Search for monopoly

🇺🇸 APUSH CRAM SHEET PERIOD 1: 1491–1607 — Native America & Exploration Native American Societies * Iroquois Confederacy → political alliance of Native nations * Pueblo peoples → Southwest; agriculture, irrigation * Mississippian societies → Cahokia; agriculture and complex societies Columbian Exchange Americas → Europe * Corn * Potatoes * Tomatoes * Tobacco * Cacao Europe/Africa → Americas * Horses * Cattle * Sugar * Wheat * Diseases ⚠️ Major consequence: Native populations dramatically declined because of European diseases. Exploration * Christopher Columbus (1492) → opened sustained European contact * Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) → Spain/Portugal divided claims in the Americas * Encomienda System → Spanish forced Native labor ⸻ PERIOD 2: 1607–1754 — Colonies Jamestown — 1607 * First permanent English settlement * Virginia Company * John Smith → helped colony survive * Tobacco → major cash crop * John Rolfe → tobacco cultivation Important Virginia Developments * House of Burgesses (1619) → representative government * Headright System → encouraged immigration by giving land * Growth of slavery Plymouth & Massachusetts * Pilgrims → Plymouth, 1620 * Mayflower Compact → self-government * Puritans → Massachusetts Bay * John Winthrop → “city upon a hill” Religion Puritans: wanted to reform the Church of England Quakers: * Religious tolerance * Equality * Pennsylvania * William Penn Bacon’s Rebellion — 1676 * Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against Virginia government * Showed conflict between wealthy elites and poorer colonists * Contributed to increased reliance on enslaved labor Colonial Economies New England * Fishing * Shipbuilding * Trade * Small farms Middle Colonies * Grain * Trade * Diverse population Southern Colonies * Tobacco * Rice * Indigo * Plantation agriculture * Slavery ⸻ PERIOD 3: 1754–1800 — Revolution & Constitution French & Indian War — 1754–1763 Britain vs. France + Native allies Consequences * Britain wins * Britain gains territory * Britain has massive debt * Britain begins taxing colonies Proclamation of 1763 * Colonists prohibited from settling west of Appalachian Mountains * Angered colonists ⸻ Road to Revolution Tax Acts Stamp Act (1765) * Tax on printed materials * “No taxation without representation” Townshend Acts (1767) * Taxes on imports * Led to colonial resistance Boston Massacre (1770) * British soldiers killed colonists * Patriot propaganda Boston Tea Party (1773) * Colonists protested Tea Act Intolerable Acts (1774) * Punished Massachusetts * Helped unite colonies ⸻ Declaration of Independence — 1776 Thomas Jefferson Main ideas: * Natural rights * Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness * Government gets power from the people * People can overthrow an abusive government ⸻ Revolutionary War Turning Points Saratoga (1777) → Major American victory → France joins American side Yorktown (1781) → Cornwallis surrendered → Major fighting effectively ended Treaty of Paris (1783) → Britain recognized U.S. independence ⸻ Articles of Confederation Strengths * Won Revolutionary War * Land Ordinance of 1785 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Weaknesses * No power to tax * No executive branch * No national court system * Weak central government ⸻ Constitution Great Compromise * House of Representatives → population * Senate → equal representation 3/5 Compromise * Enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation and taxation Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists * Strong national government * Hamilton * Madison * Jay Anti-Federalists * Feared centralized power * Wanted Bill of Rights Bill of Rights — 1791 First 10 amendments ⸻ PERIOD 4: 1800–1848 — Expansion & Democracy Jefferson Election of 1800 * Peaceful transfer of power * Jefferson becomes president Louisiana Purchase — 1803 * Bought from France * Doubled U.S. territory Lewis & Clark * Explored western territory ⸻ War of 1812 Causes: * British impressment * British interference with trade * British support for Native resistance Effects * Increased nationalism * Weakened Federalist Party * Encouraged American manufacturing ⸻ Market Revolution Transportation * Canals * Roads * Railroads * Steamboats Industrialization * Factories grew * Wage labor expanded * Cities grew Erie Canal → connected Great Lakes to Hudson River ⸻ Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson * Expanded voting for white men * Spoils system * Popular democracy Indian Removal Act — 1830 * Forced Native Americans west * Trail of Tears * Major example of U.S. expansion and Native displacement Bank War Jackson opposed the national bank. ⸻ Manifest Destiny Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America. Texas * Texas declared independence from Mexico * Alamo * Texas becomes U.S. state in 1845 Mexican-American War — 1846–1848 U.S. victory → Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo * U.S. gained California, New Mexico and huge western territory ⸻ PERIOD 5: 1844–1877 — Civil War & Reconstruction Sectionalism North * Industry * Free labor * Railroads * Growing cities South * Plantation economy * Cotton * Slavery West * Competition over whether slavery would expand ⸻ Slavery Cotton Gin * Eli Whitney * Made cotton processing faster * Increased demand for enslaved labor Missouri Compromise — 1820 * Missouri → slave * Maine → free * 36°30′ line Compromise of 1850 * California → free * Popular sovereignty in Utah/New Mexico * Fugitive Slave Act strengthened Kansas-Nebraska Act — 1854 * Popular sovereignty * Repealed Missouri Compromise * Led to Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott v. Sandford — 1857 Supreme Court ruled: * African Americans were not citizens * Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery in territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates Major issue → slavery’s expansion ⸻ Civil War Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins Southern states secede. Emancipation Proclamation — 1863 * Freed enslaved people in rebelling states * Changed war aims toward ending slavery Gettysburg — 1863 Major Union victory Gettysburg Address * Equality * Democracy * “new birth of freedom” Appomattox — 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant. ⸻ Reconstruction — 1865–1877 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment Citizenship + equal protection 15th Amendment Voting rights for Black men Freedmen’s Bureau * Helped formerly enslaved people * Education * Employment * Food/housing assistance Black Codes Southern laws restricting African Americans after the Civil War. Ku Klux Klan Used violence and intimidation to suppress Black political participation. Compromise of 1877 * Ended disputed 1876 election * Federal troops withdrawn from South * Reconstruction effectively ended ⚠️ APUSH connection: Reconstruction achieved major constitutional changes but failed to permanently protect many of those gains. ⸻ PERIOD 6: 1865–1898 — Gilded Age Industrialization Important Industrialists * Andrew Carnegie → steel * John D. Rockefeller → oil * J.P. Morgan → banking/finance Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry Robber Baron → exploited workers, monopolies Captain of Industry → created jobs/industry and sometimes philanthropy Social Darwinism Applied survival-of-the-fittest ideas to society/economics. ⸻ Labor Knights of Labor * Broad membership * Wanted better working conditions AFL * Samuel Gompers * Skilled workers * Higher wages * Shorter hours Major Strikes Haymarket Affair → labor unrest + anarchism Homestead Strike → Carnegie Steel Pullman Strike → railroad workers → federal government intervened ⸻ Immigration Old Immigration Mostly: * Northern/Western Europe New Immigration Mostly: * Southern/Eastern Europe * Italians * Poles * Russians Chinese Exclusion Act — 1882 Restricted Chinese immigration. ⸻ Urbanization Problems: * Tenements * Disease * Crime * Poor sanitation Political machines * Ex: Tammany Hall * Provided services in exchange for votes ⸻ PERIOD 7: 1890–1945 — Progressive Era & World Wars Progressivism Goals: * Reduce corruption * Regulate corporations * Improve working conditions * Consumer protection * Women’s suffrage Muckrakers Investigative journalists exposing problems. Upton Sinclair → The Jungle → exposed meatpacking conditions → helped inspire Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal * Trust busting * Conservation * Consumer protection 16th Amendment → Federal income tax 17th Amendment → Direct election of senators 18th Amendment → Prohibition 19th Amendment → Women’s suffrage ⸻ Imperialism Spanish-American War — 1898 U.S. victory U.S. gains influence over: * Puerto Rico * Guam * Philippines Open Door Policy U.S. wanted equal trade access in China. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. claimed right to intervene in Latin America. ⸻ World War I Causes Think MAIN * Militarism * Alliance system * Imperialism * Nationalism U.S. enters in 1917. Wilson’s Fourteen Points * Self-determination * League of Nations * International cooperation Treaty of Versailles Senate rejected it. ⸻ 1920s Consumer Culture * Cars * Radios * Movies * Advertising Harlem Renaissance African American cultural movement. Important figures: * Langston Hughes * Zora Neale Hurston * Duke Ellington Great Migration African Americans moved from South → Northern/Western cities. ⸻ Great Depression Causes * Stock market speculation * Bank failures * Unequal wealth * Overproduction * Consumer debt FDR’s New Deal Relief → help people now Recovery → rebuild economy Reform → prevent future depression Important Programs CCC → jobs for young men WPA → public works/jobs Social Security Act → retirement assistance FDIC → protects bank deposits SEC → regulates stock market ⸻ World War II Pearl Harbor — 1941 Japan attacks U.S. U.S. enters WWII. Japanese American Internment Executive Order 9066 → forced relocation/internment D-Day — 1944 Allied invasion of Europe. Manhattan Project Developed atomic bomb. Hiroshima & Nagasaki Atomic bombs used against Japan. Japan surrenders → 1945 ⸻ PERIOD 8: 1945–1980 — Cold War & Civil Rights Cold War U.S. vs. USSR Capitalism vs. Communism Truman Doctrine Contain communism. Marshall Plan Economic aid to rebuild Europe. NATO Western military alliance. Korean War U.S. supports South Korea against communist North Korea. ⸻ Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board — 1954 School segregation unconstitutional. Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King Jr. * Nonviolent protest * Civil rights Civil Rights Act — 1964 Banned segregation/discrimination in many public settings. Voting Rights Act — 1965 Protected voting rights. Malcolm X Initially promoted Black nationalism/self-defense; later shifted views toward broader cooperation. ⸻ Vietnam War Domino Theory If one country becomes communist, nearby countries may follow. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Expanded presidential power in Vietnam. Vietnamization Nixon’s policy of reducing U.S. troops while South Vietnam took more responsibility. Effects * Antiwar movement * Distrust of government * War Powers Act ⸻ PERIOD 9: 1980–Present Reagan Reaganomics Tax cuts + deregulation + reduced government spending Conservative Movement * Lower taxes * Smaller government * Anti-communism * Traditional social values Cold War Ends 1989 → Berlin Wall falls 1991 → USSR collapses ⸻ ⭐ MUST-KNOW APUSH THEMES 1. Federal Power Articles → weak government ↓ Constitution → stronger government ↓ Civil War → massive federal expansion ↓ New Deal → federal government expands economically ↓ Great Society → federal government expands social programs ⸻ 2. Race Colonial slavery ↓ Expansion of slavery ↓ Civil War ↓ 13th/14th/15th Amendments ↓ Jim Crow ↓ Civil Rights Movement ↓ Civil Rights Act + Voting Rights Act ⸻ 3. Expansion Louisiana Purchase ↓ Manifest Destiny ↓ Mexican-American War ↓ Westward expansion ↓ Imperialism ↓ Overseas influence ⸻ 4. Economy Agricultural colonies ↓ Market Revolution ↓ Industrial Revolution ↓ Gilded Age corporations ↓ Great Depression ↓ New Deal ↓ Modern consumer economy ⸻ 🔥 20 EVENTS YOU ABSOLUTELY NEED TO KNOW Date Event 1492 Columbus 1607 Jamestown 1620 Plymouth 1754–63 French & Indian War 1776 Declaration of Independence 1781 Articles/ Yorktown 1787 Constitution 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1812 War of 1812 1820 Missouri Compromise 1830 Indian Removal Act 1846–48 Mexican-American War 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1861–65 Civil War 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 1865 13th Amendment 1898 Spanish-American War 1929 Great Depression begins 1941 Pearl Harbor 1954 Brown v. Board 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act 🧠 APUSH Essay Formula For LEQs/DBQs, remember: Claim → Evidence → Explain → Connect Don’t just say what happened. Instead: Evidence: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Analysis: This increased sectional tensions because it allowed slavery to potentially expand into territories previously closed to it, contributing to the breakdown of political compromise before the Civil War. APUSH loves CAUSATION, CHANGE/CONTINUITY, and COMPARISON. Ask yourself: * Why did this happen? * What did it cause? * What changed? * What stayed the same? * Who benefited? * Who was harmed? * How does this connect to another period

History Final The Railroad: Why were railroads so important for moving west? They fueled westward settlement, spurred the growth of towns, and created massive demand for mass-produced steel and coal, physically connecting rural farmlands to urban factories to build a powerhouse national economy How did they heIp the country change from farming to a factory-based economy? they brought heavy, manufactured factory goods West. The U.S. required unprecedented amounts of steel, iron, coal, and timber. To operate safely and efficiently, they developed professional management hierarchies, advanced accounting, and time zones. Indian Wars: What was the main reason for the fighting between the U.S. government and NativeAmericans in the late 1800s? (Hint: Think about white settlers moving onto their lands). Western expansion . As white settlers and gold prospectors flooded onto Native American lands, the U.S. government forced tribes onto reservations. Forced Change (Assimilation): What was the goal of the Dawes Act? Idea of making civilized land, took away tribe unity What did Indian Boarding Schools force Native American children to do to their culture, hair, and language? to abandon their heritage in a process known as forced assimilation. To become more americanized killing off their culture Big Business & The Gilded Age Rise of Factories: What did the government do (or not do) that allowed giant businesses to grow so fast in the late 1800s? allowed businesses to operate without strict labor, safety, or environmental regulations. The Gilded Age: Why did Mark Twain use the phrase "Gilded Age" to describe this time in history? To describe that while the US was growing and thriving there were many societal issues behind the scenes “Picture perfect front, not back.” What is the difference between a "Captain of Industry" and a "Robber Baron"? Captain of industry (GOOD) Creates jobs, Fair wages, Good working conditions Focus on innovations and new inventions Gives back money to charity, schools, hospitals Robber Baron (BAD) Unfair wages Slows other smaller companies and businesses Buys politicians bribery Famous Bosses&Inventions: Know who Andrew Carnegie(Steel)and John D. Rockefeller (Oil) were. ANDREW CARNEGIE- Scottish American industrialist, made a lot of money in the steel industry, known for giving away money JOHN D ROCKERFELLER- A wealthy American businessman, founded the Standard oil company, became the richest man, using oil. How did electricity change where people could build factories? Electricity liberated factories from needing to be built near bodies of water or coal mines. By utilizing power grids and individual electric motors Unions and Laws: What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Act? was passed by Congress to regulate the railroad industry, specifically targeting monopolistic practices. Its goal was to ensure fair and reasonable shipping rates, prohibit price discrimination against small businesses and farmers, and establish the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee these operations How did workers use "collective bargaining" to get better rights? Workers utilized collective bargaining through labor unions to negotiate as a unified group with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions, rather than negotiating individually They would not work until the wage or conditions were raised to be better Immigration: Why did many Americans(Nativists)push back against new immigrants? Many Americans pushed back in fear of losing jobs and getting it taken away from them, because immigrants were willing to do the jobs for less money while they would be doing it for more, hence kicking them out. What was the main goal of the Chinese Exclusion Act? To keep the chinese out because they were taking jobs Mainly stopped them from entering Imperialism (America Expands Overseas) Reasons to Expand: Why did the U.S.want to take over islands and colonies overseas in the late 1800s? The U.S. sought overseas colonies to secure raw materials and new markets for its growing industrial output. Policymakers also desired strategic naval bases Why did some Americans think it was wrong to rule over other people? it directly contradicted the nation's foundational ideals of liberty, democracy, and the "consent of the governed". They believed that subjugating foreign populations violated the core principles of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution Spanish-American War: How did Yellow Journalism (exaggerated news)and the sinking of the U.S.S.Mainestart a war? Yellow journalism started the war because of exaggeration What lands did the U.S.get after winning? the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines China and Latin America: What was the Open Door Policy,and who were the "Boxers" trying to kick out of China? The Open Door Policy (1899) was a U.S. foreign policy stating that all foreign nations should have equal and unhindered trading rights in China. The "Boxers" were members of a secret Chinese society (the Yihetuan) who violently rebelled to expel all Westerners, foreign imperialists, and Christian missionaries from China. Explain the different foreign policies of the presidents: Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick" (and theRoosevelt Corollary), William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy", and Woodrow Wilson's"Moral Diplomacy". TEDDY ROOSEVELT- Theodore Roosevelt operated on the West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.". His philosophy focused on peaceful negotiation backed by the explicit threat of a powerful military, particularly the U.S. Navy WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT- His policy aimed to "substitute dollars for bullets," using American economic investments to secure diplomatic stability and expand foreign trade WOODROW WILSON - Woodrow Wilson rejected the imperialism of the "Big Stick" and the materialism of "Dollar Diplomacy". His strategy, engineered alongside Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, aimed to support nations that aligned with American moral values, democracy, and human rights. How did Teddy Roosevelt get the land to build the Panama Canal? After Colombia rejected a U.S. offer to lease the land, Roosevelt dispatched U.S. warships to block Colombian troops, allowing Panama to declare independence in November 1903 The Progressive Era The Goal: What did Progressives believe was threatening democracy and the rights of regular people?(Hint:Think about Big Business). Progressives believed that concentrated corporate power, unchecked monopolies, and corrupt political machines were threatening democracy. They feared this vast wealth allowed Big Business to bypass the democratic process, rig the economy, and exploit regular people Muckrakers: Who were the muckrakers? Muckrakers were investigative journalists of the early 1900’s who exposed misconduct by powerful organizations or people. How did Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle change the way our meat and food are inspected? The animals had to be inspected before slaughter Inspected after slaughter Had to have clean standards Meat had to have a stamp of approval Cannots adulter, no harmful chemicals No misbranding No narcotics Power to the People: How did new voting systems like the initiative,referendum,recall,and direct primary give regular citizens more power in government? Initiative Citizens are adding a proposed law to a ballot.. Citizens became law makers Refederrum State legislatures put a proposed law on the ballot, voters approve or repeal, voters get veto power Recall Voters can remove political officials before their term ends accountability Direct primary shifted the power to choose political candidates from party bosses directly to regular citizens. Presidents &Nature: Who broke or "busted" more trusts:Teddy Roosevelt or William Howard Taft? William Howard Taft did more to regulate monopolies than TR did. He continued a lot of what teddy started. Which president made protecting the environment a national issue? Teddy roosevelt Rights Movements: What was the primary goal of the NAACP? The NAACP stands for National Association for the advancement of colored people. to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all minority citizens, eliminate race-based discrimination, and ensure the health and well-being of all persons What finally caused women's suffrage(the right to vote) to pass in 1920? Women's suffrage passed in 1920 because decades of tireless grassroots activism and radical protests during the Progressive Era forced President Woodrow Wilson and Congress to act. World War I! Causes of the War: What were the main causes of WWI? (M-A-I-N) Militarism Empires were expensive to build and defend. Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than the enemy which leads to competition. Alliances Secret treaties, Europe was divided by a complex web of mutual defense pacts. The two primary blocks were the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Imperialism European nations had been building empires and extending economic, and political control. Germany competed with France and Great Britain for colonies. Nationalism Extreme patriotism led to many nations believing that their culture and goals were superior. Why was this war so much more destructive than older wars? Industrialized Weaponry: The advent of the Industrial Revolution allowed for the mass production of highly lethal, mechanized weapons. Innovations like quick-firing artillery, heavy machine guns, poison gas, and tanks drastically increased the rate and scale of casualties Trench Warfare and Attrition: The combination of machine guns and defensive fortifications led to vast, stagnant stalemates. Instead of rapid maneuvers, generals resorted to relentless artillery barrages followed by infantry charges across fortified "no man's land", resulting in massive, grinding losses of life with very little territorial gain U.S.Joins the Fight:Why did the U.S.stop being neutral and join the war? (Hint:Look closely at the Zimmermann Note). Many Americans felt that the U.S. should fight alongside the U.K. and France, and the German submarine sent a Great Britain ship with many Americans on it. Then 2 years later after a worsening relationship we joined and made a secret attempt to turn Mexico against us. The Homefront: What did the Selective Service Act do? Required all men between 21-30 to register for the draft. How did regular Americans support the war effort at home (Liberty Bonds,saving food/energy,Daylight Savings Time)? directly purchasing war bonds, rationing staples like food and fuel, planting Victory Gardens, and observing Daylight Saving Time Free Speech: What did the Sedition Act do to people who spoke out or wrote bad things about the government during the war? Targeted U.S. citizens, including journalists who criticized the act of provoking rebellion. The Peace Treaty: What was Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace called? The fourteen points League of nations is part of the fourteen points Why did the U.S. does the Senate refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles and refuse to join the League of Nations? constitutional concerns over surrendering Congress's war-making power, a strong desire to avoid permanent foreign entanglements, and bitter partisan clashes between President Woodrow Wilson The Amendments:13-19th Amendments! From the progressive era 16-19th 2 Questions 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude nationwide, except as a punishment for a crime. 14th Amendment (1868): Defined national citizenship and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws". 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 16th Amendment (1913): Authorized the federal government to collect an income tax. 17th Amendment (1913): Established the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote, replacing selection by state legislatures. 18th Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, launching the era of Prohibition. 19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote in all local, state, and federal elections Geography: There will be a WORLD MAP on the exam.Think about our Imperialism and WWI units. Imperialism (Late 19th - Early 20th Century) The Scramble for Africa: Pay close attention to the continent of Africa as you will likely need to identify which European powers colonized which regions. Focus on the massive territorial claims of Great Britain and France, as well as Germany's attempts to expand its empire. Asia and the Pacific: Be prepared to locate territories like India, Indochina (French), and the Philippines. You should also identify the emerging imperial power of Japan in East Asia. ⚔️ World War I Europe (1914-1918) Allied Powers: Locate Great Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States and Italy. Central Powers: Identify the core nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Western Front: Be ready to map the border between France and Germany where the most intense trench warfare took place. The Eastern Front: Locate the border regions between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The Spark: Find the city of Sarajevo (in Bosnia) on the map, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, igniting the war