyle choices impact body composition. So overweight and obesity has a range of adverse health risks, and likewise, underweight is also the health risk. Exercise professionals look at the energy requirements and we can calculate those to help us by nutrition and exercise interventions to help people with weight, composition. ANTHROPOMETRY we will build on understanding of body composition and the means available for body composition assessment. By the end of this lecture today, you will understand how to measure and interpret body composition using both field and lab based methods. So assessment methods for many physical tests, including anthropogenic can be divided into field based tests and lab based tests. Generally speaking, field tests are more simple, quicker and cheaper to administer, but can lack the accuracy and sometimes the detail of lab methods. Lab methods, on the other also, are far more accurate, of the more expensive compared to field tests have much tighter testing protocols involving more time, and they make them more challenging to administer to administer. Two groups, we'll go through some of these assessments. Now, with all testing, there are protocols to ensure there are reliability to test. So for height and weight, an example would be weighing someone with shoes off for the first time and then shoes on the next time will result in increasing weight. That's the weight of their shoes, but we could mistakenly conclude that they'd increase weight. So an easy way to avoid confusion with all their testing protocols is to have standardized testing. So with for height, we would remove shoots, we would stand straight and have the feet together. On this last point, think about the difference in height of a couple of centimeters, and the difference between your feet together and your feet wide apart. For body weight, ideally, your point is in minimal clothing, which is not always convenient or comfortable, but something that we should consider for if we're doing some athlete populations, particularly swims or water ball athletes, we're trying to get them with straight from the pool where they have weight here, because that would affect the measurement as well. Body mass index, or BMI, is a common method to non invasively assess body composition in terms of overweight and absent, using just height and weight. So it is based on the concept that individuals with lower body fat will have a lower BMI. However, that's not always accurate in the sense that a heavily muscular athlete can appear overweight or even obese, although they have a metabolically healthy tissue in terms of they have a lot of muscle mass. So here is an example of a classification table which outlines for adults, normal BMI, overweight, obesity and severe obesity would be based upon that relationship of height and weight. Though there's an illustration as discussed in BMI, it's very well researched, and there is really strong relationships between BMI and health complications, such as diabetes, hypertension, coronavisis, heart disease. So colitheasis is the formation of gallstones and hardened deposits within the fluid of the gallbladder, which is small organ under liver, Corona heart disease. So that's CHD. So this BMI chart doesn't even show obesity, which is a BMI over 30 under the risk of higher BMI through the range of normal and overweight as alluded to, BMI is a pretty useful tool for measuring antibiotic at the population level, as for most people, weight increases with percentage of body fat. However, it doesn't directly measure fat mass. Therefore at an individual level, it might not, might not necessarily be a great measure. So for example, if you lose three kilograms of muscle and gain three kilograms of fat to body mass index, let's say very muscley individuals are often considered overweight or obese, and the elderly can have non representative BMI due to age associated muscle atrophy or decreasing height. It's important to know the limitations of tests, as they will influence your interpretation and interventions. This involves another very common method to assess body fat. They are very important to measure. They are reliable and valid. However, they become slightly invasive because it provides some touching but there are a range of sites that can be used to make the testing a little bit more comfortable. It involves measuring the two layers of subcutaneous fat beneath the skin, and it can provide an estimation of some overall fatness. I talked about reliability. It can have a small error. There's small error associated with every test, but the more you practice, and if you're likely credited level one anthropometrist, you've practiced enough that your error is acceptably low. There's a number of different summation sites. You have seven sites, which provides a good overall view of the body, but sometimes it might only be three or four sites, and sometimes there's an site model as well. We'll be practicing involved in the lab. Whilst it appears a fairly straightforward practice, it is important to practice to get a feel of, first of all, to get an accurate landmark, because there are specific sites that we take a measure. Then also to get a feel of what an appropriate pinch is. So we don't get sometimes it's easy to pinch the muscle inside the sample, which gives it a bigger ring in a lower ring. And if all measures are always taken on the right side of the body, where they can, ideally, we carefully measure and mark the site with a permanent marker. I grabbed this info between the thumb, index finger, just to get a slight fold. We replace the calipers just below that pinch, hold for two seconds and then release. And we do multiple measures at the same site to get valid readings. Some of the sites that we take would be the medzilla, the abdominal, the thigh, triceps and biceps, and it's also subscapular, suprailiac, medial calf, and suppress Mala so there are several methods by the number of different sites, whether it's 34678, and each different summation has a conversion to body fat percentage. So it depends on the number of access sites you have. Some can be uncomfortable for some people. So then you have different samples that you can use to know that the formulas give you body density, but you need to use the serum equation to convert percent with a series a published researcher from the 60s, and it's not the Apple program on your phone. Here are some other methods that you can use to value to test my body fat. So based on the clients that you work with or the sporting organization, they may have a different protocol. So it's important that you're familiar with one specific requirements, and also important that you keep using the same protocol. You cannot compare a three site to a seven site. You compare the three side to three side, or a seven side to seven side. As far as assessments go, gith measurement is about as basic as it can get. However, the power and the surface of the test, it's easy to learn, it's easy to administer. It inexpensive, and the value of information and the relationships to health, it's actually a really good test. As well as the waste, there's also a full body assessment, which will involve measuring other areas. So it's really important to practice these you're entering someone else's physical zone. You're touching. It's a minimal touch, but you're still touching. So whilst trying to accurately place a tape and read small writings, it can be quite challenging, so it's really important to practice these you can also measure a mid thigh, thigh, forearm and cut. I stated earlier there was a waist to hip ratio, and given the low cost of the test, information value is incredibly high. Higher scores of waste relative to keep circumference indicates higher abdominal fat, which is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and that's the android or apple shape that we talked about in the previous lecture. There are optimal ranges, and there's risk related to waste to heat ratios. So this is some really important information for such a non invasive and simple test, but also laboratory tests which become more complicated and provide more detailed information. So these include the scans hydrostatic weight, air displacement and biological impedance, which we'll go through now. So a dual energy X ray, or DEXA, is a low radiation X ray scan of the entire body, which can estimate body fat and bone density. It has mass less radiation than an x ray, and it's able to identify fat and bone and it can actually provide excellent detail on fat mass and really important information on bone density. So that bone density so that bone density information is quite important for specific populations. It could also be done in conjunction with a more frequently performed field test. There's a comparison, because it's expensive for them and requires professional expertise. For example, The Sporting Club might do one test in their preseason as a really detailed assessment. At the same time, they'll do skin folds, and they'll use that skin fold comparison to Dexter skin to track their athletes with multiple skin fold assessments throughout the season. Hydrostatic weighing. This is where the subject is weighed on land, and then when they land fully submerged in water, and relies on the difference between underwater and out of water weights and the density of the body and water displacement. This is not as popular due to the non population scans, due to the inconvenience of being weighed underwater, and it requires the specialized equipment that subject must also exhale or their air and then remain underwater, which makes it a somewhat difficult process. There's also air displacement, which was used to overcome the need to submit some of the water, and also calculated based upon weight and air displacement. But again, it's less popular test because it's time consuming and expensive. And finally, we have bio electrical impedance analysis. Now, whilst you could argue that this is a field measure rather than a lab measure, it does require a specialized piece of equipment. So that's what's included here. This is where a low level current is passed through the body to estimate the body fat percentage, given that lean tissue contains more water than fat tissue, the level of resistance to the current, indicating that lean versus fatness. This is certainly much cheaper than other lab based methods that's not as reliable and only provides a general measure of body composition. It could also be influenced by hydration status and even moisture on hair and clothes. So whilst we understand we try standardize all our tests, we can see that there's more errors can be introduced into a b by a test. So in summary, body composition can be assessed by field or lab tests. The field tests are cheaper, they're quicker and but they're less accurate than lab the lab much more accurate, much more detailed, but they can be expensive. They're also prohibitive for large groups, because the time requirements for the streets protocols, BMI home weight only, and that has a great relationship to health risk. So does he have to weight ratio, girth OS detects remains the gold standard for body composition. It is a little more expensive regarding specialized equipment and harder to get body composition. Assessment for exercise and sports science professionals is a really important tool in the assessment toolbox, and this will form part of our labs where we get a lot of hands on experience, learning how to do girths and skin vaults, learning to I'm encourage you to be involved in the lab as much as possible, to practice these skills. Thank you for listening to today's lecture if you have any questions, please ask your tutors or send His names. Thanks
Updated 132d ago
flashcards Flashcards (5)
Ottaa esille to bring up Osa Pala Lauta plank levy Roll Vasten Kaatua to fall Tippua to fall Pudota to fall hirveä terrible, horrible kamalan terribly kauheen the horror silti still siitä huolimatta että despite the fact that Novelli short story leivänpaahdin toaster paahtaa to roast tehosekoitin blender, mixer moitteettomasti perfectly, without reproach moittia blame (kritisoida) kukin each one jokainen everyone ihmisistä people toteuttaa to execute hyve virtue, good in people tasaisesti evenly mainio excellent mainiosti nicely piipata beep asettaa set (laittaa, panna) terveitä healthy huolehtia to take care of sen verran so much, at least that much( niin paljon) varakas wealthy majoittaa accommodate majoittua to accomodate nurkka corner pitkäveteinen boring lyhytjännitteinen ei pysty keskittymään keskittyä to concentrate on keskeyttää to interrupt omituinen quirky(outo) huumorintajuinen sense of humor(ymmärtää huumoria) tarpeen tullen if necessary vakava serious voimakas strong lempeä tender (vanha: lempi = rakkaus) lempiruoka favorite food herkkä sensitive luja strong(vahva rakennus on luja) viisas wise( älykäs = intelligent) lapsenmielinen childish tasapaino balance yllättävä surprising vilkas lively(eloisa = vivid) hallittu controlled(kontrolloitu) työteliäs hard-working(ahkera) unelmoiva dreamy lahjakas gifted vaatimaton modest hillitty restrained pulpahteleva bubbly ihanne ideal(ideaali) majailla dwell ihmissuhde human relationship kokoelma collection viisas smart(fiksu)
Updated 162d ago
flashcards Flashcards (66)
Neoclassical was derived from the Greek word nèos, which means "new, and Latin word classicus, which means "of highest rank." Neoclassical art is the revival of the classical Greek and Roman antiquity: Neoclassical artists imitated Renaissance artists to improve the kind of arts during the mid-eighteenth century. Its stern and unemotional forms were reactions to Baroque and Rococo styles. It was also characterized by symmetry, simplicity, and clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, and strong lines. Jacques-Louis David Jacques-Louis David is one of the most influential artists in this era. He was born into a wealthy family in Paris on August 30, 1748. When he was 9 years old, his father was killed and his mother left him with his architect uncles. He was supported by his rich uncles with his education at the College of the Four Nations. At age 18, he studied at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Even though he had a tumor that impeded his speech, nothing stopped him from becoming an artist. He championed a style of rigorous contours, sculpted forms, polished surfaces, and historical paintings. In 1774, his painting of Erasistratus Discovering the Cause of Antiochus' Disease won him the Prix de Rome, a scholarship for arts students that ensured well-paid commissions in France. His scholarship also included a trip to Italy, where he studied Italian masterpieces and ancient ruins. David became an active supporter and one of the leading artists of the French Revolution. He was appointed as the "First Painter to the Emperor" by Napoleon Bonaparte. His propaganda art served a critical role in French Revolution to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. One of David's notable paintings from the French Revolutionary period was the Death of Marat. David's last work was the Mars Disarmed by Venus. This was the last picture he wanted to paint but desired to surpass himself in it. Propaganda art is used to encourage or influence an emotional rather than a rational response from the people to support a cause or movement. He remained faithful to the tenets of Neoclassicism, which he transmitted to his students, one of which was Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. He died on December 29, 1825 and was buried in Belgium, not in France, due to his connection to the killing of King Louis XVI. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was one of the most revered French painters and was noted for his Neoclassical, historical, mythical, and nude paintings and portraitures. Ingres was known to follow his own instincts. He experimented on human form, causing his highly controversial anatomical distortions. Critics described his art as "creatures not found in nature." His quest for idealization was endless. Though Ingres preferred painting with historical theme, he also enjoyed doing portraits. He captured his figures with an impressive and realistic ingenuity to reveal their personalities. Ingres paid more attention to lines over colors. However, he was criticized for flatness due to lack of colors and conventional modeling. Despite this, he was still the most sought-after portraitist in France. He was a tenured director of the French Academy. During that time, he was able to complete three major canvases. He left more or less 4,000 artworks, all of which were housed in the Ingres Museum in Montauban, France. He died on January 14, 1867 in Paris. Romantic art was short-lived, yet it reflected philosophical approaches to art. This is the era where art was colorful, emotional, personal, and expressive. Romanticism was characterized by imagination, intuition, idealism, inspiration, and individuality. The Romantic period was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that started in Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century. In some areas, it was at its peak between the periods from 1800 to 1850. It was characterized by its focus on emotion and individualism, and glorification of all the past and nature. It prefers the medieval rather than the classical. The Romantic era is partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the upper-class social and political standards of the Age of Enlightenment. Romanticism was most strongly embodied in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on history, education, and natural sciences. Romantic era is also associated with liberalism, radicalism, and nationalism. Francisco Goya One of the most influential figures in Spanish art was Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes. He was born on March 30, 1746 in Aragon, Spain. He began his art studies when he was a teenager and spent time in Rome to advance his skills. Goya was besieged with orders for portraits, altarpieces, and murals. In 1776, he returned to Spain and became the principal painter to the Spanish Royal Court. Goya described himself as a student of Velásquez and Rembrandt. From Velásquez, he acquired a feeling for soft shaded colors that were applied in layers. From Rembrandt, he learned prediction for dark and mysterious backgrounds. Goya also acknowledged nature as his teacher in art. Goya was trained in the classical tradition of eighteenth century, but he remained an individualist and a realist. Romantic qualities appeared in his paintings, which were not glorified by some art critics. He was a liberal-minded man. He then turned his attention to the world of the dispossessed. He produced Los Caprichos (The Whims), a set of 80 prints in aquatint and etching from 1797 and 1798, and published as an album in 1799. These involved sorcery and witchcraft, injustices, cruelty, and false morality. The Black Paintings (1819+ 1823) were 14 paintings of his darkest and most mysterious creations, disillusionment with society, and insanity. His artworks embodied personal imaginative visions that defied traditional academism and conventional subjects. Romanticism, Impressionism, Expressionism, and Surrealism were the principal movements to be influenced by his work. He died on April 16, 1828 in Bordeaux, France. Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798 in France into an artistic family. He began studying art at the age of 17. He pursued Classical studies and trained under Baron Pierre-Narcisse Guerin, a painter who taught him to paint realistically. At 24, he was already in-charge of architectural decorations. His style was also inspired by the music of his friend Frédéric Chopin, a Romantic composer, He fine-tuned Romanticism by incorporating the art styles of Michelangelo and Rubens. He then developed his own style with affinity of expressing pain and suffering through bright, exploding, and energetic colored canvases. Delacroix became known as the "Master of Color" for his development of unique and memorable approach to color. Though his style had evolved over the years, he stayed true to his displays of emotions and intense colors. He never hid his fascination for destruction and violence to bring out virtuous colors in his paintings. He was admired for his bold and technical innovations. He is remembered as one of the world's most influential French Romantic painters for his ingenuity and expertise. He died in Paris on August 13, 1863 was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Théodore Géricault Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault was born on September 26, 1791 in Normandy, France. At a young age, he already displayed artistic inclinations and had fascinations with horses. He became friends with Eugène Delacroix. Together with the other artists, they formed the Romantic movement. In 1819, he ushered the Romantic movement into French painting with his The Raft of the Medusa, which inspired other artists and became the norm for the Romantic painting. It also forged new emphasis on raw emotion and sharply swerving art styles from the refined compositional studies of Neoclassicism. Gericault achieved brilliant visual effects using small, adjacent strokes of contrasting colors. He was the most influential to the Romantic painters that his art styles were adopted and extended by the Impressionists. His art styles in painting were less rigid than the Neoclassical works. In 1822, he produced one of his greatest achievements: his portraits of the mentally disabled or insane people. Originally, there were ten paintings but only five have survived. His untimely death came after months of suffering, following a fall from a horse. He died in Paris on January 26, 1824 at a young age of 32
Updated 174d ago
flashcards Flashcards (5)
Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington
Updated 185d ago
flashcards Flashcards (10)
than that I'nique. I think I would write a name and we cross the rental for past at do period, so like, it is us out of taking off or dealing with all of the logistics, so far, um you are still kind of getting devil or have anything else to figure out on terms of uh, just a piece adistration, conferences, anything else, uh, as usual, um, just, act and lecture or send me an email there's a few little things that I still working out, but hopefully to get settled for all of you. Um, last thing you just wanna say, thank you for your first discussion of us. They were just like specialasure read and, like, showed me how many different ways you're all being with us novel uh, and I now I like, oh, I wish you had another hour. I'm talking with this one. keep talking about it? um but we'll definitely touch on one of the things that you read in your post. today and when, um next week we're moving on to another reading, but we'll have your first conferences and that'll be a chance to talk about that kid's reading by all that really everything that we've discussed so far, so pull on to you all of these ideas that you're having. Okay, um, so today, we're gonna be a no happening, we're gonna talk about some of theorical contacts that can have us understand passing, like what's happening in the novel. Uh, and then we're gonna die further into the text of acting of what Laren is doing with this concept ofaba. Um, first, I just wanted to briefly touch on something that Irene referended in the novel, but that in this outside, it'sersen, using a novel so it references Comicorn, a little piece of history. We have I read thinking at one point, when she's worrying about Claire and correct and she's becoming, uh, and the problem of playing becomes three of her husband Rob, said, what is Luc there? He, was under eight the eight, uh, at the time that Larson was writing, passing, the rhyler case was sort of like a recent new sensation or almost like a celebrity spectacle in New York City. um, and the reason that Irene refers to it in the novel is because of the he centered around a white man who is married to a black woman who could pass her wife. uh, and the question in the rhyment her face was was she has, or did her husband, in fact, already know that she would lack? Uh, I was had like a little brief synopsis of this thing, and they' li. uh up on my versus if you wanted to read more about this soon. a fascinating story. So, in 1921, a wealthy young white man named Kit Reinellander, met Alice Jones, who was working class an racial black women. Rein Linder, the ris guy only, did not like this relationship. the two elopes in 1924, and soon after, because Bryander was part of this aristocratic family, uh, the news paint it up and published a story titled Bradland's son, and Mary is the daughter of a color name. and this led to his father finding out about the marriage and forcing his son to file for an annullment, uh, and then there were all these purpose meetings that began. And in this suit, Kitinlanders side attempted to prove that Alice had to defauded Kit using sex to gain access to hisalth. And social position. um, and then this became, as I said, kind of a big news story and cultural identity that because the right of her family was sort of celebrated being of family and because there were so many intimate details here in the court in the news about their marriage and also about Alex, um and this currently pretty preceding into all. Alice, for her side, I had been single case. She admitted to be black and she insisted that Kip had been aware of it. um and in the end, some surprisingly for the moment of by the court decided in Alice's favor and three, that KI had actually known of her blackness all along, so he was not the victim of any thought. In this case, he was not at the woman who wasying about being white. It was her husband lying about his knowledge about it. And so this is like just another variation of all these birds, like convoluted situations that arose in the midst of the American conception with the color line with racial purity and with racial power. and this is like, you just like another piece of helpful background as we head back into the novel of our characters, um, in our case, player is passing the way, and her husband, John, as far as we know, up to a point, does not have any clue that clear is black. Um, and even though this is the setup, Larsen does something to sort of what, electrify us early on, when she sets the scene with strong balloon and drink the roof and the dressingla this web. Hello, was John's reading player. Um, and I' using that that meansalonate, he's using probably obviously a variation of a regial slarity and word, right? And so this immediately creates like, great confusion for Ine and perjury who are sitting there. uh, and Claire and quickly has to explain why husband is calling you that. Her black eyes let her down. Tell them here, why you call me eyes. The man chuckled, make up his eyes, not I madeless compelled acknowledgepleasantly. He explained, well, you see, it like this, when the first married she was white as well as white as a lily. But I did lay she's getting darker and darker. I tell her if she don't look out, she'll wake up one of these days and find she her and with Edward. Heared with laughter. Claire' ringing bell light laughing his then a little later on. My goodness Jack, what difference would it make it after all these years, you were to find out that I was more than she present color. The put out his hand and refudiating flame definite and final. Oh, no, he declared, nothing like that with me. I know you known, so far right, you can get that slack as you please as far as I concerned, since I know you no. I draw the line back, the open pen words in my family ever happen and never will. Okay, how does our protagonist Irene experience this scene and how does she feel watching it? Yes.. There's. I couldn't. She's sitting at the TV party, you just kind of watching me not even even a while, put the most. But I it upset me, she doesn't know if she can speak up without real very nature. Yes, so she's like having to her appearance, like like looking around and deep confusion and disments. down because like the translated almost like half rest and comments that Cla Gertrude pick up on because the three of them are passing, and you can kind of tell that Claire has a lost experience with it has a conversation because she had she handles it a lot better than Irene does, um, and yeah, if you see all this in totalal turmoil and it keeps out a little bit in intercom conversations. Yes, right, so you trying to be her cool, but they're always like it is irrepressibleomas the sense of way, what the hell is happening here in player like aA... Claire husband to explain why would she bring up that conversation in the I? If she, oh, my husband has absolutely no idea. just for me.ger to know that idea. Why folks think? Why? Why will 30 this? There so many different ideas? few folks in the French? What are you things are? why in the read I Pandora. And all the soation and friends or what we actually. there' exposition to us a reader and to having. Yes, okay, so right, so she's like doing this like to them, like, there is there is a context here for this. Okay, there's a lot of kids and I go, here, here, maybe just go there.. as well. I is trying up all theoth or like making joke from the. because people aren has that beatified for her because she spent all this time for this performance and. And now she does advantage of this route. she work in. Yes. making a joke of her husband, right? why would she create this situation to begin with? so there's a way in which, like, there are different audiences and she created an audience to watch it un full.. sounds like, I g said, oh, you should spot, you know, uh, fire, you layer in my one pass the approaches it is like, you know, those, you don't know, but whatever really you can dola is, so it's like almost like red flag or alarms or something like battery knock and probably at me like, oh my God, like they kind of like on the closed and like my love. They're like email and they like not, everything that happens to Claire because they share this identity, that it's all black men who are can't ask for life, like anything that happening, it is like, immediately there's an implication of what this means for the other in characters. Yes. all this field are sheets like player? because um, like the she wants sitting for a her, our players trying for. and the other player wants to like more hard I his life. um, and it it feels like he's like giving a little taste like this is time, whatever med. So, like, why don't you let me your like a little more psychling real life? Yes, right, so there in which, like, maybe she showing up and like, making a joke at these I' heard a thing that there's another way she's like look at my situation, like this I live in I, uh, but it's both, right, at the same time... This is my back that. I contin what as I Yes, right. She's doing this like dance and shifting the position, uh, by by creating this and this is really dangerous essentially situation, um and and letting her friends in on it. Um, and there is this sense, right that there is, you know, danger in the scene, there is ultimately something that disturbing, but one of the involved is that I may not progress is like this this knowing lap, right? that kind of comes over earth room too, um, because there's something absurd about watching the scene, um, at one point, like Irene's lips trembled almost arm full of, but she made a desperate effort to fight after disastrider laugh and succeeded, um, and then jumped down a little bit, she's looking at her from grocery clear littleressed down a for a. I mean wish there was brief size through she feared by her self comprolled thatiled toridge for her notating anger and in that indignation. So there's like laughter and there's anger and indignation. She had a weepingiety to shout at the manip her and you're sitting here surrounded by three black devils during the teeth. So it does seem, right? that there's a joke and on notolute. He is awake and he is so sure that he would never have a black person in his family or in his house, but in reality, he is sitting there and has a black life, he has the black daughter, and there are two other black men sitting in the are and yet, they all of these women that are just referred to, player, Irene, recru, and and Claara Marjorie, all look white. How are they black? you can turn off, right. Okay, so there's sense in which a appearance is not the only way in which raises being decided, right? That becomes very clear. You can look at way as player and somehow collect Yes. you know, like like slide when you have a conversation down with the blue and it said, like, oh, and players said, what I was large, you color. And he says, well, you know, like, that's not simply means I never not that. So it's not even having, like, that like, DNA more like, you know, that like, it's the not even like it's I I don't even know like what definition is anymore because documentaries is not about, you know, having the access here, you not having that, what countries like, oh, I don't care about how you look, I don't care about you know, what's what's your ancest, you like be somebody else and something like. Yeah, it's really confusing.ired it just that John Lulu by being away, he's so sure he would go, right? There was no way she was getting away with the one or two percent colors in this case, uh, right? Um, but something weird is going on with this definition. two are men and then weonse yet. I think we need lots of different maybe people compared to the John tell the version of of push of the media of excuses. So I think with the women is that someoundaries, here, um the and also I mean for help uh, like, that their response to the outage show and how Yeah, right there are like, so many different ways that race is playing has an identity, but also have like a legal construction and also as a maybe like cartoon characteristic of what blackness is.. I don't know for what like one rule decide, um, who who wasn't? One, but under the law, there was the more, where ne the color lion have already in identities that forces you into one or the other. Yes, so this is exactly where we're headed. This is the streaming I understand, yet how he got to this place in the 1920s, where there are three white open women and all of them are apparently black. In the 1920s, this idea that right even just a tiny percentage of black ancestry made a person black um was part of a law, right? So that is happening in all of these acts were regional integrity acts laws that are prostating American deceased, uh, including in 1984 in Virginia, uh laws like the Virginia racial Integrity act outlawedational marriage and defined a white person as someone who has no pri whatsoever of any one whether than not. Right? And what is that that talk about? Um, and then there are other laws that defined lackers that owned with any trace, right? It could be, 116, uh, a black ancestry remain on. At least kind of law were as they said, white friend across the US and they also extended our back into American history street, one of the first laws that to do this work of criminalizing racial effect on the marriage, uh and defining ways by this strange formula heredity was in 1652 in a specular event. Um we often think about race as something visible, and in any case, it was a uh, but here, right we're seeing that the in terms of the law, uh, we'reology with very technical, legal, and then often invisible ideas of race and of blackness. My question is, and this has already come out a little bit irresponses, but why would Americans come up with such a thing convoluted and frame and specific and some type invisible concepts of race? I? Okay, this is funny back to Elizabeth comment, right? This has to do with the history of Americans labvery. So to answer the session, we're going on a little detour as we as do, as that how my minders. Um, we're going to go back a little bit and think about American slavery and how it works as a racial and social system. Slavery created generations and generations of makes people because, despite all of this talk about the rigid color line, slaveholders systematically crossed. I said on Wednesday that Frosted season on Monday, that Crossing the color line, especially in terms of sexual relationships, what is dangerous and needed as that is true for lacking and sometimes for, and afterately we waited, put and did allwise really violently and systematically. What did this look like? In active events that slaveholders were continuallyaping and they sexual violence was an endemic feature of the system of American slavery. It was not a random event that I approved in some cases of kind. it was a structural part of the system of American slavery. And this kind of knew that sexual violence often led to the murder of a rac children. So when these children were born, they were not considered by their fathers to be their children, they were considered to be their properties, right? Because their mothers then laid those children were and his laid. So imagine as it is a you know, 300 plus year mystery of slavery at there time generations and generations of people who were enslaved and considered to be black, but who look more and more white. This can be really hard to visualize the fact because I need the race, like they shift in different comments, they' shipped at time, we have pretty visual idea of race in the present. Uh, but this these photos for me of us a little bit to understand this. um all of the children in these two photographs were bored into slavery and all of them are considered property and all of that were consideringat. But probably to our eyes, only one of these children as looks black. So when these image of showing us is, again, like a strangeness of racing America. It's really like the fiction of race, of problems of race. We have this idea of rigid color line and then we have this social world that totally always by it. It is like a central problemating America, and it is at part of our 20th as. But it is also at the heart of the first ever African American novelot. Closelle for private's daughter, and they are mostly life was published by a for Lady author William Wells Brown in the 1856, of Phil during safety. um, and it again, at the the first factor all, this very clearly had aitional novel. It's a novel, it's written, it's a perfect of showingagos sla reading the need to project. Uh, the fact that this is the first act there in novel is a good reminder for us that novels, whether they are written by our Americans or by other groups, have not really miss it. Novels are enired or so story different from the literature, how all existed, but novels did not become kind of a cohereric form of that are literature, uh of writing until about the 18th century in Western European culture and then they started to become a major feature of Western European culture, cultureuring art aircraft the 19th century. and writing novels have is like longer durraysans in which histori can take place, and there' group or multiple different kind of stories. This is not super important about us today we're gonna come back see the conduct a lot of this then. but uh this is an important for sit situation in the 20th century where novels aren't one important for getting this little detour we taking the 19th century. Okay. back tootap. Uh, what I said is for novel and it takes up this problem of race and the problem of passing as central issue. Um Some of you here a red hotels and you know that it's like, a very convoluted and melodramatic story. um so we're not gonna do aopsis of this if you're curious, go recoel. um, but it's not that if we' for our course. I just wanna briefly introduce you to a central character in enslaved woman name hotel. This isotel as sheears about your soul. The appearance of Plotel on oct in deep sensation amongst the crow. There she stood in the complexion as light as most of those who are waiting with the wish shouldn' not referisers. The auctionireized by saying that Miss Futel had been observed for the last because she was the most valuable. how much, generally? Well, we're m meant to understand here is that, first of all, the towels of white, that is that the hotel is specially valuable because she looks like, and third, that this value attached to looking weight is sexualized, right? We get this very congestive how less g with it. Um, and this idea that played women were lighter reflection, including white acting, had special sexual values, um, was, again, a feature of this is of American slavery. Because of her lacis and also the other values white and, uh, she is persecuted across this o, which leads to a fact and laborer. She attempts to esclavery, that she gets caught and rather than go back to her factors, she chooses to to wep off the bridge for herck. So this is an illustration of that. This is like hotels weep ack. What did you with this? You might be at the Dr. D NOR. This week in the context of hot is morally righteous, right? She sort of a thing here. The cause of her death is slavery and her choice to die is, as I said, morally righteous, because it's protesting againstly and that means that within the context of the 19th century acad abolitionist dog. Uh, we can get a little bit of this, um, just from the way that lay brown wrote this right. There's no hope for aake for her down the passage. Her resolution was taken. She clasped her hands convulsively and raised them as she, at the same time raised her eyes for its heaven and begged for that mercy and compassion there, which had been denied her on earth, and then, with a single bound, she vaulted over the railings of the bridge and subbed forever beneath the ways of the river, thus died lowau. Okay. So this is a little bit of backstory and literary history that's going to help us understand where we are in our novel and how it ends. And we'll just say briefly that this is not the only novel that our literature that keeps up these issues of acid um, where a lot of really important and central novels of early actingary literature that do this, asking is one of them and then we're gonna read another one about to meet laugh more. This is all behind Ella Larson as she writing happy, and she is engaging with this literary history, but she's also complicating the story, right? I read Redfield and Cla Henry are not martyr characters by any right, the problems that they have are not only caused by outside forces. They have also caused by an own desires and wait. So, rather than writing a novel where black womenomes sort of like the vehicles for explloring an issue like slavery or race or racism. Larsen makes race and racism and passing into a being able or even like a backdrop or exploring black women, and their interiority. and they are desired potentially needed their fear, their anger, and and then ultimately their violence. We see both of these characters, sorry out, but what they are to each other and stay the missions, right? I read in the black world, players in the white, but over time their divisions were like he in by one another. um, andir, at least from our perspective, is getting too close, right? Irene, um, on getting rid of player. So, how does this like, break down in start from thisantingopter in and we talked about on Monday, there's thisensive great attraction in the beginning atoration and the sense that Irene was kind of like, not resist the thrall of player, but at some point in the novel, I mean starts to feel differently, and she becomes ultimately to consumed by Claire as a problem. Where are some of the scen that we start to see this happen for uh yeah, where are some of the turning points in the novel where he gets this ri.t. and I think this happened like somebody to going out, like not a highly lot, but you laugh and youulated things how much else if they really doing without me without. I mean, she like, you know, she's so over on cat I, and then was. Yes, right. So, at some point around an invitation that she wasn't part of, Irene begins to believe that there's a fair. But she have evidence of this fair as what I agree, and then also, we have beers like, do we have of an affair, what what did you think about? like, the truth or reality of theear? I kind of interpreted Irena's a bit of an unreliable narrator. It felt like she was telling them story that had already happened. So maybe her act of the end of the novel influences how she's remembering things and trying to justify why she would have pushed a clear in the end. So she's looking at her while they laughed at each other, so that was a sign and when she's at the party and few kind of corroborates how she feels, you see a little bit more about unreliable narrator or what that means to feel? Um when they're presenting things with objective, but their emotions and personality are actually shaping, what what evidence that preventing you and what descriptors they're using?, that's a really good way of it, so we have she is she's basically our in the sense that like she's the as we've talked about, but the character of his perspective, we're really close to. um and we start to have a approx novel see that there is like a discrepancy between her internal thought process and what is available to us as what evidence of what's happening outside of her, um and so the more and more we start to see that, like we have a little bit alienated from Irene, uh, and so, right, the reality of any of her statements, um, have comes into some question. um, so we don't necessarily know what this affair was um, other than what Irene either think it was or justified the FDA. Yeah. kind of operating? he was maybe for a bit, but I think last class mentioned how she really called Claire beautiful. and how now is that Ryan is somewhat clear and not much evidence of a ware, but maybe if she was in his position, she would find clear in my so there is a question of like whose desire is actually at the center of this, right and Brian was kind of like taking the ball for things that are going on early player, and she's rejecting herself and she comes another very good as one way that we could be. northern hand.. I think like, in terms of like there being any evidence, the only thing that I kind of pull out was the fact that like, they kept going to like parties and stuff without Irene. So, like, if we are gonna give her some of the benefit of the doubt, there is that weird kind of tension that appears when, like, even when Irene is not interested in going, Brian and Claire are still going to these things and Claire spent a lot of time at their home, even when Irene isn't there. So I I do think that, like, yes, the evidence is very sparse, but I can understand how she comes to this conclusions given her perception of what's happening between them., right? There's a little bit Iree, but there is a general sense of what happened and how becomes greater and greater. Oh, I was gonna say uh the one we're being like a ton wild narrator, it's I think it's interesting that she's like totally certain and positive, that like it is happening and even one you trying to like, identify the evidence and she's like, oh, there is it really that much other than maybe I guess it Brian earlier in the all says he doesn't think Claire, is that all with that what I spot later, he's kind of let it sit. And then at the end he's obviously like very distressed. But I think the fact that she just totally dismisses the fact that like, there is't actually that much evidence and she still have certain positive speaks that kind of unreviability little bit.... We are less to one very like what is really at the part of this because what she's going on is maybe not sufficient to to clarify um the problem as she sees it. Um Okay, I have a little off track here in. more. tired until that like he's in very cold family. And so that for old vanity yet what and also afterwards, we can there for months and the right you're getting to look down here. like they there is reasonable doubt about this, and that is just like, I don't really powerful look back about as readers, because we are now we are psychological problems.. I'm not analyst. I remember what was talking about that we really do better and I with that best of families, but from reality having theirairs way of justifying that oh, I I have ruin in my husband life, but if lived in on I thought I commit to Asia, whoa, that's.. Right, okay, so Claire is the problem when they're marriedriage, they might have just had problems in the marriage.. I was a little bit crazy and controlling, especially in her husband, like infe. I' of admitting that the wrong husbandrop. And so I really felt that my. Yes, so great and all of these things are are created by Larson's writing, right? Larsen, who gives us this perspective of Irene, which at the beginning, we are sympathetic to, we we have no reason not to trust, and then she warped our character more and more, and they are all these like critical moments in which the the consciousness, the interiority by being starts to become a place that we has readers are not as comfortable being in, one of those things happens that some of you commented on at the party at Hughes, um, with the breaking of a tea. One is to look at this scene. So, you get a green right into itself, uh, and then let the break that happens in reality, a literal break. Her mental andvisible langu receive it right. What did it mean? How would it affect her in the voice? The voice? She had a surgery. It had been. feeling ofolute uninverted quality. Actually, she didn't have counted. She was to him only the mother of her s of his son. That was all. alone, she was not worse than obstacle. Rage boiled up in her. It was a slight crash on the floor at her feet laid as shadow cup. dark seeing guide the bright grubs, red, shad shock, went on. The fore hers doeta gathered up the white dragons. As from the distance, youword flip voice hanger, though he was she was aware somehow miraculously at the side. Sorry to apologize, that I pushed you. plenty of me. don't tell me it's priceless and you are placeable. It hurts, dear God, how they hurt, but she couldn't think of that nap. Okay, so I want you to tell me how the theme is playing out internally and externally, like, what's happening inside I readhe and then what's happening? between characters and the room and how is it that we're switching back and forth between the two? Like, what what characterizes the writing here were how many who comes sentence that woman over? Yeah. I like, we're getting a lot our head the sentences are we cur and so like we' physically very small uh, and then it was very well on the tiger and there committed. And then all of a sudden there playing actual different of external things that are hurring in the world like, you person it says it clear what it is says, uh, and I guess, but basically it's just written't.. This is like a breakdown of her internal world and we're getting into like short drag sentences. And the other thing like soued with the problem in your life that, like, you're not aware of what's happening with a person sitting next to you or of theity or like, maybe all like what you're teacher ising in front of the room, like, you have a really big problem going on. and so you're at your internal world and then something might happen and you are snackpped out of it and you're suddenly disoriented of like, oh, what's happening in front of me? You live next to me? The voice of Hugh sounds like it's far away, but miraculously he's right there. And so these are some of these moments where we start to say,Ine, is maybe not so reliable, Irene is high that. And then he makes his life kind of icy and cold and a little bit frightening turn in which describes the cuff. Didn't you notice that cup? Well, you're lucky it would be other saying thatcestors were charming conf own. Iotten how many thousands of years ago was that's brand on the ele has I had a little war history, it was brought marked by other. Oh, all right, the English be you call it the underback. I' coming to the fact that I' never figured out a way to get rid of it until about five minutes ago, I had an inspiration. I only had to break it and I was of it forever. So it simple and I never thought of it before. So, what do you hear in this explanation? that she's giving to you? Yeah. She's using the for more, so basicallyolve the way change. That.... getair is she gonna do something else, right? this year. like how comes up, right start everything is having over the course of a series of the conversation. There two other. I think representation of player and how I. I want to get rid of there, she talk about all. And kind of reverse, I think earlier to help when the teacup is, which could also refer to Claire's passing. um, and I' almost like that spoil the end. Yeah, this is foreshadowing for the end for when I bring them up, like cushing clear sort of out of the windowows, like killingberg. I thought this was kind of foreshadowing for that as well.. something for not made it the end, I apologize to you, but there's no real way to talk about this novel without talking about the ending. um, it will still be shocking when you read it if you haven't gotten there yet. And but we're gonna talk about the ending with the end of our time. Now, it all fells crashing gap. Remember in the beginning, we have Irene ascending to the top of the green end, we have all of this movement up there. and then at the very end, we have all of the charactersembled at the top of the building, and the revelation that clear and then passing, uh, because her husband, John Doulouse storms into the room. He says, so you're in Ed order to Dan Edward and his voice was a snarl, and a mode, an expression, of ray and the everything was in confusion. The man had sprread forward, police had lected between them and the blue. She said quickly, hereful, you're the only white man here. And the silver silver voice, as well as of her words was a warning. Players stood at the window as composed as an everyone were not staring at her and curiosity and li, as if the whole structure of their life were not high in practice and for her. She seemed u aware of any danger or uncaring. There was even a same smile on her full red lips and the under shining eyes. was that smile that maddened by reading, she ran across the room her coting with foccity and laid a hand on players of their arms, One thought was exper. She couldn't have Claire and repacified by the Lou. she couldn't have the free Before there stood John Lewis speechless now in his f neighbor, on them, the little hudd of other people and Ryan stepping out from among them. What happened next Irene never afterwards allowed her to remember, never clearly one moment there and then if, a vital flowing thing, like a flame of red and bold. the next, she was gone. There was a cast before and above it the sound not by human, like aast in abey, nig by God, big. Okay, women happened here? Do we have we have love closely and the list between the we know that our have not slow it all in high foot high is slowly evolving in matter, but also, ever since being do throughout the heat and how the sub is. So we don't know who she is. is in the D or is so overwhelmed over the ir culturer. We don't want it being claim to not of itself. I mean it is not on herself and she won't herself whatever, right? And then yet she has the softway face of right here that the service are about really high correct by, the whole forgery loving, loveliness, clear, Henry. How do we maybe think about this ending this ambiguity of the ending in relation to that story, that I go about? Like, what kind of ending did I show you there and what kind of ending is this for a character who kind of constituively is of the same type? That's almost for where I do all of really. It a position already had this plan place that ever found out she wanted to beency and she had to loseation. So this she she just. Okay, so there's medally in which this, like hotel is a lead to freo, we could say maybe this is like, right doing something in here, or it might be something up, other thoughts and thought and that. I when I was reading it awfully, okay, so what happens to her? Um, so we have final like multiple different athletes are basically the have on standard as like CN time. you have I just that at the end fire. I see the fire Yeah, I after this is a broad looking of uh this, she seems just so calm about whole situation so it be, you. It's and ambiguous. One person back. towards freedom because she get the bird can clear she a my knowledge, then she will be home free, but even when like, he did find out she still didn't really succeeded maybe she killed. Yeah, it's all right. So there's like, as opposed to a heroic ending, a morally righteous ending, we are left to wonder it where that her death by being pusbur over death, um the place that the lay right on the ground at the bottom of the sky creaper is like burt and a dark and wathering. um so again, we are not looking at stories that tell us a problem and a solution, we are staying inside of a problem. we are going to end. I want to just prepping for next week, we're shifting years and reading totally a very different kind of stories. But the thing that might help us make this week is to think about laughter in this novel, who is laughing because laughter is gonna be at the center of the that piece. Okay, that a all. Thank you. so much (copy) (copy)
Updated 190d ago
flashcards Flashcards (10)
than that I'nique. I think I would write a name and we cross the rental for past at do period, so like, it is us out of taking off or dealing with all of the logistics, so far, um you are still kind of getting devil or have anything else to figure out on terms of uh, just a piece adistration, conferences, anything else, uh, as usual, um, just, act and lecture or send me an email there's a few little things that I still working out, but hopefully to get settled for all of you. Um, last thing you just wanna say, thank you for your first discussion of us. They were just like specialasure read and, like, showed me how many different ways you're all being with us novel uh, and I now I like, oh, I wish you had another hour. I'm talking with this one. keep talking about it? um but we'll definitely touch on one of the things that you read in your post. today and when, um next week we're moving on to another reading, but we'll have your first conferences and that'll be a chance to talk about that kid's reading by all that really everything that we've discussed so far, so pull on to you all of these ideas that you're having. Okay, um, so today, we're gonna be a no happening, we're gonna talk about some of theorical contacts that can have us understand passing, like what's happening in the novel. Uh, and then we're gonna die further into the text of acting of what Laren is doing with this concept ofaba. Um, first, I just wanted to briefly touch on something that Irene referended in the novel, but that in this outside, it'sersen, using a novel so it references Comicorn, a little piece of history. We have I read thinking at one point, when she's worrying about Claire and correct and she's becoming, uh, and the problem of playing becomes three of her husband Rob, said, what is Luc there? He, was under eight the eight, uh, at the time that Larson was writing, passing, the rhyler case was sort of like a recent new sensation or almost like a celebrity spectacle in New York City. um, and the reason that Irene refers to it in the novel is because of the he centered around a white man who is married to a black woman who could pass her wife. uh, and the question in the rhyment her face was was she has, or did her husband, in fact, already know that she would lack? Uh, I was had like a little brief synopsis of this thing, and they' li. uh up on my versus if you wanted to read more about this soon. a fascinating story. So, in 1921, a wealthy young white man named Kit Reinellander, met Alice Jones, who was working class an racial black women. Rein Linder, the ris guy only, did not like this relationship. the two elopes in 1924, and soon after, because Bryander was part of this aristocratic family, uh, the news paint it up and published a story titled Bradland's son, and Mary is the daughter of a color name. and this led to his father finding out about the marriage and forcing his son to file for an annullment, uh, and then there were all these purpose meetings that began. And in this suit, Kitinlanders side attempted to prove that Alice had to defauded Kit using sex to gain access to hisalth. And social position. um, and then this became, as I said, kind of a big news story and cultural identity that because the right of her family was sort of celebrated being of family and because there were so many intimate details here in the court in the news about their marriage and also about Alex, um and this currently pretty preceding into all. Alice, for her side, I had been single case. She admitted to be black and she insisted that Kip had been aware of it. um and in the end, some surprisingly for the moment of by the court decided in Alice's favor and three, that KI had actually known of her blackness all along, so he was not the victim of any thought. In this case, he was not at the woman who wasying about being white. It was her husband lying about his knowledge about it. And so this is like just another variation of all these birds, like convoluted situations that arose in the midst of the American conception with the color line with racial purity and with racial power. and this is like, you just like another piece of helpful background as we head back into the novel of our characters, um, in our case, player is passing the way, and her husband, John, as far as we know, up to a point, does not have any clue that clear is black. Um, and even though this is the setup, Larsen does something to sort of what, electrify us early on, when she sets the scene with strong balloon and drink the roof and the dressingla this web. Hello, was John's reading player. Um, and I' using that that meansalonate, he's using probably obviously a variation of a regial slarity and word, right? And so this immediately creates like, great confusion for Ine and perjury who are sitting there. uh, and Claire and quickly has to explain why husband is calling you that. Her black eyes let her down. Tell them here, why you call me eyes. The man chuckled, make up his eyes, not I madeless compelled acknowledgepleasantly. He explained, well, you see, it like this, when the first married she was white as well as white as a lily. But I did lay she's getting darker and darker. I tell her if she don't look out, she'll wake up one of these days and find she her and with Edward. Heared with laughter. Claire' ringing bell light laughing his then a little later on. My goodness Jack, what difference would it make it after all these years, you were to find out that I was more than she present color. The put out his hand and refudiating flame definite and final. Oh, no, he declared, nothing like that with me. I know you known, so far right, you can get that slack as you please as far as I concerned, since I know you no. I draw the line back, the open pen words in my family ever happen and never will. Okay, how does our protagonist Irene experience this scene and how does she feel watching it? Yes.. There's. I couldn't. She's sitting at the TV party, you just kind of watching me not even even a while, put the most. But I it upset me, she doesn't know if she can speak up without real very nature. Yes, so she's like having to her appearance, like like looking around and deep confusion and disments. down because like the translated almost like half rest and comments that Cla Gertrude pick up on because the three of them are passing, and you can kind of tell that Claire has a lost experience with it has a conversation because she had she handles it a lot better than Irene does, um, and yeah, if you see all this in totalal turmoil and it keeps out a little bit in intercom conversations. Yes, right, so you trying to be her cool, but they're always like it is irrepressibleomas the sense of way, what the hell is happening here in player like aA... Claire husband to explain why would she bring up that conversation in the I? If she, oh, my husband has absolutely no idea. just for me.ger to know that idea. Why folks think? Why? Why will 30 this? There so many different ideas? few folks in the French? What are you things are? why in the read I Pandora. And all the soation and friends or what we actually. there' exposition to us a reader and to having. Yes, okay, so right, so she's like doing this like to them, like, there is there is a context here for this. Okay, there's a lot of kids and I go, here, here, maybe just go there.. as well. I is trying up all theoth or like making joke from the. because people aren has that beatified for her because she spent all this time for this performance and. And now she does advantage of this route. she work in. Yes. making a joke of her husband, right? why would she create this situation to begin with? so there's a way in which, like, there are different audiences and she created an audience to watch it un full.. sounds like, I g said, oh, you should spot, you know, uh, fire, you layer in my one pass the approaches it is like, you know, those, you don't know, but whatever really you can dola is, so it's like almost like red flag or alarms or something like battery knock and probably at me like, oh my God, like they kind of like on the closed and like my love. They're like email and they like not, everything that happens to Claire because they share this identity, that it's all black men who are can't ask for life, like anything that happening, it is like, immediately there's an implication of what this means for the other in characters. Yes. all this field are sheets like player? because um, like the she wants sitting for a her, our players trying for. and the other player wants to like more hard I his life. um, and it it feels like he's like giving a little taste like this is time, whatever med. So, like, why don't you let me your like a little more psychling real life? Yes, right, so there in which, like, maybe she showing up and like, making a joke at these I' heard a thing that there's another way she's like look at my situation, like this I live in I, uh, but it's both, right, at the same time... This is my back that. I contin what as I Yes, right. She's doing this like dance and shifting the position, uh, by by creating this and this is really dangerous essentially situation, um and and letting her friends in on it. Um, and there is this sense, right that there is, you know, danger in the scene, there is ultimately something that disturbing, but one of the involved is that I may not progress is like this this knowing lap, right? that kind of comes over earth room too, um, because there's something absurd about watching the scene, um, at one point, like Irene's lips trembled almost arm full of, but she made a desperate effort to fight after disastrider laugh and succeeded, um, and then jumped down a little bit, she's looking at her from grocery clear littleressed down a for a. I mean wish there was brief size through she feared by her self comprolled thatiled toridge for her notating anger and in that indignation. So there's like laughter and there's anger and indignation. She had a weepingiety to shout at the manip her and you're sitting here surrounded by three black devils during the teeth. So it does seem, right? that there's a joke and on notolute. He is awake and he is so sure that he would never have a black person in his family or in his house, but in reality, he is sitting there and has a black life, he has the black daughter, and there are two other black men sitting in the are and yet, they all of these women that are just referred to, player, Irene, recru, and and Claara Marjorie, all look white. How are they black? you can turn off, right. Okay, so there's sense in which a appearance is not the only way in which raises being decided, right? That becomes very clear. You can look at way as player and somehow collect Yes. you know, like like slide when you have a conversation down with the blue and it said, like, oh, and players said, what I was large, you color. And he says, well, you know, like, that's not simply means I never not that. So it's not even having, like, that like, DNA more like, you know, that like, it's the not even like it's I I don't even know like what definition is anymore because documentaries is not about, you know, having the access here, you not having that, what countries like, oh, I don't care about how you look, I don't care about you know, what's what's your ancest, you like be somebody else and something like. Yeah, it's really confusing.ired it just that John Lulu by being away, he's so sure he would go, right? There was no way she was getting away with the one or two percent colors in this case, uh, right? Um, but something weird is going on with this definition. two are men and then weonse yet. I think we need lots of different maybe people compared to the John tell the version of of push of the media of excuses. So I think with the women is that someoundaries, here, um the and also I mean for help uh, like, that their response to the outage show and how Yeah, right there are like, so many different ways that race is playing has an identity, but also have like a legal construction and also as a maybe like cartoon characteristic of what blackness is.. I don't know for what like one rule decide, um, who who wasn't? One, but under the law, there was the more, where ne the color lion have already in identities that forces you into one or the other. Yes, so this is exactly where we're headed. This is the streaming I understand, yet how he got to this place in the 1920s, where there are three white open women and all of them are apparently black. In the 1920s, this idea that right even just a tiny percentage of black ancestry made a person black um was part of a law, right? So that is happening in all of these acts were regional integrity acts laws that are prostating American deceased, uh, including in 1984 in Virginia, uh laws like the Virginia racial Integrity act outlawedational marriage and defined a white person as someone who has no pri whatsoever of any one whether than not. Right? And what is that that talk about? Um, and then there are other laws that defined lackers that owned with any trace, right? It could be, 116, uh, a black ancestry remain on. At least kind of law were as they said, white friend across the US and they also extended our back into American history street, one of the first laws that to do this work of criminalizing racial effect on the marriage, uh and defining ways by this strange formula heredity was in 1652 in a specular event. Um we often think about race as something visible, and in any case, it was a uh, but here, right we're seeing that the in terms of the law, uh, we'reology with very technical, legal, and then often invisible ideas of race and of blackness. My question is, and this has already come out a little bit irresponses, but why would Americans come up with such a thing convoluted and frame and specific and some type invisible concepts of race? I? Okay, this is funny back to Elizabeth comment, right? This has to do with the history of Americans labvery. So to answer the session, we're going on a little detour as we as do, as that how my minders. Um, we're going to go back a little bit and think about American slavery and how it works as a racial and social system. Slavery created generations and generations of makes people because, despite all of this talk about the rigid color line, slaveholders systematically crossed. I said on Wednesday that Frosted season on Monday, that Crossing the color line, especially in terms of sexual relationships, what is dangerous and needed as that is true for lacking and sometimes for, and afterately we waited, put and did allwise really violently and systematically. What did this look like? In active events that slaveholders were continuallyaping and they sexual violence was an endemic feature of the system of American slavery. It was not a random event that I approved in some cases of kind. it was a structural part of the system of American slavery. And this kind of knew that sexual violence often led to the murder of a rac children. So when these children were born, they were not considered by their fathers to be their children, they were considered to be their properties, right? Because their mothers then laid those children were and his laid. So imagine as it is a you know, 300 plus year mystery of slavery at there time generations and generations of people who were enslaved and considered to be black, but who look more and more white. This can be really hard to visualize the fact because I need the race, like they shift in different comments, they' shipped at time, we have pretty visual idea of race in the present. Uh, but this these photos for me of us a little bit to understand this. um all of the children in these two photographs were bored into slavery and all of them are considered property and all of that were consideringat. But probably to our eyes, only one of these children as looks black. So when these image of showing us is, again, like a strangeness of racing America. It's really like the fiction of race, of problems of race. We have this idea of rigid color line and then we have this social world that totally always by it. It is like a central problemating America, and it is at part of our 20th as. But it is also at the heart of the first ever African American novelot. Closelle for private's daughter, and they are mostly life was published by a for Lady author William Wells Brown in the 1856, of Phil during safety. um, and it again, at the the first factor all, this very clearly had aitional novel. It's a novel, it's written, it's a perfect of showingagos sla reading the need to project. Uh, the fact that this is the first act there in novel is a good reminder for us that novels, whether they are written by our Americans or by other groups, have not really miss it. Novels are enired or so story different from the literature, how all existed, but novels did not become kind of a cohereric form of that are literature, uh of writing until about the 18th century in Western European culture and then they started to become a major feature of Western European culture, cultureuring art aircraft the 19th century. and writing novels have is like longer durraysans in which histori can take place, and there' group or multiple different kind of stories. This is not super important about us today we're gonna come back see the conduct a lot of this then. but uh this is an important for sit situation in the 20th century where novels aren't one important for getting this little detour we taking the 19th century. Okay. back tootap. Uh, what I said is for novel and it takes up this problem of race and the problem of passing as central issue. Um Some of you here a red hotels and you know that it's like, a very convoluted and melodramatic story. um so we're not gonna do aopsis of this if you're curious, go recoel. um, but it's not that if we' for our course. I just wanna briefly introduce you to a central character in enslaved woman name hotel. This isotel as sheears about your soul. The appearance of Plotel on oct in deep sensation amongst the crow. There she stood in the complexion as light as most of those who are waiting with the wish shouldn' not referisers. The auctionireized by saying that Miss Futel had been observed for the last because she was the most valuable. how much, generally? Well, we're m meant to understand here is that, first of all, the towels of white, that is that the hotel is specially valuable because she looks like, and third, that this value attached to looking weight is sexualized, right? We get this very congestive how less g with it. Um, and this idea that played women were lighter reflection, including white acting, had special sexual values, um, was, again, a feature of this is of American slavery. Because of her lacis and also the other values white and, uh, she is persecuted across this o, which leads to a fact and laborer. She attempts to esclavery, that she gets caught and rather than go back to her factors, she chooses to to wep off the bridge for herck. So this is an illustration of that. This is like hotels weep ack. What did you with this? You might be at the Dr. D NOR. This week in the context of hot is morally righteous, right? She sort of a thing here. The cause of her death is slavery and her choice to die is, as I said, morally righteous, because it's protesting againstly and that means that within the context of the 19th century acad abolitionist dog. Uh, we can get a little bit of this, um, just from the way that lay brown wrote this right. There's no hope for aake for her down the passage. Her resolution was taken. She clasped her hands convulsively and raised them as she, at the same time raised her eyes for its heaven and begged for that mercy and compassion there, which had been denied her on earth, and then, with a single bound, she vaulted over the railings of the bridge and subbed forever beneath the ways of the river, thus died lowau. Okay. So this is a little bit of backstory and literary history that's going to help us understand where we are in our novel and how it ends. And we'll just say briefly that this is not the only novel that our literature that keeps up these issues of acid um, where a lot of really important and central novels of early actingary literature that do this, asking is one of them and then we're gonna read another one about to meet laugh more. This is all behind Ella Larson as she writing happy, and she is engaging with this literary history, but she's also complicating the story, right? I read Redfield and Cla Henry are not martyr characters by any right, the problems that they have are not only caused by outside forces. They have also caused by an own desires and wait. So, rather than writing a novel where black womenomes sort of like the vehicles for explloring an issue like slavery or race or racism. Larsen makes race and racism and passing into a being able or even like a backdrop or exploring black women, and their interiority. and they are desired potentially needed their fear, their anger, and and then ultimately their violence. We see both of these characters, sorry out, but what they are to each other and stay the missions, right? I read in the black world, players in the white, but over time their divisions were like he in by one another. um, andir, at least from our perspective, is getting too close, right? Irene, um, on getting rid of player. So, how does this like, break down in start from thisantingopter in and we talked about on Monday, there's thisensive great attraction in the beginning atoration and the sense that Irene was kind of like, not resist the thrall of player, but at some point in the novel, I mean starts to feel differently, and she becomes ultimately to consumed by Claire as a problem. Where are some of the scen that we start to see this happen for uh yeah, where are some of the turning points in the novel where he gets this ri.t. and I think this happened like somebody to going out, like not a highly lot, but you laugh and youulated things how much else if they really doing without me without. I mean, she like, you know, she's so over on cat I, and then was. Yes, right. So, at some point around an invitation that she wasn't part of, Irene begins to believe that there's a fair. But she have evidence of this fair as what I agree, and then also, we have beers like, do we have of an affair, what what did you think about? like, the truth or reality of theear? I kind of interpreted Irena's a bit of an unreliable narrator. It felt like she was telling them story that had already happened. So maybe her act of the end of the novel influences how she's remembering things and trying to justify why she would have pushed a clear in the end. So she's looking at her while they laughed at each other, so that was a sign and when she's at the party and few kind of corroborates how she feels, you see a little bit more about unreliable narrator or what that means to feel? Um when they're presenting things with objective, but their emotions and personality are actually shaping, what what evidence that preventing you and what descriptors they're using?, that's a really good way of it, so we have she is she's basically our in the sense that like she's the as we've talked about, but the character of his perspective, we're really close to. um and we start to have a approx novel see that there is like a discrepancy between her internal thought process and what is available to us as what evidence of what's happening outside of her, um and so the more and more we start to see that, like we have a little bit alienated from Irene, uh, and so, right, the reality of any of her statements, um, have comes into some question. um, so we don't necessarily know what this affair was um, other than what Irene either think it was or justified the FDA. Yeah. kind of operating? he was maybe for a bit, but I think last class mentioned how she really called Claire beautiful. and how now is that Ryan is somewhat clear and not much evidence of a ware, but maybe if she was in his position, she would find clear in my so there is a question of like whose desire is actually at the center of this, right and Brian was kind of like taking the ball for things that are going on early player, and she's rejecting herself and she comes another very good as one way that we could be. northern hand.. I think like, in terms of like there being any evidence, the only thing that I kind of pull out was the fact that like, they kept going to like parties and stuff without Irene. So, like, if we are gonna give her some of the benefit of the doubt, there is that weird kind of tension that appears when, like, even when Irene is not interested in going, Brian and Claire are still going to these things and Claire spent a lot of time at their home, even when Irene isn't there. So I I do think that, like, yes, the evidence is very sparse, but I can understand how she comes to this conclusions given her perception of what's happening between them., right? There's a little bit Iree, but there is a general sense of what happened and how becomes greater and greater. Oh, I was gonna say uh the one we're being like a ton wild narrator, it's I think it's interesting that she's like totally certain and positive, that like it is happening and even one you trying to like, identify the evidence and she's like, oh, there is it really that much other than maybe I guess it Brian earlier in the all says he doesn't think Claire, is that all with that what I spot later, he's kind of let it sit. And then at the end he's obviously like very distressed. But I think the fact that she just totally dismisses the fact that like, there is't actually that much evidence and she still have certain positive speaks that kind of unreviability little bit.... We are less to one very like what is really at the part of this because what she's going on is maybe not sufficient to to clarify um the problem as she sees it. Um Okay, I have a little off track here in. more. tired until that like he's in very cold family. And so that for old vanity yet what and also afterwards, we can there for months and the right you're getting to look down here. like they there is reasonable doubt about this, and that is just like, I don't really powerful look back about as readers, because we are now we are psychological problems.. I'm not analyst. I remember what was talking about that we really do better and I with that best of families, but from reality having theirairs way of justifying that oh, I I have ruin in my husband life, but if lived in on I thought I commit to Asia, whoa, that's.. Right, okay, so Claire is the problem when they're marriedriage, they might have just had problems in the marriage.. I was a little bit crazy and controlling, especially in her husband, like infe. I' of admitting that the wrong husbandrop. And so I really felt that my. Yes, so great and all of these things are are created by Larson's writing, right? Larsen, who gives us this perspective of Irene, which at the beginning, we are sympathetic to, we we have no reason not to trust, and then she warped our character more and more, and they are all these like critical moments in which the the consciousness, the interiority by being starts to become a place that we has readers are not as comfortable being in, one of those things happens that some of you commented on at the party at Hughes, um, with the breaking of a tea. One is to look at this scene. So, you get a green right into itself, uh, and then let the break that happens in reality, a literal break. Her mental andvisible langu receive it right. What did it mean? How would it affect her in the voice? The voice? She had a surgery. It had been. feeling ofolute uninverted quality. Actually, she didn't have counted. She was to him only the mother of her s of his son. That was all. alone, she was not worse than obstacle. Rage boiled up in her. It was a slight crash on the floor at her feet laid as shadow cup. dark seeing guide the bright grubs, red, shad shock, went on. The fore hers doeta gathered up the white dragons. As from the distance, youword flip voice hanger, though he was she was aware somehow miraculously at the side. Sorry to apologize, that I pushed you. plenty of me. don't tell me it's priceless and you are placeable. It hurts, dear God, how they hurt, but she couldn't think of that nap. Okay, so I want you to tell me how the theme is playing out internally and externally, like, what's happening inside I readhe and then what's happening? between characters and the room and how is it that we're switching back and forth between the two? Like, what what characterizes the writing here were how many who comes sentence that woman over? Yeah. I like, we're getting a lot our head the sentences are we cur and so like we' physically very small uh, and then it was very well on the tiger and there committed. And then all of a sudden there playing actual different of external things that are hurring in the world like, you person it says it clear what it is says, uh, and I guess, but basically it's just written't.. This is like a breakdown of her internal world and we're getting into like short drag sentences. And the other thing like soued with the problem in your life that, like, you're not aware of what's happening with a person sitting next to you or of theity or like, maybe all like what you're teacher ising in front of the room, like, you have a really big problem going on. and so you're at your internal world and then something might happen and you are snackpped out of it and you're suddenly disoriented of like, oh, what's happening in front of me? You live next to me? The voice of Hugh sounds like it's far away, but miraculously he's right there. And so these are some of these moments where we start to say,Ine, is maybe not so reliable, Irene is high that. And then he makes his life kind of icy and cold and a little bit frightening turn in which describes the cuff. Didn't you notice that cup? Well, you're lucky it would be other saying thatcestors were charming conf own. Iotten how many thousands of years ago was that's brand on the ele has I had a little war history, it was brought marked by other. Oh, all right, the English be you call it the underback. I' coming to the fact that I' never figured out a way to get rid of it until about five minutes ago, I had an inspiration. I only had to break it and I was of it forever. So it simple and I never thought of it before. So, what do you hear in this explanation? that she's giving to you? Yeah. She's using the for more, so basicallyolve the way change. That.... getair is she gonna do something else, right? this year. like how comes up, right start everything is having over the course of a series of the conversation. There two other. I think representation of player and how I. I want to get rid of there, she talk about all. And kind of reverse, I think earlier to help when the teacup is, which could also refer to Claire's passing. um, and I' almost like that spoil the end. Yeah, this is foreshadowing for the end for when I bring them up, like cushing clear sort of out of the windowows, like killingberg. I thought this was kind of foreshadowing for that as well.. something for not made it the end, I apologize to you, but there's no real way to talk about this novel without talking about the ending. um, it will still be shocking when you read it if you haven't gotten there yet. And but we're gonna talk about the ending with the end of our time. Now, it all fells crashing gap. Remember in the beginning, we have Irene ascending to the top of the green end, we have all of this movement up there. and then at the very end, we have all of the charactersembled at the top of the building, and the revelation that clear and then passing, uh, because her husband, John Doulouse storms into the room. He says, so you're in Ed order to Dan Edward and his voice was a snarl, and a mode, an expression, of ray and the everything was in confusion. The man had sprread forward, police had lected between them and the blue. She said quickly, hereful, you're the only white man here. And the silver silver voice, as well as of her words was a warning. Players stood at the window as composed as an everyone were not staring at her and curiosity and li, as if the whole structure of their life were not high in practice and for her. She seemed u aware of any danger or uncaring. There was even a same smile on her full red lips and the under shining eyes. was that smile that maddened by reading, she ran across the room her coting with foccity and laid a hand on players of their arms, One thought was exper. She couldn't have Claire and repacified by the Lou. she couldn't have the free Before there stood John Lewis speechless now in his f neighbor, on them, the little hudd of other people and Ryan stepping out from among them. What happened next Irene never afterwards allowed her to remember, never clearly one moment there and then if, a vital flowing thing, like a flame of red and bold. the next, she was gone. There was a cast before and above it the sound not by human, like aast in abey, nig by God, big. Okay, women happened here? Do we have we have love closely and the list between the we know that our have not slow it all in high foot high is slowly evolving in matter, but also, ever since being do throughout the heat and how the sub is. So we don't know who she is. is in the D or is so overwhelmed over the ir culturer. We don't want it being claim to not of itself. I mean it is not on herself and she won't herself whatever, right? And then yet she has the softway face of right here that the service are about really high correct by, the whole forgery loving, loveliness, clear, Henry. How do we maybe think about this ending this ambiguity of the ending in relation to that story, that I go about? Like, what kind of ending did I show you there and what kind of ending is this for a character who kind of constituively is of the same type? That's almost for where I do all of really. It a position already had this plan place that ever found out she wanted to beency and she had to loseation. So this she she just. Okay, so there's medally in which this, like hotel is a lead to freo, we could say maybe this is like, right doing something in here, or it might be something up, other thoughts and thought and that. I when I was reading it awfully, okay, so what happens to her? Um, so we have final like multiple different athletes are basically the have on standard as like CN time. you have I just that at the end fire. I see the fire Yeah, I after this is a broad looking of uh this, she seems just so calm about whole situation so it be, you. It's and ambiguous. One person back. towards freedom because she get the bird can clear she a my knowledge, then she will be home free, but even when like, he did find out she still didn't really succeeded maybe she killed. Yeah, it's all right. So there's like, as opposed to a heroic ending, a morally righteous ending, we are left to wonder it where that her death by being pusbur over death, um the place that the lay right on the ground at the bottom of the sky creaper is like burt and a dark and wathering. um so again, we are not looking at stories that tell us a problem and a solution, we are staying inside of a problem. we are going to end. I want to just prepping for next week, we're shifting years and reading totally a very different kind of stories. But the thing that might help us make this week is to think about laughter in this novel, who is laughing because laughter is gonna be at the center of the that piece. Okay, that a all. Thank you. so much (copy)
Updated 190d ago
flashcards Flashcards (10)
Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War
Updated 191d ago
flashcards Flashcards (5)
Scientific Revolution- Thought about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs  Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT  • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it FRENCH REVOLUTION The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War
Updated 191d ago
flashcards Flashcards (5)
Chapter Review 1 - 3 Definitions Power/authority/legitimacy Government/Politics Policymaking wheel Pluralism/Elite Class Theory/Hyperpluralism Self-Government (Colonial Legislatures)/French-Indian War = Taxes Stamp Act Resistance to taxes Interaction with British Soldiers Massacre/Tea Party Declaration of Independence Bitter attack against the King, NOT Parliament Lockean Ideas Natural Rights Consent of the Governed = Representative Government = Popular Sovereignty (government rests with the people; made government legitimate) Limited Government Standing Laws Preservation of Property = principle purpose of government Right to Revolt Common Sense Revolution Conservative Revolution Articles of Confederation (1781 Power with the states Few powers outside maintaining an army and a navy (though not a standing Army Unanimous Consent to pass new laws 9/13 to Amend No power to tax No executive branch No judicial branch No power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce No common currency No uniform bankruptcy laws (Shay’s Rebellion) Changes in the States States adopted bills of rights, abolished religious qualifications for holding office and liberalized requirements for voting Farmers and Artisans (new middle class) taking over legislatures (especially in the North) Ideas of egalitarianism among white males driving force Economic Turmoil New middle class more sympathetic to debtors and were passing laws favoring debtors over creditors Shay’s Rebellion 1786 Series of attacks on courthouses Spread to other states Frightened economic elites Push for change = Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention (May 1787) 55 elites Human Nature Men were selfish, out for money and power (Hobbes) Political Conflict Unequal distribution of property (wealth) Led to factions (interest groups/political parties) Government should check the effects of factions Purpose of Government Preservation of Property Nature of Government Power set against power so no one faction would overwhelm others Separation of powers and Checks and Balances (Montesquieu) Equality Issues Connecticut Compromise 3/5 Compromise Voting determined by states Economic Issues Beard Commerce/Slave Trade Compromise Coining $ Levy Taxes Borrow/Spend Uniform bankruptcy Laws Assumption of Debt Individual Rights Issues Prohibits suspension of the writ of habeas corpus No bills of attainder No ex post facto laws Prohibits religious qualifications for holding office Trial by jury Narrowly defines treason Madisonian Model Reconciling Majority Rule (those without property/wealth) with the protection of Minority Rights (wealthy) Majority rule is the most fundamental element of democratic theory Electoral System Visual Put as much government as possible beyond the power of the majority More democratic today 17th Amendment Electoral College mimics the popular vote in each state Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances Creating a federal system of government An additional check on the national government Set up a Republic, not a Democracy System based on consent of the governed in which representatives of the public exercise power Ratification Federalists v Anti-Federalists Federalist Papers Bill of Rights Barron v Baltimore Constitutional Change Federalism Two or more levels (national and state/local) of government, each with significant policymaking power No other practical choice in 1787 People were more loyal to States Compare with Unitary and Confederate Constitution guarantees states equal representation in the Senate (an example of federalism; Senators look after the interests of their state, rather than a district) National Supremacy Supremacy Clause Civil War Civil Rights Movement 10th States’ Rights Advocates An assertion that States have independent powers of their own, not a declaration that State powers are superior to those of the national government 11th Amendment Sovereign immunity McCulloch v Maryland Supremacy of the national government when acting in accordance with the Constitution Doctrine of Implied powers Necessary and Proper Clause aka elastic clause Regulation of food and drugs, interstate highways, clean up air and water, minimum wage, military draft Commerce Power Gibbons v Ogden NLRB v. Jones Wickard v Filburn US v Lopez and US v Morrison Printz v US and NFIB v. Sebelius Decentralizes politics (more access points to government) AND Decentralizes policies (Allows states to act as laboratories and to have different policies regarding the same issue) States’ Obligations to each other Full Faith and Credit Privileges and Immunities The more fundamental the right (owning property and police protection), the less likely it is that a state can discriminate against citizens of another state Saenz v Roe (1999) Privileges and immunities clause of the 14th amendment Extradition Intergovernmental Relations Shift from dual federalism (layer cake) to cooperative federalism (marble cake OR 50 marbled cakes) Cooperative Federalism Interstate highways Education Shared costs Shared administration Federal guidelines Strings (conditions) for receiving federal funds (raising the drinking age to 21) Devolution 1994 Congress Transferring of responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments Repeal of federal speed limit laws More latitude in dealing with welfare policy Soon reversed course Found turning the federal government and restricting state power as a means to achieving policy objectives Health care and immigration Tea Party Movement Push for more devolution Fiscal Federalism Pattern of taxing, spending and providing grants in a federal system Grants Making Categorical Grants Project Formula Grants Block Grants 1996 Welfare Reform Act Mandates Requirements that direct state or local governments to provide Additional services under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of federal grants Medicaid NFIB v Sebelius ADA (1990) NCLB (2002) Place financial burdens on states Diversity in Policy Education funding Welfare Payments Discourages states from providing services Death Penalty
Updated 191d ago
flashcards Flashcards (7)
To Kill a Mockingbird Ch 1 Make a note of how this chapter starts (with what story and about whom). With the story of how Jem broke his arm. Describe the town of Maycomb and Southern Towns in general (what kinds of customs are normal in the south)? What time period is this if there are “Hoover carts” (Lee 6)? The time of this story is set during the Great Depression of the 1930´s. Maycomb is old, run down, and slow. Women were supposed to act dainty and men were dressed up as well. A hoover cart was the horse and buggies used to get around town during the Great Depression. Explain how Atticus became a lawyer (is he any good), your first impressions of the relationship he has with his children, and the Finch family history. (How does Atticus stand out, and what is important about families in the south?) The Finch family was all farmers and slave owners which makes Atticus Finch stand out by becoming a lawyer to defend a black man. Atticus seems like a brave leader who is kind to defend justice for everyone. Describe Boo Radley, his house, and a little of his past and family. Are Jem’s descriptions of Boo accurate (Lee 16)? Why do Scout, Jem, and Dill want to make him “come out” (Lee 10)? He describes the house as old and sick just like Mr. Radley. The house seemed very still and didn’t move like no one lived there. They want him to come outside so they can see who he is and what he is like from the multiple rumors they’ve heard. Based on who Atticus hires to work in his house, infer what Atticus’s feelings are about African Americans. What is important about this perspective when considering the time period? During the time, the town seemed segregated between African Americans and white people. Hiring an African American in his home shows how Atticus sees Calpurnia as equal and doesn’t care about the way she looks based on society's assumptions. Ch 2 Explain the differences in opinion and understanding that Scout and Miss Caroline have. Give at least two examples and explain why those differences exist. Scout is more traditional and understands the people of Maycomb while Miss Caroline is stricter and follows newer ideas. For example, Miss Fisher teaches through her experiences of college from a different city while Scout follows her fathers reading techniques. In addition, Scout offers money to Walter for lunch while Miss Fisher disapproves of her donation because of Walter's reputation. This shows how Scout has a more empathetic personality while Miss Fisher wants to stick to rules and societal expectations. Explain the upbringing that Walter Cunningham comes from. Who is he? What does his family do? Why does Cunningham pay Atticus with an entailment and not money? The Cunninghams are hardworking farmers that are also very poor. When Scout gives him money, he denies it because the Cunninghams have a reputation for paying for what they need and not taking donations or pity. Atticus allows Mr. Cunningham to pay in nuts and other crops because he is too poor to pay in money. What is Miss Caroline’s tone at the end of Ch 2? Explain. Miss Caroline’s tone at the end of chapter 2 is frustrated and angry with Scout because of their opposing viewpoints in learning. She doesn’t approve of Scout’s smart reading habits with Atticus compared to her new and conventional ways of teaching. Ch 3 Explain the foil between Jem and Scout’s personalities at the beginning of Ch 3 (Lee 30-31). At the beginning of Chapter 3, it’s clear to tell that Jem is more mature than Scout. Scout is immature to take her frustration out on Walter while Jem is mature enough to invite him to dinner and feel him welcomed. Explain the different kinds of education Atticus possesses as evidenced by his profession and his conversation with Walter at lunch (Lee 32). Which do you think is more valuable? Explain Atticus talks to Walter about the crops and makes him feel at home. The author writes that Walter didn’t feel like Cunningham, which assumes that Atticus doesn’t go to judge people based on their reputations or societal expectations. This is valuable to Atticus’ profession because he is able to defend people based on their true actions and self without having any bias or assumptions based on their appearance or background. What lesson does Calpurnia attempt to teach Scout at lunch time? What does this tell you about Calpurnia’s role in the house? Calpurnia teaches the importance of manners and respecting company. She wants Scout to treat Walter with kindness and respect besides him being a cunningham. This shows Calpurnia is like a mother to Scout and Jem while trying to teach them valuable life lessons in order for them to have a positive attitude. Describe Burris Ewell and the kind of kid he is based on his interaction with Miss Caroline. The Ewells and Cunninghams are both very poor families; based on Burris and Walter’s differences, though, what can you assume about each family’s integrity? Burris Ewell is a mean and rotten kid that treats Miss Caroline with no respect. The Ewells are poor and rude but the Cunninghams are poor, hard working and kept to themselves. Why do the Ewells have a different set of rules than Scout? Explain what the differences are (Lee 40-41). Scout prioritizes school while the Ewells do not. Burris quit after the first day of school and never came back. On the other hand, while Scout was still upset, she still came back to school. This quote from Atticus is perhaps the most important in the entire book: ‘If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his points of view--until you climb into his skin and walk around in it’ (Lee 39). Explain this quote and to whom Atticus hopes Scout will apply the lesson. Atticus wants her to not judge people based on what they look like or are expected of. This may apply to Scout’s perception of Boo Radley. Ch 4 Now that you’ve know Jem and Scout for a few days, describe their relationship as brother and sister. Think of the different ways they talk to each other and interact. Give at least two details to prove your opinion about them. Jem is very protective of Scout and he tries to teach her lessons to be mature as well. Jem shares his knowledge with Scout of the Radleys and Jem lets Scout stay back when they go to the Radley’s house. Who do you think is hiding gum and pennies in the tree. Why do you think he/she would be doing so? I think Boo Radley is hiding things in the tree because he wants to connect and give gifts to the kids in order to gain their trust and correct his false accusations. What game do the children play in Ch 4, and what are the two reasons Scout wants to quit playing it? They play the game Boo Radley. They pretend to be the Radley’s and act out the different rumors they’ve heard. Scout wants to stop playing because she thinks Atticus will get upset with her and she thinks the Radley’s will find out. Name: _______________________ Ch 5 Scout is starting to feel out of place with Dill and her brother, Jem in both Ch 4 and 5. Provide a quote that proves this idea. What does this tell you about her character, especially considering the time period of the novel? "Dill and Jem were simply going to peep in the window with the loose shutter to see if they could get a look at Boo Radley, and if I didn't want to go with them I could go straight home and keep my fat flopping mouth shut, that was all" this quote shows how Scout wants to stay out of trouble like other Southern woman at the time. Miss Maudie is a major character in the book; what is the APS for not introducing Miss Maudie until Ch 5? As Scout grows older, she begins to learn more. Miss Maudie is shown only later because she teaches Scout that the rumors aren’t all true about the Radley’s and learning this, Scout gradually learns more as the story progresses. Miss Maudie and Scout discuss the Radley family at length. What new information does Miss Maudie share that would encourage the reader to feel sorry for Boo? Which of Atticus’s lessons is Miss Maudie reiterating? Miss Maudie informs Scout that Mr. Radley was a foot washing baptist and that his strong religious beliefs may cause Arthur to stay inside to obey his father’s rules. Explain how the conversation and behavior on page 62 and 63 demonstrate Jem, Dill, and Scout’s innocence as children. Jem, Scoot and Dill’s conversation about Boo Radley shows their innocence and immaturity considering they’re scared of a man that they don’t even know and that they’ll listen to every rumor that they’ve heard. Ch 6 How does Jem lose his pants, and how does he get them back? Jem loses his pants while trespassing through the Radley’s house. He gets them back in the middle of the night by himself and he sees that they are sewn back together by somebody. (That somebody is Arthur Radley but he doesn’t really know that). What does the connotation of the word “fatal” tell us about Southern culture during this time (Lee 73)? The connotation of fatal represents the seriousness and grim reality of southern culture. There are many harsh social and racial division in the town. Why is Jem willing to risk being shot on page 75? Use a quote from 75 to prove your point. Jem is willing the risk of being shot because of his strong sense of pride and doesn’t want to let down Atticus so he goes to retrieve his pants. The quote, “Atticus ain’t ever whipped me since I can remember. I wanta keep it that way.” This shows how he doesn’t want to lose his respect from Atticus and dares to keep his strong reputation. Ch 7 What evidence is there that Scout is applying the moral lessons Atticus is teaching her? Atticus teaches them to see things from other people’s point of view. This is applied when Scout receives the gifts from Boo and she starts to realize that he is more kind and thoughtful compared to the rumors. Why does the author choose to put the conversation about Jem’s pants being sewn and folding on the same page with the conversation about the items being left in the tree? What does this relationship suggest (APS)? These two kind acts of Boo Radley goes to show just how much he is a Jesus Christ Figure by being kind to the kids and he is very protective and loyal. This character development shows the kids new understanding of Boo and that the rumors may not all be true. Immediately after the gray twine, what do Jem and Scout find in the tree, and what does this tell the reader about whom the items are being left for? Jem and Scout find two cravings of soap that represent two children. This gift shows how Boo has an affection and kindness to the kids and their friendship begins to grow. Describe the quality of the items left in the tree and what this suggests about the secret admirer’s purpose in leaving them. The gifts include gum, ball of twines, 2 special pennies, spelling bee medal, a pocket watch and two soap carvings. These all represent the general thoughtfulness and generosity of Boo and the trust that he gives to the kids. After the children talk to both Mr. Radley and Atticus, what can the reader infer about the hole being plugged up? The plugged up tree represents Mr. radley’s continued mistreatment of Boo and also his loneliness and isolation for the real world. He is unable to make further connections with the kids. What does Jem understand at the end of Ch 7--which leads to him crying--that Scout does not understand? Jem makes connections and alludes to the idea that Boo Radley was the one putting gifts in the tree and fixing the pants. Jem has empathy for Boo and his loneliness and isolation that he suffers. Is he a good father ? YES NO Atticus Teaches his kids many lessons He is honest and respects Teaches Scout many different lessons and helps her reading. - - Dad from “Distillation” He may subject his kids to hatred from the town. Neglects social norms for kids to “fit in” - - Atticus - - - Dad from “Distillation” - - - Ch 8 It hasn’t snowed since 1885. What is the APS for having snow in Ch 8? Foreshadows change to come in Maycomb. Sybolizes new opportunity for Jem and Scout since they never experienced snow. Explain the foil of the children and Miss Maudie’s reactions to the snow. The Children are more excited for the snow to come while Miss Maudie is concerned and worried about its danger to her flowers and garden. How does Harper Lee attempt to lighten the mood for her readers in contrast with what is happening to Miss Maudie in this chapter (APS)? Give two examples. Despite the sadness of Miss Maudie losing her home, her witty remarks like saying she always wanted a smaller house and already planning for her future brings light to the dark situation. The behavior and words Atticus and Jem use in this chapter provide some detailed characterization. Provide two indirect characterizations about Atticus and two about Jem. Atticus is wise and protective. He is also thoughtful and an effective parent. He shows concern for Boo. Jem is maturing and developing more empathy when offering Miss Maudie help and he is protective of others feelings. He has concerns for Boo’s privacy and any of his potential consequences. What risk does Boo take during the fire, and why does he take that risk? Boo takes the risk of leaving his own house, drawing attention to himself and getting in trouble with Mr. Radley when he goes to put a blanket over Scout because he cares about the kids and wants to protect them. Give indirect characterization for Miss Maudie at the end of Ch 8. Miss Maudie is resilient and focuses on positive things even when her house has just burned down. Miss Maudie is humorous when she makes witty comments. Ch 9 Why does Scout get in a fight with Cecil Jacobs? Scout fights Cecil because he insults Atticus. Cecil Jacob makes fun of Atticus because Atticus is defending a black man. What evidence is there that Scout is good at arguing? Use a quote from page 99-100 or 113-114. The quote “Then why-” on pages 99-100 shows how Scout wants to challenge Atticus on his decisions. This shows how Scout is good at arguing with her curious mind and interest in complex issues. Why does Atticus agree to defend Tom, and how does this add to the reader’s understanding of moral education? Atticus agrees to defend Tom because of his own personal values. He wants to keep equality and justice for all, regardless of race. Defending him will prove this to the town. What is Scout’s tone toward Aunt Alexandra and that branch of the family tree? Provide a quote to support your answer. “Somewhere, I had received the impression that Fine Folks were people who did the best they could with the sense they had, but Aunt Alexandra was of the opinion, obliquely expressed, that the longer a family had been squatting on one patch of land the finer it was." This quote shows how Scout thinks Aunt Alexandra has a very traditional mindset and wants to maintain her reputation and family name like everyone else at the time. Explain how Aunt Alexandra and Uncle Jack differ from Atticus. Provide a quote for each character. Aunt Alexandra and Uncle jack are more focused on their social status and class while Atticus focuses on moral principles rather than his social status. There is a lot in this chapter about Atticus as a father. Provide two examples of indirect characterization for Atticus as a father using quotes. "When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness' sake. But don't make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults, and evasion simply muddles 'em." This shows how Atticus respects the kids and shows his general respect for all people. "But I never figured out how Atticus knew I was listening, and it was not until many years later that I realized he wanted me to hear every word he said." This quote shows how Atticus has a deep care for the kids and wants to hear out for what they have to say. What occurs between Jack and Scout? Is it appropriate? Why or why not? Jack punishes Scout for fighting with Francis without hearing her side of the story. This is inappropriate because it goes against her own father’s morals and doesn’t allow for Scout to be heard. What is ‘“in store for her these next few months’”? Increased racial tensions, potential harassment, and exposure to racist language and opinions. Explain the court case between Tom Robinson and the Ewells. How did it come to Atticus that he is Tom’s lawyer? Tom is accused of raping Mayella. Atticus was appointed by the court to defend him and Atticus willingly takes it. What is ‘“Maycomb’s usual disease’”? Racism and prejudice. Ch 10 On page 119, Atticus tells Scout ‘Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit'em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird’ (Lee 119). What is Miss Maudie’s explanation about Atticus's comment. Miss Maudie emphasizes the innocence and harmlessness of the birds. Explain the incident with Tim Johnson, the rabid dog. Make sure to include Atticus’s role with the rabid dog and how Jem is impacted by this event. A rabid dog raises danger in Maycomb. Heck Tate is too scared to shoot the dog so Atticus shoots it for him. This makes Jem learn how Atticus is a brave hero and he gains more respect for him. Ch 11 The kids have been insulted by others before; why is the comment Mrs. Dubose makes the one that Jem loses control over? Mrs. Dubose says, "Your father's no better than the [black people] and trash he works for!" Do you agree or disagree with Jem’s punishment? Explain why. I agree with Jem’s punishment because in the end it eventually helps Mrs. Dubose heals from her morphine addiction. This punishment teaches Jem to care for people who may think differently than him. What lesson is Atticus trying to teach Scout on page 139-140? What might this foreshadow? Atticus teaches Scout the importance of empathy and understanding. He teaches her to look at others from their point of view and take thought of their backgrounds and situations. Give 2 examples of connotation from page 142 and explain them. “Old hell-devil” carries a negative connotation to Mrs. Dubose’s personality. This shows how Scout and Jem don’t like Mrs. Dubose. “Bravest person” is used as a positive connotation to describe Atticus’s point of view on Mrs. Maudie and he has empathy for her struggles and appreciates her willingness to battle and get away from her troubles. What is the description of Mrs. Dubose? What is your mood when reading it? Mrs. Dubose is seen as sick, mean and racist. The descriptions of her drools and gross sickness makes me cringe alongside her racist comments and hate towards the kids. This makes me have little to no empathy for Mrs. Dubose even when Atticus does. What is Scout’s tone throughout chapter 11? Throughout chapter 11, Scout is constantly anxious and fearful with Mrs. Dubose’s unpredictable behavior. She is also frustrated that she has to care for his racist remarks as punishment. At the end of the chapter, the reader understands why the kids read to her. Explain why, what happened to Mrs. Dubose at the end, and Jem’s reaction to it. At the end, Mrs. Dubose dies after a long morphine addiction. Jem is frustrated because he didn’t like her but the flower Mrs. Dubose gives symbolizes the respect she had for Jem. PART TWO Ch 12 Describe the changes Jem is experiencing in chapter 12. What can account for these changes? He is growing and becoming more mature by taking some control over protecting Scout. He spends less time with Scout and even tells her to act more like a lady which may come from Aunt Alexandra’s beliefs rubbing off onto him. Why is Calpurnia fussing over the kids before church, and what is Calpurnia worried about? Calpurnia is protective over the kids and concerned for them. She is aware of the racial tensions in Maycomb and bringing the children to a black church would bring negative reactions. She wants Jem and Scout to act appropriately to not cause any problems. Discuss Calpurnia’s dialect change (how she talks), and how does she explain it? Calpurnia’s two different dialects show how she is in 2 different universes and she must live with them in separation. Discuss how First Purchase is different from Scout and Jem’s church. Give at least 3 ways it is different. The first purchase church is different in the ideas that it is less furnished, different worship style and strong community connections. What is the Tom Robinson case about that Atticus is trying to win? Atticus wants to prove that Tom Robinson is innocent. He wants justice and equality for Tom. List at least three things the children learn about Calpurnia that day. The kids learn that Calpurnia seems to have two different identities, she has a deep connection with the community at church and that Calpurnia taught her son Zeebo to read. Ch 13 Who has come to live with Finch family, whose idea was it, and why is she there? Aunt Alexandra thought it was a good idea for her to come live with the Finch’s while Atticus is on trail. She wants to teach the kids lessons and promote feminine influence on scout. What is the tone concerning this visitor? Explain your answer using a quote. "Put my bag in the front bedroom, Calpurnia," was the first thing Aunt Alexandra said. "Jean Louise, stop scratching your head," was the second thing she said. These quotes show how she is very strict, racist and bossy to the people that welcome her into their house. Explain the double meaning behind this phrase by Atticus, “‘I can’t stay here all day with you, and the summer’s going to be a hot one.’” This quote describes the rising tension in Maycomb as well as Jem and Scouts growing maturity as they grow older and need to become more independent. How is Aunt Alexandra received by the town? Give a quote to support your answer. "Aunt Alexandra gets a warm welcome into Maycomb from everyone in the neighborhood; people make her cakes, she goes on coffee excursions with them, and has already established herself as a fixture of the town's social society". Aunt Alexandra is already accepted into their society and gets along well with all the southern women that gossip. Characterize Aunt Alexandra. Aunt Alexandra is racist, feminine, likes to gossip, has strong family reputations and is very bossy. Atticus, Jem, and Scout oppose Aunt Alexandra’s idea of heredity. Explain how all three of them think differently than she does. Remember how important ancestry is in the South (and even how important it was at the beginning of the book when we were introduced to Maycomb). While Atticus, Jem and Scout believe they can live in a different universe than everyone else and sees people for who they are, Aunt Alexandra believes in strong family reputations and believe their background goes with how they are expected to act and be received in society. What does Aunt Alexandra think of how Atticus is raising Jem and Scout? Aunt Alexandra is bossier than Atticus. Atticus lets the kids explore and think freely while Aunt Alexandra wants them to conform to society's expectations and grow up to be what she wants them to be. What is Atticus trying to get across to Jem and Scout at the end of the chapter, and what evidence is there that he doesn’t believe the point he is trying to make? Atticus tries to teach the kids of determination and courage. Though Atticus takes a case on a black an, he is determined in winning and defending him even when the whole town may be against him. If Aunt Alexandra fits in with Maycomb better than Atticus, could her positive connection influence the case? Explain your opinion. Aunt Alexandra's social standings in Maycomb’s society may be helpful for her to influence or sway opinions for them to side with Tom Robinson. Ch 14 Does Scout know what rape is? In your opinion, does Atticus tell her? Explain your answer. "carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent" is what Atticus tells scout when she doesn’t know what rape is. Although Scout is curious, Atticus know that he wants her to protect her innocence and keep the information appropriate. In the beginning of chapter 14, Atticus and Aunt Alexandra have a disagreement. Explain the two things they disagreed about, and how it ended. What do you learn from this discussion regarding the difference in beliefs between Atticus and Aunt Alexandra? They argue about Cal’s role in the family and whether she should leave or not. They also argue about the children's exposure to racial issues, whether Atticus is sharing too much or not. They differ from beliefs or racial equality and social norms of different universes. Has the relationship between Jem and Scout changed or not since the beginning of the story? Explain your answer. While Jem is still very protective of Scout, Jem and Scout start to distance themselves from each other because Jem is growing more mature than her. Jem going through puberty, he becomes more moody and responsible for his actions. He doesn’t want to play childish games with Scout anymore. Explain the reason Dill gives for running away, and then explain why he really left. How is the relationship Jem and Scout have with Atticus and Calpurnia different than Dill’s experience? Dill claims his stepfather locked him in a basement but he later confesses that he felt neglected and unloved by his mother and stepfather. Jem and Scout seem to have more care from Atticus and Cal than does Dill with his parents. What seems to separate Jem from Dill and Scout? (Jem “broke the remaining code of our childhood” (Lee 187-188). Jem seemed to grow more mature and responsible. Jem tells Atticus about Dill running away because he feels it his responsibility to. His morals start to grow as he decides to do what is right. Explain Atticus’s reaction when he finds out Dill is in his house. Is it good parenting? Explain your answer. Atticus allows Dill to stay and makes him feel comfortable. This shows Atticus’ empathy for Dill and need to protect people, making them feel safe. Ch 15 Who shows up at their house Saturday night, and what is the point of their visit (what are they worried about)? A group of the police and Sheriff Heck Tate show up to let know Atticus that they are bringing Tom into the jail in town and that there will grow more tension in town including the mob that comes to the jail. The men are concerned and want to help Atticus with protecting Tom. What evidence is there that Atticus’s opinion is different than even these “good” guys? Atticus is committed to defending Tom and defending the truth. His opinions also show is empathy for tom. What does Scout notice in town that indicates tension is building? There are a few examples; give one. Scout notices the mob around the building like a gala occasion. She notices how there is growing tension in the town and their prejudiced attitudes. Why is Atticus sitting in front of the jail? To protect Tom Robinson from the mobs of society. Describe the events with the mob the night before the trial. What are the mob’s goals? Who stopped them from happening? Make a connection and write a quote on your theme sheet. Mr. Cunningham, the Ewells, old sarum (white trash neighborhood) all meet by the jail in the motives to either kill Tom or Atticus. Scout talks to Mr. Cunningham about what he is interested in and talks about Walter. She says, “We brought him home for dinner one time.” Which shows the communion and trust that she brings to people that she may not get along with. She wants to gain the mobs trust as well instead of fighting. What evidence is there that Scout is maturing? While talking to Mr. Cunningham uses Atticus’ lesson of talking to people about what they were interested in, not about what you were interested in. Ch 16 In the morning, the Finch family has different reactions to last night’s events. Explain the tone of at least three characters. Scout was very upset about the night before and started crying. Aunt Alexandra was disappointed with the kids for sneaking out at night. Atticus is concerned for the kids and worried that the mob could’ve caused danger to them last night. Provide one sentence that has negative connotation and one sentence that has positive connotation both cited correctly in the space below. Underline the connotative words. “...the night’s events hit me and I began crying.” Shows a negative connotation and impacts of the town’s racism on an innocent and free mind. “Jem was awfully nice about it…” Shows that Jem is always by her side and wants to help protect her. How does Atticus explain Mr. Cunningham and the others’ behavior to Scout, so she can understand it? How does Atticus feel toward these men? Explain your answer. Atticus explains to the children that they are still human and it doesn't change the fact if they're in a mob or not. Atticus puts himself in others' shoes in order to understand how they feel. He shows empathy for others who don’t agree with him. Why does the night’s events provide Atticus with some hope about the trial? After the mobs, Atticus sees that people like Mr. Cunningham is a good person with blind spots and gives him hope to change others' minds in order for them to see reason and fairness for Tom. Why does Harper Lee have Jem describe all the neighbors to Dill as they pass by the house? (What is her APS for doing this)? Jem describes all the neighbors to Dill in order to show around the setting of Maycomb and reveal social dynamics in the town of different social status families. Who is Dolphus Raymond and what is his story? Provide at least two details. Wealthy white man in Maycomb from an old and respected family. He pretends to drink alcohol from a brown paper bag but it’s just coca-cola. His fiancee committed suicide after discovering he was having an affair with a black woman. He chooses to live with the black people and has biracial children. Page 213 is lighthearted with jokes toward the “foot washers” and Miss Stephanie. What would be the APS for these jokes at this point in the story? The joke at the end of the store provides tension relief despite the serious mobs. It shows Miss Stephanie’s humor as well. Explain how citizens of Maycomb think of “mixed children” according to Jem. Since this is a case between a black man and a white man, what is important to remember about race during this time period before the case starts? The citizens of Maycomb think of mixed children as social outcasts which shows the society's racist beliefs and bias. We are reminded again--for the third time--that Atticus was assigned to defend Tom Robinson. We knew this, but Scout didn’t. Why didn’t Atticus tell Scout and Jem this important fact? By taking this case, Atticus is showing the importance of standing up for what is right. He hopes to share these lessons to his kids in hopes they will learn good morals. Who do Jem and Scout sit with in the courtroom, and what is significant about this? Jem and Scout sit with Reverend Sykes on the colored balcony. This shows how the kids have learned some good morals from Atticus. The kids are showing not much racial prejudice the way Atticus wants it to be. Describe Judge Taylor and make a guess as to what kind of judge he will be for this case. Judge Taylor is older, sleepy, attentive, focuses on the facts, smokes cigars. He believes in equality much like Atticus. He appoints Atticus and delays the trail in order to give Tom a fair chance. There’s not much the judge can do about the jury’s opposing opinions. Ch 17 Mr. Heck Tate tells the court about Mayella Ewell’s injuries. What other point does Atticus try to make? What is his goal in pointing out this fact? Heck Tate points out that the injuries are on her right side of her face which suggests the attacker was left handed. Tom Robinson is disabled in his left hand. The Ewell family is what we would call “white trash” today. Describe how the Ewells live and eat as described on page 228. The Ewells live behind the garbage dump in a cabin. The family eats from the town dump daily. They hunt and trap out of season to supplement their little food supply. Draw the foil below between the Ewell house and the African American neighborhoods described on pages 228 and 229. Ewell house African American houses Behind a garbage dump Roof made from tin cans Yard is like the playhouse of an insane child Past the dump yard Neat and snug cabins Delicious smells of cooking Reflects pride beside poverty Review your answers for numbers 95 and 96. Why are the Ewells “better”? The Ewells are depicted as better to society because of the universe that they are in. They are white and they are racist just like the majority of Maycomb which makes them gain the support of others in town. Atticus tries to bring up the fact that nobody called a doctor. What is Atticus trying to say about Mr. Ewell if he didn’t call a doctor and Mayella was beaten up? That Mr. Ewell doesn’t care for Mayella. He’s not concerned for her. The injuries may not be as severe as she claims. What point is Atticus trying to make if Bob Ewell is left-handed, and Mayella was beaten on the right side of her face? Atticus is trying to prove that Bob Ewell beat up Mayella . Ch 18 Characterize Mayella. Give at least three details. Mayella is 19, the oldest of 7 siblings. She is lonely and isolated. She is a victim of poverty and ignorance. Summarize Mayella’s account of the rape. Mayella claims Tom came to chop up the wood and Mayella was going to pay him. She says Tom choked her and she ended up on the floor. Why does Atticus ask Mayella several questions she already went over and pretend to have forgotten her answers? (What is the play he is trying to make?) Atticus is trying to expose Mayella’s inconsistent answers and make her uncomfortable enough to confess the truth. What are readers (and the courtroom) able to determine about Mayella’s homelife? Give at least three details. She is very poor and lives in a run down house, she is very lonely and doesn’t have many people to talk to. She seems to take on a caretaking role in her family, being the oldest in the house with 7 kids and her mother dead, she has to take care of all her siblings. Why does Atticus make such a big deal about Tom beating, choking, and raping Mayella before having him stand up? What point is he trying to make? Atticus makes this point to emphasize Tom’s physical incapability that makes it hard for him to actually beat up Mayella. His damaged arm from the cotton gin leaves him with a left hand that is not able to function properly. What are the flaws in Mayella (and Mr. Ewell’s) testimony if Tom really was the man to beat, choke, and rape Mayella? In other words, why don’t their facts fit with Tom being the one to do it? Give at least two reasons. Mayella gives an inconsistent testimony saying she doesn’t remember if Tom hit her then changes her mind to say that he did. Mayella claims she screamed but none of her siblings heard her. Tom’s testimony claims that Mayella invited him in and tried to seduce him. Additionally during the trail, Mr. Ewell looks at Mayella repeatedly for signs of approval. Which questions does Mayella not have answers for on the bottom on page 250? Why? What point is Atticus trying to make? Mayella doesn’t have answers to why the other children didn’t hear her screams, where the other children were and if they were at the dump. Ch 19 Why does Atticus let Tom admit he has been in trouble with the law before? Admitting Tom has been in trouble with the law before proves Tom’s honesty and willingness to tell the truth. This lets Tom become an open book for the judges and jury to help deepen their understanding of Tom. In what important ways does Tom’s testimony of what he was doing, when he was doing it, and how often he was doing it stand in direct opposition--exact opposite--to Mayella’s? Give three examples. Mayella says that Tom has only visited once while Tom says he has visited numerous times. Mayella says that Tom chopped the chiffarobe on the same day as the assault but Tom says he had chopped up the chiffarobe the previous spring. Lastly, Mayella says she promised Tom a nickel while Tom says she offered him half a nickel that he refused. Describe Scout’s tone toward Mayella on page 256-257, and explain the comparison she makes? Scout realizes Mayella must be very lonely and sad. She thinks that Tom must have been the only person that has ever shown her kindness. Scout is empathetic towards Mayella and this emotion and shows her growing maturity and the ability for her to step inside others shoes. Describe Scout’s tone regarding Tom’s testimony. Scout is empathetic towards Tom and realizes that he is an innocent man. She is realizing the injustice that Maycomb has. When Tom Robinson takes the stand, what is his defense for being on the Ewell’s property to begin with? Explain both his and Mayella’s behavior while he is present on the property. Tom says that he passes the Ewells house on the way to and from work. Mayella asks him for help around the house. On the day of the alleged incident, Mayella had asked him to come inside to fix a door even though there was no door to be fixed. What is the “predicament” that Scout mentions on 261? (We would call this a “double edged sword” or “damned if you do; damned if you don’t.”) Scout mentions Tom’s impossible situation with Mayella. She realizes if Tom physically hurt mayella to defend himself or escape her advances, he would have been killed for the assault of a white woman. If he would have run away instead, he would have appeared guilty and accused of rape. No matter what he does, the outcome would have been negative due to racial prejudices. After listening to both sides of the Tom Robinson’s case, write down the strengths of each lawyer’s arguments (do at least three each): Atticus’s Arguments Mr. Gilmore’s Arguments -He exposes the inconsistencies -Highlights physical evidence and Tom’s impossible actions -He presents an alternative explanation that Bob Ewell would have hurt Mayella -emphasizes toms physical strengths and ability to perform manual labor -Brings up past convictions of Tom’s record. -Use of racial prejudices that agree with the jurys belief as well as the rest of Maycomb. Why do Scout and Dill have to leave the courtroom? What does Dill understand that Scout does not? Scout and Dill have to leave because Dill begins to cry loudly during Mr. Gilmer’s cross-examination of Tom. Dill is upset from Mr. Gilmer’s hate, he notices the disrespect that Mr. Gilmer gives Tom by calling him “boy”. Dill knows Mr. Gilmer will sway the jury. Ch 20 What does Mr. Dolphus Raymond reveal about himself to Scout and Dill? Explain the reasoning behind his revelation. Mr. Dolphus reveals to him that he is not actually alcoholic and he just drinks coca-cola. Why does Mr. Dolphus Raymond think Dill is crying but that in a few years he won’t cry any more? What does Scout have to say on the topic? Mr. Dolphus suggests his instincts have caught up as he gets older. He’ll become desensitized to the racial discrimination. When Scout and Dill return to the courtroom what information does Jem greet them with? Jem lets them know that Atticus has begun his closing remarks. That Atticus has gone over the evidence and that he believes Atticus will win the case. During his closing argument, there are several “firsts” that Atticus does which shock Jem and Scout. List at least 2 and explain why he does them. Atticus removes his coat and unbuttons his collar and vest. He does this to demonstrate the immense pressure he is under. Additionally, Atticus begins to sweat which he usually doesn’t do. This shows the emotional toll the trial takes on Atticus. Quote the part of Atticus’s closing statement that affected you the most and explain why. "In our courts, all men are created equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of our jury system. That's no ideal to me. That is a living, working reality!" This quote emphasizes Atticus’s strong beliefs in justice and equality. Ch 21 How does Atticus find out the children are present at the trial? What does he demand they do when he finds out? Atticus sees the kids sitting in the colored balcony when he turns to leave after his closing statement. He tells them they might as well stay since they already have heard all of the court case so far. What is Jem’s opinion on what he thinks the verdict will be and why? Jem believes that Tom is innocent. Jem is immature to realize that the jury will make Tom innocent as well. Jem trusts Atticus in defending Tom as well. There is a flashback to the shooting of the dog in this chapter. Explain the APS for Harper Lee inserting it while they’re waiting for the verdict (what’s the comparison she’s trying to make for us). The scene of Atticus shooting the dog and now defending Tom Robinson parallels the idea that Atticus is a hero to the town and is able to defend the innocent people of Maycomb. What was the verdict? Who was caught off guard by it? Why? The verdict states that Tom is guilty from an all white jury. Jem was caught off guard because he knew Tom was innocent. Why is the balcony standing when Atticus leaves? The balcony, which is full of African Americans, were required to sit but with the guilty verdict they stood up for Atticus’s commitment to justice for Tom which was rare for a white man. It symbolizes their appreciation for him. Ch 22 It can be argued that one of the children loses his/her innocence at this point in the story. Describe whose loss of Innocence occurs at the end of Ch. 21 and beginning of Ch. 22. Jem loses his innocence at the end of the chapter from the loss of faith in people and determining what is justice. He realizes how people can have racist prejudice. Atticus says, “‘Tell them I’m very grateful,’ he said. ‘Tell them -tell them they must never do this again.’” Explain the context of the quote/why is he saying it? Atticus says this in the response to the gifts of food left by the African Americans. This shows their appreciation for him and the fact that they trust him.He is also concerned for their welfare as well saying he knows times are hard. Describe Miss Maudie’s interactions with the Finch children. Why is she talking with them and caring for them? Summarize what points she is trying to make and what progress she thinks is being made. She invites the kids over to have cake with her. She provides comfort and support for them after the trials. She recognizes Jem’s maturity and helps the children understand the world from a mature perspective. Miss Maudie states that Judge Taylor was one of the people in the town that helped Tom Robinson. Explain why she thinks this. Judge Taylor selected Atticus, knowing he would be the best defender. When judge taylor is usually informal, he was very strict in this case trying to give Tom a fair trial. What is the danger at the end of chapter 22? The danger comes from Bob’s threat against Atticus and his family. Bob spits at Atticus at the post office and says he’ll get him if it takes the rest of his life. Ch 23 129. Describe what happened between Mr. Ewell and Atticus and how Atticus uses it as another opportunity to impress upon the kids his lesson of standing in someone else’s shoes? Bob curses and spits on Atticus. Atticus remains calm because he looks at Bob’s point of view knowing he exposed his lies in court and accused him of beating his daughter. 130. Should Atticus, Aunt Alexandra ,and the children be afraid? Why or why not? Atticus says they shouldn’t be afraid because Bob got it all out of his system but Aunt Alexandra says the children should be protected. 131. What is the status of Tom Robinson’s case in chapter 23, and what is Atticus’s plan moving forward? Tom has been transferred to another prison in another county. An appeal process in underway for Tom’s case. Atticus plans to appeal through the court system. 132. Describe the jury as Atticus sees it (both its pros and cons/the way it works). Why did this jury find Tom guilty, and what are some important details regarding at least one important member of the jury including this quote from Atticus: ‘This may be the shadow of a beginning’ (Lee 297). The jury took a long time to reach a conclusion which may be the beginning of something new in the court but they still are affected by the racial prejudices in society. 133. Write the quote describing Atticus’s lesson regarding cheating a black man. "As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it - whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash." 134. What is the difference between Aunt Alexandra’s and Atticus’s viewpoint on family that is undesirable? Aunt Alexandra emphasizes family heritage and social status as defining characteristics while Atticus values individual character and actions. 135. Why does Scout think there are different kinds of people in the world; explain her reasoning. Also explain Jem’s explanation for why Boo Radley never comes out of his house? Scout is maturing and realizing there are different types of people in this world. Jem thinks that Boo may simply prefer the safety of his own home instead of the outside world. Ch 24 136. The ladies are having a church-like meeting with Aunt Alexandra. One of the items up for discussion is the Mrunas, an “unfortunate” tribe of people in another country living in ‘poverty….darkness...sin and squalor’ who need the help of the church and Mr. Everett to help them. Scout thinks Mrs. Merriweather is the most devout/holy person in Maycomb. Prove Scout wrong; show the irony of Mrs. Merriweather and most of the ladies at this Bible study. (Pages 308-310) Mrs. Merriweather’s apparent devotion is ironic because of her hypocrisy. She has selected compassion and shows little empathy for African Americans in her community. She has racist ideals and fails to practice the kindness of christ. 137. Give an example of the ugliness of the time period and beliefs of these Southern “ladies” in regards to the Black families that live nearby and even work for them in their kitchens. The ladies during the time have poor treatment towards black families and though they are supposed to be seen as dainty and kind, they are hypocrites to their ideas for not liking everyone. 138. Who is the ‘misguided people in this town’ that Mrs. Merriweather is alluding to (Lee 312)? What are your thoughts on this especially considering where the meeting is taking place? Who stands up to defend these ‘misguided people’? She refers to people who support racial equality as misguided, like Atticus and his family. It’s rude for her to say this is the house of someone related to Atticus. Miss Maudie stands up to defend these people and expresses her belief in equality. 139. What message does Atticus interrupt the women’s meeting to bring to Aunt Alexandra and Calpurnia, and how did it happen? Atticus interrupts the meeting by saying that Tom had been shot and killed while trying to escape from prison. 140. The chapter ends with “After all, If Aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I” (Lee 318). What does this show about Scout? Scout is maturing and feels the need to conform to the society that the people around her are in. She is accepting the social expectations of her time. 141. What is the APS behind Harper Lee putting this chapter in the book? OR What is the APS for the ending of the chapter where Scout’s narration is very hard to follow? The author is highlighting the hypocrisy of the town and women specifically. She also wants to point out Scouts perspective of the situation. She is realizing the harsh realities of her society and what she needs to do in order to fit in with the expectations. 142. Is Scout maturing or not? Explain your answer, and record two quotes in your yellow packet. "Aunt Alexandra looked across the room at me and smiled. She looked at a tray of cookies on the table and nodded at them. I carefully picked up the tray and watched myself walk to Mrs. Merriweather. With my very best company manners, I asked her if she would have some." and "After all, if Aunty could be a lady at a time like this, so could I." Shows that Scout is maturing and through the acceptance of her Aunt, she follows with modeling after her. She wants to be like her aunt and the other women she hangs out with. Her changing identity shows her changing maturity and social intelligence. Ch 25 143. What connection is Lee trying to draw between the Mockingbird lesson and the scenario with the bug in chapter 25? How do Scout and Jem respond differently? Which theme sheet page could this scenario be added to? Add it! Scout is about to step on the roly poly but Jem stops her. This symbolizes them both learning to protect innocent beings and both of their individual moral growths. They learn this lesson from Atticus to protect innocent people. 144. Explain how different characters react to the news and details of how it happened. Provide at least three different characters or groups’ reactions. Atticus shows deep sadness and frustration. He wanted Tom to hang on a little longer but he didn’t have as much hope as Atticus. The town of Maycomb only cared about the news for 2 days then moved on showing from their unjust beliefs that they don’t care. Lastly, Mr. Underwood, the newspaper editor reacts with anger and outrage. He writes about the senseless slaughter of songbirds to symbolize that Tom was innocent. Ch 26 145. What evidence is there that Scout is growing up? Provide a quote to support your answer. “I tried to climb into Jem’s skin and walk around in it.” This quote shows how Scout is maturing to look at the perspectives of different people and growing empathy for them. 146. What does Atticus reveal to Scout at the start of ch. 26? (Page 325) Do you agree or disagree with this parenting? Explain. Atticus reveals that he has been re-elected to the state legislature and he was aware of Jem’s invasion of the Radley yard. I like Atticus’s parenting style because he is very open with his kids and encourages their independence to figure out what is right for their own moral well being. He builds trust with his kids. 147. How does the town treat Atticus and the children now that the trial is over? Make a connection to Scout’s comments on the treatment Atticus receives. Many people like Bob disapprove of Atticus’s defense of a black man while the African American community supports and trusts Atticus for acting as a town hero for Tom. Scout is confused why people are so negative towards Atticus. 148. Why is Scout so confused about the explanation Miss Gates gives about the persecution of Jews by Hitler? What are we to understand about Miss Gates, Mrs. Merriweather, other ladies, and the majority of the town in general? Scout is confused why Miss Gates is shaming Hitler for inequality to Jews when she is also showing the same inequality to African Americans. This goes to show Miss Gates and the other women are hypocrites and show selective prejudice. They lack self awareness and the ability to recognize their prejudices. Ch 27 149. List the three strange things that happened in Maycomb that fall. Bob Ewell gets a job but then loses it, Judge Taylor experiences a break in at his home, and Bob harasses Helen Robinson on her way to work. 150. What does Mr. Link Deas do for Helen Robinson? Why? Mr. Link, Helen’s employer, threatens to have Mr. Ewell arrested if he doesn’t leave her alone. 151. What is Atticus’s explanation as to why Mr. Ewell would have a problem with Judge Taylor? Atticus explains that Bob didn’t like Judge Taylor because the Judge saw right through his lies during trial. Judge Taylor additionally pointed out that Bob was left handed which went against his claim. 152. What are the two changes in Maycomb that Halloween and why do they occur. They organize a pageant, fair and they introduce a school play by Mrs. Merriweather. This helps keep the kids occupied and out of trouble as well as to showcase local heritage. 153. Draw a picture of Scout’s costume, and list the discomforts of her costume? Her costume is a ham. There are two peepholes for her eyes but she isn’t able to see much. The costume is hot, tight and restricts her from moving. It is difficult for her to itch. Ch 28 154. Use a quote to give at least one example of foreshadowing that happens at the end of Ch 27 or the beginning of Chapter 28. "High above us in the darkness a solitary mocker poured out his repertoire in blissful unawareness of whose tree he sat in, plunging from the shrill kee, kee of the sunflower bird to the irascible qua-ack of a bluejay, to the sad lament of Poor Will, Poor Will, Poor Will." This shows a foreshadow of the attack there is to come. The blue jay symbolizes Bob. 155. Explain the tone of the pageant and how Scout embarrasses herself. The tone of the pageant is at first festive but then shifts to discomforting. Scout embarrasses herself by falling asleep backstage and missing her cue. She keeps her ham costume on to hide from any shame. 156. Use a quote to show how Harper Lee creates suspense as Jem and Scout are walking home from the school auditorium. (pages 348-349) The quote “solitary mocker” brings a dark mood and suspense as someone is watching the kids as they are walking home. 157. Describe the events that happen between the schoolhouse and Finch home, how the fight went, who did what etc. And why don’t we have clear details as to who did what? (APS) Provide at least 5 details of the play-by-play. Scout and Jem are attacked by Bob while walking home. They hear strange noises, Bob grabs Scout, Jem’s arm breaks, Boo appears to save the children. We don’t have a clear story as to what happened because we are in Scout’s perspective where she isn’t able to see much out of her costume. 158. What comic relief is provided for us between Auntie and Scout on page 354 while they wait for the doctor? Aunt Alexandra helps Scout out of her ham costume. Relieves tension built from the attack, highlights scouts still innocence and shows a soft side of Aunt. Ch 29 159. Find the quote that supports what would have happened to Scout had she not been wearing the pork costume. "As Scout tells everyone what she heard and saw, Heck Tate shows her costume with a mark on it where a knife slashed and was stopped by the wire." Scout would’ve been attacked by a knife and seriously hurt. 160. What is Heck Tate’s opinion of Mr. Ewell? Heck Tate doesn’t like Bob. He thinks he is a coward and crazy to harm children. 161. Describe the man who rescued the children. Who did it turn out to be? The man that saved the kids was Boo Radley. Scout describes him as having pale, colorless eyes and feathery hair. Ch 30 162. Who does Atticus think killed the person who attacked Jem and Scout? Support this idea with a quote. Atticus first thinks that Jem killed Bob. "Atticus was prepared for his son to go to trial. Then Mr. Tate informed him that it was Boo Radley who killed Bob Ewell." Boo was the one that actually killed him. 163. Explain the argument between Atticus and Sheriff Tate and how it ends including the quote, ‘Let the dead bury the dead this time, Mr. Finch. Let the dead bury the dead’ (Lee 369). They try to figure out how they should handle Bob’s death. They want to protect Boo from unwanted attention and allow a form of justice because Mr. Ewell’s bad reputation. The quote suggests that they should let the matter rest and the acts balance eachother out. 164. Who really killed the attacker? Why is Mr. Tate willing to cover this up? Provide two reasons. Boo had killed Bob. They want to protect Boo from any attention and provide justice considering there would be balance from Bob’s past actions. He basically got what he deserved. 165. At the end of chapter 29, Scout is able to apply a lesson Atticus taught her. What is the lesson, and how does she apply it? "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it." This quote Atticus taught her to be mindful of others. She applies this when she goes up to Boo friendly. She sees him as a real person and not just a rumor. Ch 31 166. Describe Boo’s personality, the only words he speaks, and what we learn/confirm about him in this chapter. How does Scout respond to him? The only words Boo says is Will you take me home and this shows how he is still shy and wants to stay in the comforts in his own place. He prefers solitude but still has a kind heart. Scout offers to take and walk him back home. 167. At the very end of the book, what makes Scout realize “Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them” (Lee 374). Scout is standing on Boo’s porch and sees everything from his point of view. This shifts her perspectives and sees how Boo may view Maycomb as. 168. In chapter 10, Miss Maudie explains that Mockingbirds ‘don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us’ (Lee 119). Make a connection between this quote, the title, and the characters in the story who were innocent. This quote is an example of destroying innocence. Tom, Boo, Jem and Scout are seen as innocent like mockingbirds. Society’s prejudices and cruelty threaten or destroy their innocence. 169. Return to the first page of the novel. Revisit why you believe Lee would choose to start the story this way. Also take a look at the dedication page and comment on it here: The mention of Jem’s injury shows as a foreshadow of the physical and emotional challenges he will face. ok
Updated 218d ago
flashcards Flashcards (5)
WEALTHY
Updated 319d ago
flashcards Flashcards (7)
I am wealthy
Updated 375d ago
flashcards Flashcards (6)
# Cram Study Guide ## Pre-European North American Societies 1. **Mississippian Culture** - Lived in the Mississippi River Valley. - Known for constructing large, earthen mounds and having a complex, hierarchical society. 2. **Iroquois Confederacy** - Located in the northeastern woodlands. - Consisted of five (later six) tribes, known for their matrilineal society and the political system of the Great Law of Peace. ## “Do Glaciers Listen?” - The phrase refers to the impact of environmental changes on human societies and how human activities are affected by natural phenomena like glaciers. It suggests a dynamic relationship between nature and human culture. ## Mesoamerican Reverence for Astronomers - Mesoamericans revered astronomers for their ability to predict celestial events, which were crucial for agricultural cycles and religious ceremonies. Astronomers held significant power due to their knowledge. ## Mesoamerican Empires 1. **Maya** - Known for their advanced writing system, mathematics, and astronomical knowledge. 2. **Aztec** - Renowned for their massive capital, Tenochtitlan, and their powerful empire in central Mexico. ## West African Nations Prior to 1492 1. **Mali Empire** - Famous for its wealth, particularly under Mansa Musa, and its vibrant trade networks. 2. **Songhai Empire** - Known for its control of trans-Saharan trade and its capital, Gao, as a center of learning and culture. ## Commercial Revolution and Nation States - The Commercial Revolution involved increased trade and the rise of banking and joint-stock companies, which led to the accumulation of wealth and the centralization of power, fostering the development of nation-states in Europe. ## First European Nation State to Colonize America - **Spain** was the first to establish colonies in America, starting with Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492. ## Non-Human Environmental Factors in Colonization 1. **Disease** - Indigenous populations were decimated by diseases like smallpox brought by Europeans. 2. **Climate** - The Little Ice Age impacted agricultural productivity and settlement patterns. ## Jamestown Colony - Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company. - Goals included searching for gold and establishing trade routes. - Characterized by harsh conditions, high mortality rates, and eventual success with tobacco cultivation. ## New England Puritans - Mission: To create a "city upon a hill," a model of religious virtue and piety. - Theology: Predestination, the importance of a covenant community, and strict moral codes. ## John Winthrop’s ‘City on a Hill’ - John Winthrop envisioned the Puritan colony as a model of Christian charity and righteousness that would inspire others and demonstrate God's favor. ## Non-Warfare European & Indian Interactions 1. **Trade** - Exchange of goods like furs and European manufactured items. 2. **Alliances** - Formed for mutual defense and economic benefit. 3. **Intermarriage** - Led to cultural exchanges and mixed communities. ## African vs. American Slavery - African slavery often involved captives from wars, debtors, or criminals and was generally not hereditary. - American slavery was racial, hereditary, and brutal, focusing on lifelong bondage and dehumanization. ## Changes in Puritan Theology on the Frontier - Puritan theology became more individualistic and less strict as it spread to the frontier, adapting to the challenges of frontier life and contact with diverse cultures. ## Royal African Company - In the 1700s, it had a monopoly on the British slave trade, facilitating the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas and significantly impacting the British economy. ## Seven Years War Consequences - Britain gained vast territories in North America. - The war debt led to increased taxation of American colonies, fueling discontent and eventual revolution. ## Factors for American Independence 1. **Taxation Without Representation** - Colonists resented taxes imposed by a distant parliament without their consent. 2. **British Military Actions** - Events like the Boston Massacre and harsh measures like the Intolerable Acts. ## Reconquista’s Impact on Spanish Conquest - The Reconquista fostered a militant Catholicism and a mindset of conquest and conversion, influencing Spanish approaches in the New World. ## Bartolome de Las Casas’ Argument - De Las Casas argued that Spain's treatment of indigenous people was inhumane and advocated for their rights and better treatment. ## John Smith’s Narrative of Pocahontas - Revealed aspects of Powhatan culture, such as political alliances, kinship, and the complexity of Native American societies. ## Social Changes from the Great Puritan Migration - Led to the establishment of a new, religiously motivated society in New England with significant impacts on local governance, community structure, and relations with Native Americans. ## Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson - Their narratives reveal the strictness and intolerance of dissent within Puritan culture, leading to their banishments and the founding of more tolerant colonies. ## Bacon’s Rebellion Causes and Consequences - Caused by frontier settlers' frustrations with colonial government policies and lack of protection from Native American attacks. - Resulted in increased tensions between wealthy planters and poorer settlers, and a shift towards African slavery. ## Phillis Wheatley’s Poetry - Challenged Anglo views by demonstrating the intellectual capabilities and humanity of African Americans, contributing to anti-slavery sentiments. ## Jonathan Edwards’ “Sense of the Heart” - Described a deep, personal experience of God’s grace and presence, emphasizing emotional and spiritual transformation. ## George Whitfield’s Revivals - His evangelical revivals democratized religion, appealing to marginalized groups and fostering a sense of equality and personal empowerment. ## Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” - Galvanized American public opinion in favor of independence with its clear arguments against monarchy and for self-governance. ## Mercantilism and Colonial Conflict - Mercantilism’s emphasis on accumulating wealth through colonies led to restrictive trade policies, causing resentment and economic strain in the colonies. ## Columbian Exchange Transformations - Brought new crops and livestock to Europe and the Americas, transforming diets and agricultural practices, but also led to the spread of diseases. ## Great Awakening’s Impact on Identity - Fostered a sense of shared American identity, as colonists experienced a religious revival that emphasized personal faith and questioned traditional authority. ## Charles Woodmason’s “Mixed Medley” - Described the diverse and often unruly nature of Carolina frontiersmen, reflecting the challenges of colonial governance and social order. ## Anglo/Indian Trade Impact - Altered Native societies, introducing new goods and dependencies, but also creating new economic opportunities and alliances. ## Virginia Resolves Argument - Asserted that only the Virginia Assembly had the right to tax Virginians, challenging Parliament’s authority and laying groundwork for revolutionary thought. ## Parliament’s Response to Non-importation - Attempts to suppress colonial resistance through punitive measures only fueled further discontent and unified the colonies against Britain. ## Stono Rebellion Insights - Revealed the harsh conditions and resistance of enslaved Africans, highlighting the brutality of American slavery and the desire for freedom. ## Imperial Wars’ Impact on Relations - Strained colonial resources and fostered resentment towards Britain, contributing to a growing sense of American identity and independence. ## Lord Grenville’s Fiscal Policies 1. **Sugar Act** - Imposed taxes on sugar and molasses, affecting colonial trade. 2. **Stamp Act** - Required stamped paper for legal documents, inciting widespread protests. ## Stamp Act Congress and ‘British’ Identity - Showed colonial unity and a collective identity as British subjects demanding their rights, laying the foundation for coordinated resistance. ## Boston Massacre Trial - Exposed conflicting views: some saw it as a symbol of British tyranny, while others viewed it as a tragic misunderstanding, reflecting broader social tensions. ## 1st Continental Congress on Independence - Sought to address grievances and restore colonial rights within the British Empire, rather than immediate independence, reflecting a cautious approach. ## King George III’s Lexington & Concord Response - His decision to use military force solidified colonial opposition, leading to wider conflict and the push for independence. ## Unit One Essay Prompts ### European Expansion - **Driving Forces:** Economic motives (gold, trade routes), religious zeal (spread Christianity), and competition among European powers. - **Ideological Origins:** The Reconquista’s militant Catholicism, the Renaissance’s spirit of exploration, and mercantilist policies. - **Columbian Exchange:** Introduced new crops and animals to both worlds, spread diseases, and reshaped economies and cultures. ### English Colonial Society (1607-1740) - **Key Factors:** Economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political ambitions. - **Changes:** Growth of plantation economies in the South, development of urban centers in the North, and increased conflict with Native Americans. - **Conflicts:** Bacon’s Rebellion, religious dissent in New England, and tensions over land and resources. ### Imperial Wars & Great Awakening - **Relationship:** Wars strained colonial resources and governance, while the Great Awakening unified colonists through shared religious experiences. - **Changes in Colonies:** Increased diversity, economic growth, and social stratification. - **Evangelism:** Leaders like Jonathan Edwards sought to revive faith, contributing to a sense of identity and mission among marginalized colonists. ### American Revolution Causes - **Declaration of Independence:** Resulted from taxation without representation, British military actions, and the desire for self-governance. - **Independence Popularity:** Varied; strong support in some areas, but Loyalist opposition existed. - **Divisions:** Social, economic, and political differences highlighted the complexity of unifying diverse colonies. --- This study guide covers key points and questions, providing a foundation for deeper study and understanding of each topic.
Updated 380d ago
flashcards Flashcards (47)
PART VChapter 17: Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750Renaissance (Europe)-A time of great creative and intellectual activity that has been described as a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. An Italian Renaissance, generally from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance, roughly from the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century, are usually distinguished.The period between 1500 and 1750 was not one of progress. It was a harrowing experience to witness the fierce battle between European soldiers, commerce, and ideas. The Reformation brought widespread religious persecution and warfare, as well as more religious freedom for individuals.Martin Luther is seen in a sixteenth-century woodcut on the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, Germany, writing his demands for religious reform with a symbolically enormous quill pen.Beginning in 1519, there was a religious reform movement inside the Latin Christian Church. It led to the formation of various new Christian denominations by the "protesters," including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, as well as the Church of England.In response to the Protestant Reformation, the Latin Christian Church began a religious reform movement. It revolutionized clerical training and discipline while clarifying Catholic theology.throughout the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, particularly in northern Europe. The European intellectual movement, which began with planetary motion and other areas of physics and by the seventeenth century had laid the foundations for modern science.Between 1576 and 1597, before the creation of the telescope, Tycho erected Europe's best observatory and set a new standard for accurate astronomical observations.a philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that promoted the idea that society could be better by discovering rational principles that governed social behavior and were as scientific as physics' laws.A limited number of noble families dominated European society, with preferential access to important positions in the church, government, and military, as well as tax exemption in most cases.The class of well-off city dwellers whose money derived from industry, finance, commerce, and related professions in early modern Europe.A joint-stock company is a business that offers shares to individuals to raise money for its trading businesses and distribute the risks (and rewards) across numerous investors, generally supported by a government charter.Chapter 18: The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770 following Columbus' voyages, the Americas and the rest of the world exchanged flora, animals, diseases, and technologies. an Amerindian lady milks a cow in this picture, illustrating how the Columbian Exchange influenced native culture and ecology. Cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats gave food, leather, and wool to aboriginal peoples while also destroying their fields.The Spanish crown attempted fast to curtail the conquistadors' independent power and maintain royal authority over both vanquished local communities and European settlers, but geography and technology conspired against them. Because it took a ship more than two hundred days to go from Spain to Veracruz, Mexico, European rulers couldn't keep a close eye on the remote colonies. To get to Lima, Peru, it took an extra month of travel.Portugal focused its resources and energies on Asia and Africa in the sixteenth century. Because early immigrants found no mineral wealth or wealthy native empires in Brazil, the Portuguese king was sluggish to establish costly colonial administration machinery in the New World. However, mismanagement prompted the king to install a governor-general in 1549 and make Salvador the capital of Brazil. The first viceroy of Brazil was appointed by the king in 1720.In southern Mexico, he was the first bishop of Chiapas. He spent the majority of his life defending Amerindians against exploitation. The New Laws of 1542, which limited the authority of Spanish immigrants to compel Amerindians to work for them, were his crowning achievement. Located in Bolivia, one of colonial Spanish America's richest silver mining centers and most populated cities.In the Spanish colonies, Agrantof was given power over a population of Amerindians. It supplied the grantee with a steady supply of low-cost labor as well as regular payments of products from the Amerindians. It required the grantee to convert the Amerindians to Christianity. In colonial Spanish America, a person of European ancestry who was born in the New World. In other parts of the Americas, the word is applied to all non-native peoples.The blending of Europeans, Amerindians, and Africans in the colonies piqued the interest of many European travelers to colonial Latin America. Many people have expressed their opinions on the treatment of slaves. Spanish authorities' designation for someone who is of mixed Amerindian and European ancestry.In Spanish and Portuguese colonies, this phrase was used to denote someone of mixed African and European ancestry.A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for their journey by pledging to work for a specific period of time, usually between four and seven years.In 1618, an elected assembly was established in colonial VirginiaAfter a brief stay in the Netherlands, a group of English Protestant dissenters founded Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom.Dissenters among English Protestants who thought that God predestined souls for heaven or hell before they were born. In 1629, they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.Founded in 1608 as a French colony in North America, with its capital in Quebec. In 1763, the British conquered New France.Many of the French fur traders were of mixed Amerindian ancestry, and they lived among and married Amerindian peoples in North America. In Peru in 1780-1781, a member of the Inca aristocracy launched a rebellion against Spanish authorities. He was apprehended and executed alongside his wife and other family members.Chapter 19: The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800After 1500, the Atlantic Basin was connected by a web of trading linkages that transferred goods, wealth, people, and civilizations.Private investors who paid France and England an annual fee in exchange for a monopoly on trade with the West Indies territories.The Dutch government authorized this trading corporation to operate its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.Rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land in the West Indian colonies, notably in the eighteenth century.The world's most polarized communities throughout the eighteenth century were West Indian plantation colonies. Most islands had a slave population of 90% or more. A plantocracy, a tiny group of extremely wealthy individuals who owned the majority of slaves and the majority of the land, held power. A privileged male slave whose job it was to oversee the operations of a slave gang on a plantation.A difficult period of acclimating to new temperatures, disease conditions, and work habits, as experienced by newly arriving slaves in the Americas.Individual slaves are granted legal freedom.A slave who eluded his or her owner by fleeing. In the West Indies and South America, he was frequently a part of a society of runaway slaves.The early modern European economic system of huge financial institutions, banks, stock exchanges, and investment businesses. Commercial capitalism, the early modern economy's trade structure, is frequently separated from industrial capitalism, which is centered on machine production.By limiting colonies to trade only with their mother-land countries, European government policies in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries aimed to stimulate overseas trade between a country and its colonies while also accumulating valuable metals. The Navigation Acts defined the British system, whereas the Exclusive laws defined the French system.The English government authorized a trading firm in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on Africa's Atlantic coast.Enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Americas as part of the Atlantic Circuit.In western Sudan, West Africa, there is a people, a language, a kingdom, and an empire. The Muslim Songhai Empire, which spanned from the Atlantic to the Hausa homeland in the sixteenth century, was a major trans-Saharan commercial participant.People of central Sudan, West Africa, who are agriculturalists and traders. Apart from a brief association with the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained independent until the early nineteenth century, when they were captured by the Sokoto Caliphate.A prominent West African kingdom in Central Sudan, on the southern edge of the Sahara, that was crucial in trans-Saharan trade and the spread of Islam. It lasted from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth century, and was also known as Kanem-Bornu.
Updated 1386d ago
flashcards Flashcards