Results for "tariff"

Chapter 12: Imports, Customs & Tariff

Understanding Trump's Tariff Plan and Its Implications

Here’s your revised and organized notes: ⸻ Main Causes of the Boom WWI • Took place 1914-1918. • America joined in 1917. • Sold products to Britain and allies throughout the war. • Loaned money to Britain and allies, which was later used to buy war supplies from the USA. • America took over production due to disruptions in Europe. • No post-war destruction in the USA. • More jobs for soldiers when they returned. Government Policies • Republican government helped businesses. • Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act: Placed a tariff on goods imported from abroad. • Encouraged Americans to purchase American goods. • Tax cuts for the rich so more jobs could be created. • More money to buy consumer goods. New Ways to Buy and Sell • Advertising: billboards, magazines, newspapers. • Catalogs: people living in rural America could buy consumer goods. • Hire purchase plan: Spread out costs over a long period of time. Consumer Society • Americans became obsessed with buying things. • Advertisements encouraged people to spend their paychecks on new items, boosting the economy. • Benefited wealthier people, as they had more access to electrical products. Mass Production • Goods were not made by a single person but by many people on a conveyor line. • Ford invented it in 1913 to make his Model T car, which got cheaper every year. • 1925 price of the car: $290 (instead of the earlier $850). • Meant employees had to be trained for only one job on the line. • Goods were produced quickly and in bulk, making them cheaper and increasing profits. • Business owners benefited as they could mass-produce products faster and in better working conditions. ⸻ How Were Their Lives Affected? Factory Workers (Cotton & Wool) • Did not benefit. • Less demand for their products due to man-made fibers such as rayon. • Fashion used less fabric. • Prices fell, factories closed, and people were laid off. • Economic effects: drop in employment. African Americans (Did Not Benefit) • Sharecroppers had to give a portion of their land as rent. • Farmers lost out as there was a much lower demand for food after Europe began to redevelop. • Many Black people without jobs were unable to get new ones due to institutional racism. • Economic and social disadvantages. Farmers (Did Not Benefit) • Europe recovered and didn’t require American crops, leading to high unemployment. • 600,000 people unemployed. • High-tech meant more food was produced, lowering production costs but also leading to oversupply. • Economic struggles as they couldn’t sell goods to Europe, which was self-sufficient. • Combine harvesters and tractors allowed for greater production but didn’t help struggling farmers. ⸻ This structure makes it easier to follow and connects the causes of the boom with its effects

Chapter 6 Tariff readings

SOUTH North and South developed into a vastly different cultures South economy relied on cotton and slave labor Slavery becomes part of the south’s culture In the past they challenged tariffs that would hurt the economy Proclaimed states right and Nullification The antislavery pressure came to ahead with the election of Lincoln

Tariffs and DWL

Drug Tariff

HOTA: Tariffs, Westward Expansion, and Civil War

Identifying with one's own nations and support of its interests Idea that Nation (people) should be the state (country) Nation People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government 1848 Revolutions Wanted liberal change, heavily influenced by ideas of Enlightenment -Democratic -Nationalistic Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city states Northern Italy to rebel and unite under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Sardinia Constitutional monarchy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirt rebels in the south Too radical and southern Italians join with northern Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 1871 Italy Fully United Italy becomes united under Constitutional Monarchy Prussia and Austria emerge as two major German powers Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor of Prussia Unite German people under Prussian leadership Realpolitik Politics based on reality not morals 1871 German Empire created Ottoman empire Ruled by Turks Extremely diverse Culturally Ethnically Religiously Ottoman empire Muhammad Ali fights war with Ottomans Tie results in Egypt being independent Selim III tries to modernize and reform based on enlightenment Janissaries resist Balkans independence Russia supports fellow Slavs, Serbia effectively Independent 1815 Western Europe helps the Greeks (nationalism/racism) Greece Independant 1829 Ottoman empire loses territory in Europe and Africa to independence movements Ottoman empire known as “the sick man of Europe” Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective  1 Explain how economic systems transformed during the period of 1750-1900. Historical Developments Summarize industrialization and its impact. (see 5.3 reading guide) Industrialization, the increased mechanization of production, and the Social! changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences. Such as Increased agricultural production and greater individual accumulation of capital. I reshaped Society, increasing world population, shitting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective 2 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Britain’s Industrial Advantages • Mineral and colonel resources - used resources for fuel and manufacturing  • Good environment - rives made transportation cheap • Strong fleet- let resources from colonies to be brought to Britain shortly  • Growth- farmers growing more food meant fewer people had to grow their own • End enclosure movement- The government stopped providing farmland which made people move to urban places  Describe the features of the Cottage Industry • It's a pull-out system • Merchants proved cotton to women who spun it into finished cotton at home • Cotton industries gave women independence •  The cotton industry was slow so people demanded faster processes, due to people wanting faster process it led to faster machinery  Explain the development of the factory system and how it relates to specialization of labor.  The factory system used special machinery was also a new way of making products, it increased efficiency and reduced the need for manual labor. It was similar to specialisation of labor the increase efficiency and productivity in production Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Learning Objective 3 Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Historical Developments A. Explain the impact of the technologies of the first Industrial Revolution. Factory system technology improved systems and grew technologies to be more efficient  Steam engine Powered trains→ Bigger train industry, used for traveling jobs, replacing sails trade and fast communication around the world   Coal Used to heat up stream from the steam engine but causes pollution  B. Explain the impact of the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution.   Steel Bessmer process mass produces steel from pig iron making railroads Chemicals Led to the development of new materials and product Electricity Has powered machinery, led to an increase in population/efficiency in factories  Oil Was used for cars/mechanic cars, to power cars focused on maximizing product efficiently  C. Explain how technologies impacted trade and migration.  The change increased the rise of maritime trading empires, People were able to shift from farm to city increasing world Production and expanding the production and consumption of goods Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective 4 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. Historical Developments As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.  Answer the following questions to explain the state-sponsored  industrialization of Japan. a. What was the historical situation of Japan in the 1800s?  The emperor was at the highest point of the social hierarchy, but the shogun and daimyo had the power  b. Describe the threat Japan faced from Western powers. The US came with modernized equipment their ships looked intimidating and forced Japan to open trading ports c. What was Japan’s response to the Western threats? Japan created trading ports with the US  and became more modernized  d. Define MEIJI RESTORATION and identify key changes it made.  The emperor wanted to modernize but the Shoguns and daimyo didn’t want to so the emperor won they made Japan modernized by becoming more Westernized and pro-business Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age  Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective 9. Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments A. Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies. Define the following terms to demonstrate an understanding of the developing economic systems. ADAM SMITH • Wrote “Wealth of Nations”  • Established the idea of private owner ship of industry and business LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM • Laissez -Faire “Leave Alone” “Hands Off!” ◦ Little to no government involvement in business ◦ Reduce tariffs on trade(don’t penalize imports and exports with tax=free trade) • FREE MARKETS Mercantilism • Government run companies believing ... • fixed amount of wealth • Wealth = amount of silver + Gold you have • Export more than import • Colonies serves as resources STOCK MARKETS capitalism • No limit to earn wealth • supply and  demand should be bought + sold • minimal govt intervention LIMITED-LIABILITY CORPORATIONS Corporation • Business run by lots of people • Stockholders buy parts of companies • corporations made profit  • if Corporations go out of business stockholders only lost the amount they put in the business C. The development of industrial capitalism led to changes in social life. Explain the changes as they relate to -  consumerism Working class and middle class had time to shop and have money from working in the factories standard of living • The working class who worked at the factories lived in the slums which were crowded, unsanitary condition, dirty  leisure time Companies encouraged leisure activities like baseball because it taught hard work, discipline, teamwork, and rule following  Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Learning Objective 10. Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms A.  Explain how workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.  Workers rise up and rebeled against the capitalist business owners and they revolted against the upper class B. Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including socialism and communism.  Identify the people and key points of each ideology. KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS • German journalist • Appalled at the horrible working conditions in the factories • He blamed capitalism • Big business owner dont care about workers- just for profit $$$  SOCIALISM • New governmet ownership of industry  • Resources distributed all • High taxes support government (helthcare,education,safty net) • Goal of classless society  COMMUNISM • Advanced stage of Socialism • Classless society is achieved • Everyone is equal economically, politically, socially therefore… • No government is needed • No $ is needed  •  No need for national borders = world peace C. In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups. Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective 11. Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. Historical Developments A. Because of changing economic systems, new social classes developed during the Industrial Era. Identify and define the 2 new classes.   1. bourgeoisie 2. proletarians B. The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the lives of all people. Describe the impacts on the following groups:  Demographic Group Impact Working class • Strict schedules • Low pay • dangerous tasks Family • families had to move to rural to urban • Families lived in slums which were unsanitary  Children • children had to work in factories • Children worked long hours and lower pay • children faced dangerous tasks to do Women • Women had more independence  • Women had shifted from working at home to factories • Early feminism . C. The rapid industrialization and  urbanization led to a variety of environmental challenges. Identify at least 3 environmental problems created by urbanization and the Industrial Revolution.  Air pollution was happening because of factories using coal to for machinery and causing smoke to pollute the air, water pollution was caused by factories dumping toxins into rivers and deforestation because of the population growing in cities natural lands have to be clearing for housing, factories, roads,  Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit’s key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ◦ Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. • The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ◦ Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. ◦ The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

Chapter Twelve 1.Agriculture 2.Koppen Climate Classifications 3.Mediterranean Agriculture 5.Subsistence Agriculture 6.Commercial Agricultures 7.Bid-Rent Theory 8.Intensive Agriculture 9.Monocropping 10.Monoculture 11.Crop rotation 12.Plantation Agriculture 13.Market Gardening 14.Mixed Crop and Livestock 15.Extensive Agriculture 16.Shifting Cultivation 17.Slash and Burn 18.Nomadic Herding (Pastoral Nomadism) 19.Transhumance Vocabulary Unit Five 20.Domestication 21.Agricultural Hearth 22.Fertile Crescent 23.Columbian Exchange 24.First Agricultural Revolution 25.Second Agricultural Revolution 26.Third Agricultural Revolution 27.Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 28.Green Revolution Chapter Thirteen 29.Infrastructure 30.Agribusiness 31.Hybrid Seeds 32.Vertical Integration 33.Commodity Chain 34.Farm Subsidies 35.Tariffs 36.Von Thunen Model 37.Global Supply Chain 38.Cash Crop 39.Fair Trade Chapter Fourteen 40.Agricultural Landscapes 41.Agroecosystem 42.Deforestation 43.Terracing 44.Reservoirs 45.Aquifers 46.Wetlands 47.Desertification 48.Biodiversity 49.Salinization 50.Biotechnology 51.Precision Agriculture 52.Food Security 53.Food Insecurity 54.Suburbanization 55.Food Deserts 56

Tariff management history

Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington

AP Micro / Trade, Tariffs, Excise Taxes

Fundamentals of Custom and Tariff Management

SESSION 01 ❑ THE TARIFF COMMISSION (CMTA 1600 - 1607) ❑ FLEXIBLE CLAUSE (CMTA 1608) ❑ PROMOTION OF FOREIGN TRADE (CMTA 1609)

Tariff/Non-tariff Protections (Chapter 9):

Quotas Non-tariff Barriers

TARIFF LAW MOCKBOARD PART IV - CB JINKY

TARIFF LAW MOCKBOARD PART III - CB JINKY

TARIFF LAW MOCKBOARD PART II - CB JINKY