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Key Documents and Figures in Early American History and Government Save Flashcards Learn Test Blocks Blast Match House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Track progress 1 / 48 Profile Picture Created by Audreybehm1 Created just now Terms in this set (48) Original House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Mayflower Compact The governing document for Plymouth Colony that established forms of self-government for the colonists Magna Carta A document limiting the power of the king of England and guaranteeing certain rights to Englishmen English Bill of Rights A document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights of English citizens Enlightenment An eighteenth-century movement inspired by European philosophers who believed that society's problems could be solved by reason and science John Locke Was an English philosopher who wrote Two Treatises of Government. Great Awakening a religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers Thomas Jefferson Was an American farmer, landholder, author, architect, lawyer, and statesman. He joined the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1768 and began advocating for American independence in the 1770's. Jefferson represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress, during which time he drafted and revised the Declaration of Independence. He went on to serve as a diplomat to France and as the nation's first secretary of state, second vice president, and third president. Jefferson also founded the University of Virginia. John Hancock Was a Massachusetts statesman who served as the president of the Second Continental Congress. George Washington Worked early on as a surveyor of the Virginia colony. Washington became interested in western expansion in the Ohio Country and invested in the Ohio Company. In 1752, he accepted an appointment to the military as an officer. Two years later, he led a company to drive out the French from Fort Duquesne. Later, he went on to serve as the commander-in-chief of the colonies' Continental Army and to become the first President of the United States. Republican Government a government in which officials are representatives elected by the people; also known as a representative democracy Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government Articles of Confederation the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777 Shays' Rebellion a farmers' rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, against higher taxes in Massachusetts Confederation an alliance or league of governments pledged to work together Northwest Territory a vast territory north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania as far as the Mississippi River James Madison Was a Patriot who represented Virginia in the Continental Congress. In 1787, he participated in the Constitutional Convention and was a leading voice in replacing the Articles of Confederation with a new plan for government. For his part in winning passage of the 1787 Constitution, he became known as the Father of the Constitution. Madison went on to serve as Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state and then to become the fourth president of the United States. Checks and Balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two Federalism a political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments The Federalist Papers a series of 85 essays, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that explained and defended the Constitution Separation of Powers a principle that divides power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government Antifederalists one who opposed ratification of the Constitution Virginia Declaration of Rights a document listing the protected rights of Virginians, which was incorporated into the Virginia state constitution in 1776; it influenced a number of later documents, including the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights Limited Government a principle stating that the government has only as much authority as the people give it and, therefore, its power is limited; government in which government actions are limited by law John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. After serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge, Marshall held various law and political positions. As chief justice, Marshall participated in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself, often advancing and defending judicial power and the principles of American federalism. Judicial Review the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional Louisiana Purchase the 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Monroe Doctrine a foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Andrew Jackson was an American military officer before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and finally as the seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. As a general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, Jackson successfully defended New Orleans. As President, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system. Nullification a theory that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional Indian Removal Act an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Trail of Tears an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Panic of 1837 the start of a prolonged downturn in the American economy touched off by changes in government policy Alexis de Tocqueville was a French aristocrat whose travels in the United States in the 1830's resulted in the publication of Democracy in America, an influential analysis of American politics. Industrial Revolution a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700's and spread to the United States around 1800 Underground Railroad a system that existed before the Civil War in which African American and white abolitionists helped people trying to escape enslavement travel to safe areas in the North and in Canada Abolitionists reformers who advocated a complete end to slavery Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped to the North in 1838. In 1841, he spontaneously shared his experiences of enslavement at an antislavery convention, and he soon became a speaker for the abolitionist cause. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, first published in 1845, reached still more people. During the Civil War, Douglass worked as an adviser to President Lincoln. Douglass also lent strong support to the women's movement. Second Great Awakening a religious revival movement in the first half of the 1800s Lucretia Mott was deeply committed to the ideal of reform. Known for her effective public speaking, she traveled the country promoting abolition. Frustrated by attempts to limit women's involvement in reform, Mott turned her attention to women's rights in the 1840's. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a lively and often fiery crusader for women's rights. While raising a growing family, she worked with Lucretia Mott and others to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. From the beginning, she pushed for women to fight for the right to vote, helping shape the direction of the movement for years to come. Declaration of Sentiments a document created at the Seneca Fall Convention in 1848 that demanded equal rights for women Susan B. Anthony was a campaigner for reforms and civil rights throughout her life. At different times she took up the cause of abolition, temperance, and working women's rights. But it is for the cause of woman suffrage that Anthony is best known. In 1869, she and her friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which led to over 30 years of relentless lecture tours, lobbying, and civil disobedience geared toward gaining the vote for women. Suffrage the right to vote Manifest Destiny the 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable but a God-given right Sam Houston was the only American to serve as governor of two different states—first Tennessee, then Texas. In between, he was commander of the Texan army, president of the Republic of Texas, and U.S. senator from Texas. Although an enslaver, Houston opposed the spread of slavery into the West. He was removed from the governorship of Texas after speaking out against Texas seceding from the Union. James K. Polk was a lawyer and politician who served as the 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Before being elected President, Polk served in the Tennessee legislature and as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. As President, Polk led the United States through the Mexican-American War, resulting in the United States gaining large territories along the Pacific coast and in the Southwest. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War Add or remove terms Learn More You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity About us About Quizlet How Quizlet works Careers Advertise with us Get the app For students Flashcards Test Learn Solutions Modern Learning Lab Quizlet Plus Study Guides Pomodoro timer For teachers Live Blog Be the Change Quizlet Plus for teachers Resources Help center Honor code Community guidelines Terms Privacy California Privacy Your Privacy/Cookie Choices Ads and Cookie Settings Interest-Based Advertising Quizlet for Schools Parents Language English (USA) © 2025 Quizlet, Inc. COPPA Safe Harbor Certification seal Home Your library Notifications 5 Your courses AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... Honors Algebra 2 New folder Start here Flashcards Study Guides Practice Tests Expert Solutions Home Your library Notifications 5 AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... 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Updated 18d ago
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Chapter Review 1 - 3 Definitions Power/authority/legitimacy Government/Politics Policymaking wheel Pluralism/Elite Class Theory/Hyperpluralism Self-Government (Colonial Legislatures)/French-Indian War = Taxes Stamp Act Resistance to taxes Interaction with British Soldiers Massacre/Tea Party Declaration of Independence Bitter attack against the King, NOT Parliament Lockean Ideas Natural Rights Consent of the Governed = Representative Government = Popular Sovereignty (government rests with the people; made government legitimate) Limited Government Standing Laws Preservation of Property = principle purpose of government Right to Revolt Common Sense Revolution Conservative Revolution Articles of Confederation (1781 Power with the states Few powers outside maintaining an army and a navy (though not a standing Army Unanimous Consent to pass new laws 9/13 to Amend No power to tax No executive branch No judicial branch No power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce No common currency No uniform bankruptcy laws (Shay’s Rebellion) Changes in the States States adopted bills of rights, abolished religious qualifications for holding office and liberalized requirements for voting Farmers and Artisans (new middle class) taking over legislatures (especially in the North) Ideas of egalitarianism among white males driving force Economic Turmoil New middle class more sympathetic to debtors and were passing laws favoring debtors over creditors Shay’s Rebellion 1786 Series of attacks on courthouses Spread to other states Frightened economic elites Push for change = Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention (May 1787) 55 elites Human Nature Men were selfish, out for money and power (Hobbes) Political Conflict Unequal distribution of property (wealth) Led to factions (interest groups/political parties) Government should check the effects of factions Purpose of Government Preservation of Property Nature of Government Power set against power so no one faction would overwhelm others Separation of powers and Checks and Balances (Montesquieu) Equality Issues Connecticut Compromise 3/5 Compromise Voting determined by states Economic Issues Beard Commerce/Slave Trade Compromise Coining $ Levy Taxes Borrow/Spend Uniform bankruptcy Laws Assumption of Debt Individual Rights Issues Prohibits suspension of the writ of habeas corpus No bills of attainder No ex post facto laws Prohibits religious qualifications for holding office Trial by jury Narrowly defines treason Madisonian Model Reconciling Majority Rule (those without property/wealth) with the protection of Minority Rights (wealthy) Majority rule is the most fundamental element of democratic theory Electoral System Visual Put as much government as possible beyond the power of the majority More democratic today 17th Amendment Electoral College mimics the popular vote in each state Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances Creating a federal system of government An additional check on the national government Set up a Republic, not a Democracy System based on consent of the governed in which representatives of the public exercise power Ratification Federalists v Anti-Federalists Federalist Papers Bill of Rights Barron v Baltimore Constitutional Change Federalism Two or more levels (national and state/local) of government, each with significant policymaking power No other practical choice in 1787 People were more loyal to States Compare with Unitary and Confederate Constitution guarantees states equal representation in the Senate (an example of federalism; Senators look after the interests of their state, rather than a district) National Supremacy Supremacy Clause Civil War Civil Rights Movement 10th States’ Rights Advocates An assertion that States have independent powers of their own, not a declaration that State powers are superior to those of the national government 11th Amendment Sovereign immunity McCulloch v Maryland Supremacy of the national government when acting in accordance with the Constitution Doctrine of Implied powers Necessary and Proper Clause aka elastic clause Regulation of food and drugs, interstate highways, clean up air and water, minimum wage, military draft Commerce Power Gibbons v Ogden NLRB v. Jones Wickard v Filburn US v Lopez and US v Morrison Printz v US and NFIB v. Sebelius Decentralizes politics (more access points to government) AND Decentralizes policies (Allows states to act as laboratories and to have different policies regarding the same issue) States’ Obligations to each other Full Faith and Credit Privileges and Immunities The more fundamental the right (owning property and police protection), the less likely it is that a state can discriminate against citizens of another state Saenz v Roe (1999) Privileges and immunities clause of the 14th amendment Extradition Intergovernmental Relations Shift from dual federalism (layer cake) to cooperative federalism (marble cake OR 50 marbled cakes) Cooperative Federalism Interstate highways Education Shared costs Shared administration Federal guidelines Strings (conditions) for receiving federal funds (raising the drinking age to 21) Devolution 1994 Congress Transferring of responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments Repeal of federal speed limit laws More latitude in dealing with welfare policy Soon reversed course Found turning the federal government and restricting state power as a means to achieving policy objectives Health care and immigration Tea Party Movement Push for more devolution Fiscal Federalism Pattern of taxing, spending and providing grants in a federal system Grants Making Categorical Grants Project Formula Grants Block Grants 1996 Welfare Reform Act Mandates Requirements that direct state or local governments to provide Additional services under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of federal grants Medicaid NFIB v Sebelius ADA (1990) NCLB (2002) Place financial burdens on states Diversity in Policy Education funding Welfare Payments Discourages states from providing services Death Penalty
Updated 237d ago
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### EVENTS LEADING TO THE WRITING OF THE CONSTITUTION - **Struggle Between the Colonies and Britain**: Tensions arose as Britain imposed heavy taxes and restrictive laws, while the colonists felt increasingly marginalized. - **Relationship between Colonists and King/British Government**: The relationship soured over issues like taxation, representation, and control, especially after the French and Indian War. - **Actions by King/British Government Towards Colonists**: Imposed taxes (e.g., Stamp Act, Tea Act), the Intolerable Acts, and quartering British troops. - **Actions by Colonists Towards King/British Government**: Protested through boycotts, organized the Boston Tea Party, and formed militias. - **King George III**: The monarch of Britain during the American Revolution, seen as a tyrant by the colonists. - **Taxation without Representation**: A rallying cry for the colonists, arguing that they shouldn't be taxed by a government in which they had no political representation. - **First Continental Congress**: A 1774 meeting where delegates from 12 colonies met to respond to British policies, leading to boycotts and military preparations. - **Declaration of Independence**: Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, it declared the colonies’ separation from Britain. It was adopted in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. - **Common Sense by Thomas Paine**: A 1776 pamphlet that argued for independence from Britain, greatly influencing public opinion. - **Second Continental Congress**: Met in 1775 to manage the war effort and eventually declare independence. - **US Constitution**: The framework for the U.S. government, establishing three branches and the system of federalism. - **Bill of Rights**: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, protecting individual freedoms. - **Articles of Confederation**: The first constitution of the U.S., which created a weak central government. - **How Constitution is Different from Articles**: The Constitution established a stronger federal government, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. - **Constitutional Convention**: Held in 1787 to draft the Constitution. --- ### STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION - **Preamble to the Constitution**: The introduction that outlines the purpose of the Constitution. - **Seven Articles of the Constitution**: 1. **Legislative Branch**: Establishes Congress, its powers, and the legislative process. 2. **Executive Branch**: Defines the presidency, powers, duties, and impeachment. 3. **Judicial Branch**: Establishes the Supreme Court and lower courts, and their powers. 4. **States' Relations**: Addresses the rights and powers of states and their interaction with the federal government. 5. **Amendment Process**: Explains how the Constitution can be amended. 6. **Supremacy Clause**: Declares the Constitution the "supreme law of the land." 7. **Ratification**: Details the process for ratifying the Constitution. - **27 Amendments**: The changes and additions made to the Constitution over time, including the Bill of Rights. --- ### SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES - **Limited Government**: The government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it. - **Rule of Law**: Everyone, including government officials, must follow the law. - **Federalism**: The division of power between the national and state governments. - **Supremacy Clause**: The Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws. - **Popular Sovereignty**: The people are the ultimate source of governmental authority. - **Separation of Powers**: The division of government into three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial. - **Judicial Review**: The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional (established in *Marbury v. Madison*). - **Checks and Balances**: Each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches. --- ### FORMALLY AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION - **Proposing Amendments**: Can be done by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress or a national convention. - **Ratifying Amendments**: Requires approval by three-fourths of the state legislatures or conventions. --- ### INFORMALLY AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION - **Laws Passed by Congress**: Congress can pass laws that shape the way the Constitution is applied. - **Actions by the President**: Executive actions and orders can effectively amend how the government functions. - **Decisions of the Supreme Court**: Court rulings interpret the Constitution and can lead to significant changes in law. - **Influence of Political Parties**: Parties affect how the Constitution is applied, even though they aren’t mentioned in the Constitution. - **Customs/Traditions**: Long-standing practices (e.g., the President serving only two terms before the 22nd Amendment) can informally amend the Constitution. ---
Updated 320d ago
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