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Definition: The Latin-speaking half of the Roman Empire, centered in Rome. Flashcard #2  Term: Eastern Roman Empire  Definition: The Greek-speaking half of the Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople. Flashcard #3  Term: Catacombs  Definition: Underground burial chambers where early Christians worshipped privately due to persecution. Flashcard #4  Term: Appropriation  Definition: Using existing imagery or symbols in a new context, a common practice in early Christianity. Flashcard #5  Term: Orant figure  Definition: A standing figure with arms raised in prayer, derived from Roman gestures of duty. Flashcard #6  Term: Ichthys (fish)  Definition: A Christian symbol for Jesus Christ, Son of God. Flashcard #7  Term: Good Shepherd  Definition: A depiction of Jesus as a caring, protective, and pastoral caretaker, adapted from Roman pastoral scenes. Flashcard #8  Term: Cubicula  Definition: Mortuary chapels or rooms within catacombs used for small services. Flashcard #9  Term: Loculi  Definition: Shelves carved into catacomb walls for individual burials. Flashcard #10  Term: Wet plaster fresco (fresco buon)  Definition: A painting technique where pigment is applied to wet plaster. Flashcard #11  Term: Domus (community house)  Definition: Private homes converted for use as early Christian worship spaces. Flashcard #12  Term: Familia  Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing family loyalty. Flashcard #13  Term: Pietas  Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing duty to the state and gods. Flashcard #14  Term: Contra-posto  Definition: A naturalistic standing pose used in Roman art, where the body's weight is shifted to one leg. Flashcard #15  Term: Prefiguration  Definition: An Old Testament story or figure that foreshadows a New Testament event or figure. Flashcard #16  Term: Constantine  Definition: Roman Emperor (reigned 312–337 CE) who legalized Christianity and initiated widespread Christian architectural patronage. Flashcard #17  Term: Old St. Peter’s Basilica  Definition: An early Christian basilica built in Rome under Constantine over St. Peter’s tomb, serving as a pilgrimage site. Flashcard #18  Term: Basilican/Cross Plan  Definition: A Western church architectural plan characterized by a long nave, side aisles, transept forming a cross, and an apse. Flashcard #19  Term: Santa Sabina  Definition: A smaller, well-preserved example of a Western early Christian basilica in Rome. Flashcard #20  Term: Santa Costanza  Definition: Originally a royal mausoleum, later converted into a central-plan church, circular with a dome and ambulatory, showing Eastern influence in the West. Flashcard #21  Term: Atrium (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The open courtyard leading into the narthex of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #22  Term: Narthex (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The entrance hall or porch leading to the nave of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #23  Term: Nave (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The central, main aisle of Old St. Peter's Basilica, accommodating the congregation. Flashcard #24  Term: Transept (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: The arm of the church that projects at right angles to the nave, forming the 'cross' in a cruciform plan, providing space for clergy. Flashcard #25  Term: Apse (Old St. Peter's)  Definition: A semicircular recession at the eastern end of the church, containing the altar. Flashcard #26  Term: Justinian I  Definition: Byzantine Emperor (527–565 CE) who expanded the empire, promoted Christianity, and commissioned major churches like Hagia Sophia and San Vitale. Flashcard #27  Term: Trinity  Definition: The Christian concept of God as Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit. Flashcard #28  Term: Nimubs  Definition: A halo around the head of a holy figure in art. Flashcard #29  Term: Mandorla  Definition: An almond-shaped aura surrounding the full-body depiction of Christ or other sacred figures, signifying divinity. Flashcard #30  Term: Icon  Definition: A religious image, often painted on wood, used in devotion, particularly in Eastern Christianity. Flashcard #31  Term: Iconoclasm  Definition: The deliberate destruction of religious images, notably during the Byzantine controversy of 726+ CE. Flashcard #32  Term: Dematerialization (Byzantine art)  Definition: An artistic and architectural goal in Byzantine art to create a divine space that transcends material reality, often achieved with light and shimmering mosaics. Flashcard #33  Term: Tesserae  Definition: Small pieces of glass, stone, or other material used to create a mosaic. Flashcard #34  Term: Hagia Sophia  Definition: Meaning 'Holy Wisdom,' a monumental Byzantine church in Istanbul built by Justinian (532–537 CE), known for synthesizing basilican and central plans with its massive dome. Flashcard #35  Term: Pendentives  Definition: Spherical triangular sections that transfer the weight of a circular dome to four piers or columns, allowing for a large, open space below. Flashcard #36  Term: San Vitale  Definition: An octagonal, central-plan Byzantine church in Ravenna, famous for its lavish mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Flashcard #37  Term: Muhammad  Definition: The prophet of Islam (571–632 CE) who received revelations from Allah, forming the basis of the Qur’an. Flashcard #38  Term: Qur’an  Definition: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God (Allah) revealed to Muhammad. Flashcard #39  Term: Calligraphy (Islam)  Definition: The art of beautiful writing, highly esteemed in Islamic culture as a manifestation of Allah's word. Flashcard #40  Term: Five Pillars of Islam  Definition: The fundamental practices of Islam: Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity), Hajj (pilgrimage). Flashcard #41  Term: Geometric abstraction (Islamic art)  Definition: Complex patterns based on numbers and mathematics, developed in Islamic art due to the general avoidance of sentient figural imagery in religious contexts. Flashcard #42  Term: Tessellation  Definition: The repeating of geometric units to form an intricate pattern without gaps or overlaps, common in Islamic art to suggest eternity. Flashcard #43  Term: Symmetry (Islamic art)  Definition: The use of balanced proportions (e.g., fourfold, fivefold, sixfold) in geometric patterns to create visual harmony. Flashcard #44  Term: Masjid  Definition: An Arabic term meaning 'place of prostration,' referring to a mosque. Flashcard #45  Term: Minaret  Definition: A tall, slender tower, typically part of a mosque, from which the call to prayer (adhan) is issued. Flashcard #46  Term: Qibla wall  Definition: The wall in a mosque that faces the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. Flashcard #47  Term: Mihrab  Definition: A niche or recess in the qibla wall of a mosque, indicating the direction of prayer. Flashcard #48  Term: Dome of the Rock  Definition: Built 687–692 CE in Jerusalem, it is one of the earliest major Islamic monuments, an octagonal central-plan building sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Flashcard #49  Term: Horror vacui (Islamic art)  Definition: A design principle characterized by the filling of an entire surface with details and decoration, often seen in the Dome of the Rock's exterior. Flashcard #50  Term: Great Mosque of Córdoba  Definition: A significant example of Islamic architecture in Spain, featuring a massive hypostyle prayer hall with reused Roman columns and a distinctive double-arched system. Flashcard #51  Term: Siddhartha Gautama  Definition: The historical Buddha (5th century BCE) who founded Buddhism after renouncing luxury to seek an end to human suffering. Flashcard #52  Term: Four Noble Truths  Definition: The core teachings of Buddhism: 1. Life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire and ignorance. 3. Ending desire ends suffering. 4. The way to end suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path. Flashcard #53  Term: Eightfold Path  Definition: The Buddhist path to liberation from suffering, comprising right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Flashcard #54  Term: Stupa  Definition: A hemispherical mound or reliquary housing Buddha's relics, symbolizing the cosmos (mandala), used as a pilgrimage site for circumambulation. Flashcard #55  Term: Circumambulation  Definition: The ritual act of walking around a sacred object, such as a stupa or shrine, in a clockwise direction as a form of devotion. Flashcard #56  Term: Toranas  Definition: Elaborately carved gateways at the entrances to a stupa, decorated with narrative scenes and symbolic representations of the Buddha. Flashcard #57  Term: Yakshi Figures  Definition: Female nature spirits associated with fertility, abundance, and life force, often shown in a sensuous tribhanga pose at stupa gateways. Flashcard #58  Term: Tribhanga pose  Definition: A triple-bent pose (at the neck, waist, and knee) often used in ancient Indian sculpture, especially for female figures like Yakshi. Flashcard #59  Term: Chaitya Halls  Definition: Rock-cut sanctuaries and congregation halls in Buddhist cave architecture, often containing stupa replicas, used for worship and by monks during monsoons. Flashcard #60  Term: Mudras  Definition: Symbolic hand gestures of the Buddha that convey specific meanings or states of mind in Buddhist iconography. Flashcard #61  Term: Mandala (Tibetan Buddhism)  Definition: A diagram of the universe, often intricately designed, used as a tool for meditation and ritual in Tibetan Buddhism. Flashcard #62  Term: Ottonian Period  Definition: A period in European art and architecture from c. 950–1050 CE, primarily in present-day Germany, marked by a continuation of Carolingian ideals and increased church building. Flashcard #63  Term: St. Michael’s, Hildesheim  Definition: A key Ottonian basilica plan church known for its double transept, strong symmetry, and wooden roof which posed a fire risk. Flashcard #64  Term: Codex  Definition: The modern book form, consisting of folded and bound pages, which replaced scrolls by the 5th–6th century CE and allowed for easier navigation of texts. Flashcard #65  Term: Migration Period  Definition: A period in Western Europe (c. 500–700 CE), formerly called the 'Dark Ages,' characterized by political decentralization, nomadic societies, and art primarily consisting of small, portable luxury objects. Flashcard #66  Term: Zoomorphic motifs  Definition: Stylized animal forms and designs, common in the metalwork and art of the Migration Period. Flashcard #67  Term: Cloisonné technique  Definition: An enameling technique where colored glass, enamel, or gemstones are separated by thin metal strips (cloisons) on a metal backing, seen in Migration Period jewelry. Flashcard #68  Term: Monasteries (Early Middle Ages)  Definition: Centers of learning, economic activity, and safe havens during the instability of the Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #69  Term: Illuminated Manuscripts  Definition: Hand-copied books, often religious texts, adorned with intricate decorations, illustrations, and ornamental initials by monks in scriptoria. Flashcard #70  Term: Vellum  Definition: A fine parchment made from calf or sheep skin, commonly used as pages for illuminated manuscripts. Flashcard #71  Term: Carpet pages  Definition: Purely decorative pages in illuminated manuscripts, often resembling textiles, used for meditation before reading the text (e.g., Lindisfarne Gospels). Flashcard #72  Term: Romanesque Period  Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1050–1200 CE) meaning 'Roman-like,' characterized by a revival of large-scale stone construction, round arches, and barrel/groin vaults. Flashcard #73  Term: Crusades  Definition: A series of religious wars (1096–1204 CE) promoted by Pope Urban II, which led to increased East-West interaction and the recovery of ancient Roman knowledge in Western Europe. Flashcard #74  Term: Pilgrimage (Romanesque)  Definition: An act of devotion, healing, or penance involving travel to sacred sites like Santiago de Compostela, a driving force behind Romanesque church construction. Flashcard #75  Term: Relics  Definition: Body parts, clothing, or other objects associated with saints, believed to possess healing or miraculous powers, central to Romanesque pilgrimage. Flashcard #76  Term: Reliquaries  Definition: Elaborately crafted containers, often made of precious materials, designed to house and display relics. Flashcard #77  Term: Church of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse  Definition: An important Romanesque pilgrimage church (c. 1070–1120) known for its early stone vaulting and plan designed to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims. Flashcard #78  Term: Crossing square  Definition: The square space at the intersection of the nave and transept in a Romanesque church, which often served as the basic geometric unit for the church's proportions. Flashcard #79  Term: Ambulatory (Romanesque)  Definition: A walkway or aisle around the apse and altar of a Romanesque church, allowing pilgrims to circulate and visit radiating chapels without disturbing services. Flashcard #80  Term: Radiating chapels  Definition: Small chapels projecting outward from the ambulatory of a Romanesque church, designed to house relics. Flashcard #81  Term: Chevet (Romanesque)  Definition: The extended eastern end of a Romanesque church, comprising the apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels. Flashcard #82  Term: Barrel-vaulted nave  Definition: A long, continuous semicircular vaulted ceiling over the nave, characteristic of many Romanesque churches. Flashcard #83  Term: Transverse arches  Definition: Arches that span the nave at regular intervals, reinforcing the barrel vaulting and dividing the nave into bays. Flashcard #84  Term: Massive stone piers  Definition: Large, solid columns or supports used in Romanesque architecture to bear the heavy weight of stone vaults. Flashcard #85  Term: Nave arcade (Romanesque)  Definition: The series of arches supported by columns or piers that separate the nave from the side aisles in a Romanesque church. Flashcard #86  Term: Gallery (Romanesque)  Definition: A second story built over the side aisles of a Romanesque church, opening onto the nave. Flashcard #87  Term: Westwork  Definition: A monumental, multi-storied stone façade located at the western end of a Romanesque church, often featuring towers and multiple portals. Flashcard #88  Term: Tympanum  Definition: The semicircular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, often filled with relief sculpture in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #89  Term: Lintel  Definition: A horizontal architectural support spanning the top of a door or window opening, often sculpted in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #90  Term: Trumeau  Definition: The central column or post supporting the lintel and tympanum of a large portal, often carved with a figure. Flashcard #91  Term: Jambs  Definition: The side posts or vertical elements of a doorway or window frame, often adorned with sculpted figures in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #92  Term: Voussoirs  Definition: Wedge-shaped stones that form an arch, found in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #93  Term: Historiated Capitals  Definition: Sculpted capitals on columns or piers that depict narrative scenes, biblical stories, or fantastic beasts, common in Romanesque interiors. Flashcard #94  Term: Last Judgment Portal — Autun Cathedral  Definition: A famous Romanesque tympanum sculpture at the Church of Saint-Lazare in Autun, France, depicting Christ in Majesty presiding over the Last Judgment, designed to inspire fear and moral instruction. Flashcard #95  Term: Christ in Majesty  Definition: An iconic depiction of Christ enthroned within a mandorla, often flanked by the symbols of the four Evangelists, symbolizing his divine authority. Flashcard #96  Term: Evangelist symbols  Definition: Representations of the four Evangelists: Matthew (man or angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle), often surrounding Christ in Majesty. Flashcard #97  Term: Charlemagne  Definition: Frankish king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, who initiated the Carolingian Renaissance, reviving Roman art, architecture, and learning. Flashcard #98  Term: Carolingian Renaissance  Definition: A period of intellectual, cultural, and artistic revival in the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, marked by a conscious effort to restore Roman imperial glory. Flashcard #99  Term: Coronation Gospels  Definition: An example of Carolingian manuscript art known for its naturalistic figures, gold text on purple vellum, reflecting imperial power and Roman influence. Flashcard #100  Term: Palatine Chapel, Aachen  Definition: Charlemagne's personal chapel, inspired by San Vitale, representing the first vaulted stone building north of the Alps since Rome and fusing Roman, Byzantine, and Christian symbolism. Flashcard #101  Term: Gothic Art & Architecture  Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1140–1400) originating in the Paris region, characterized by unprecedented height, abundant light, and a sense of dematerialization. Flashcard #102  Term: Abbot Suger  Definition: The Abbot of Saint-Denis and advisor to French kings, credited with conceptually inventing Gothic architecture through his renovation of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis. Flashcard #103  Term: Saint-Denis (Gothic)  Definition: The burial church of French kings and the birthplace of Gothic architecture, renovated by Abbot Suger to embody his vision of Lux Nova and anagogy. Flashcard #104  Term: Pseudo-Dionysius  Definition: A 6th-century Byzantine mystic whose Neoplatonic texts, mistakenly attributed to Saint Denis, profoundly influenced Abbot Suger's ideas about the symbolism of light in architecture. Flashcard #105  Term: Lux Nova  Definition: 'New Light,' Abbot Suger’s key theological concept, referring to the divine, spiritual light that filled Gothic churches through stained glass, facilitating anagogical ascent. Flashcard #106  Term: Anagogy  Definition: A spiritual ascent from the material to the immaterial, a key concept for Abbot Suger, who believed architecture could lift the soul toward God through physical beauty. Flashcard #107  Term: Pointed arch  Definition: A key Gothic structural innovation that directs weight more vertically downwards than a round arch, allowing for taller structures and lighter walls. Flashcard #108  Term: Ribbed cross vault  Definition: A Gothic vaulting technique where stone ribs form a skeletal framework, reducing the weight of the vault and allowing lighter materials to fill the spaces between. Flashcard #109  Term: Slender columns  Definition: A Gothic innovation where massive Romanesque piers are replaced by more delicate columns, directing weight vertically and contributing to a sense of openness. Flashcard #110  Term: Flying buttresses  Definition: Exterior skeletal supports, characteristic of Gothic architecture, that transfer the outward thrust of the nave vaults across the side aisles to piers, allowing for thinner walls and larger windows. Flashcard #111  Term: Tripartite Nave Elevation  Definition: The three-story vertical division of the Gothic nave interior, consisting of the nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory. Flashcard #112  Term: Nave arcade  Definition: The lowest level of the Gothic nave elevation, composed of a series of arches supported by columns or piers separating the nave from the side aisles. Flashcard #113  Term: Triforium  Definition: The middle level of the Gothic nave elevation, often a narrow passageway or decorative arcade below the clerestory. Flashcard #114  Term: Clerestory  Definition: The uppermost level of the Gothic nave elevation, featuring large stained-glass windows that flood the interior with light. Flashcard #115  Term: Chartres Cathedral  Definition: A prominent High Gothic cathedral in France, largely rebuilt after a fire in 1194, known for its unified design, extensive stained glass (including rose and lancet windows), and preservation of the Virgin Mary's tunic. Flashcard #116  Term: Sainte-Chapelle  Definition: A royal chapel in Paris, considered the ultimate realization of the Gothic Lux Nova concept, with walls almost entirely composed of stained glass, creating an overwhelming ethereal light. Flashcard #117  Term: 3rd–4th century CE  Definition: Development of early Christian art. Flashcard #118  Term: 270 CE  Definition: Date of the Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus. Flashcard #119  Term: 70 CE  Definition: Destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans, leading to the split of Judaism and the emergence of Christianity. Flashcard #120  Term: 571–632 CE  Definition: Life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Flashcard #121  Term: 622 CE  Definition: The Hijra, when Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Flashcard #122  Term: 687–692 CE  Definition: Construction period of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Flashcard #123  Term: 5th century BCE  Definition: Approximate time when Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. Flashcard #124  Term: 250 BCE  Definition: Approximate date of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, built by Emperor Ashoka. Flashcard #125  Term: c. 950–1050 CE  Definition: The Ottonian Period in European art and architecture. Flashcard #126  Term: 476 CE  Definition: Traditional date for the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Flashcard #127  Term: c. 500–900 CE  Definition: The Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #128  Term: c. 500–700 CE  Definition: The Migration Period (formerly 'Dark Ages'). Flashcard #129  Term: 742 CE  Definition: Birth of Charlemagne. Flashcard #130  Term: 800 CE  Definition: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Flashcard #131  Term: c. 1050–1200 CE  Definition: The Romanesque Period. Flashcard #132  Term: 1096–1204 CE  Definition: The period encompassing the Four Official Crusades. Flashcard #133  Term: c. 1070–1120 CE  Definition: Construction period of the Church of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse. Flashcard #134  Term: c. 1140–1400 CE  Definition: The period of Gothic Art & Architecture. Flashcard #135  Term: 1194 CE  Definition: Date of the devastating fire at Chartres Cathedral, which led to its High Gothic rebuilding. Flashcard #136  Term: 532–537 CE  Definition: Construction period of Hagia Sophia under Emperor Justinian. Flashcard #137  Term: 527–565 CE  Definition: Reign of Emperor Justinian I. Flashcard #138  Term: 312–337 CE  Definition: Reign of Emperor Constantine, during which Christianity was legalized

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