Hospital Managment

Hospital Drug Final Spring + TC

Do NOT give aspirin to children. It is associated with Reye’s syndrome, a rare but life-threatening condition affecting the liver and brain. ➡️ Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen instead (age-appropriate dosing). Assessment in severe diarrhea Priority assessments include: Signs of dehydration: dry mucous membranes, sunken fontanel (infants), poor skin turgor Decreased urine output Tachycardia, lethargy Electrolyte imbalance (monitor labs if severe) Blood pressure in coarctation of the aorta In Coarctation of the aorta: Higher BP in upper extremities Lower BP in lower extremities Weak or delayed femoral pulses Care of cleft lip suture site Clean with sterile saline or water after feedings Apply prescribed ointment Keep site dry and intact Use elbow restraints to prevent touching Feed with special nipple or dropper (avoid trauma) Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority (school-age child) Appropriate statement: ➡️ “I’m proud I finished my project all by myself!” Shows productivity, accomplishment, and competence Concerning statement before appendectomy Red flag statement: ➡️ “I’m going to die during the surgery.” Indicates fear, misunderstanding, and need for clarification and reassurance. Cotton ball game for deep breathing Place cotton balls on a table Have child blow them across using deep breaths ➡️ Encourages lung expansion and prevents complications like Atelectasis Data supporting failure to thrive Signs of Failure to thrive: Weight below 5th percentile Lack of expected weight gain Delayed development Poor feeding or lack of interest in eating Developmental task of an adolescent (Erikson) Stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion ➡️ Key task: developing a personal identity and sense of self Example: exploring beliefs, career goals, relationships Discharge teaching after sickle cell crisis (hydration) For Sickle cell disease: Encourage increased fluid intake Avoid dehydration (can trigger crisis) Drink water regularly, even without thirst Monitor for signs of recurrence (pain, fatigue) Drooling and croup Drooling is NOT typical of croup. ➡️ It suggests a more serious airway condition like Epiglottitis ⚠️ This is an emergency—do NOT inspect the throat; maintain airway and call for help. First action for a 2-year-old with acute gastroenteritis ➡️ Assess hydration status first (check mucous membranes, tears, urine output, fontanel, behavior) First medication in an acute asthma attack ➡️ Short-acting bronchodilator: albuterol (Relieves bronchospasm quickly in Asthma) Handwashing and cystic fibrosis For Cystic fibrosis: ➡️ Strict hand hygiene is essential Prevents respiratory infections Avoid close contact with sick individuals Heart rate and airway obstruction ➡️ Tachycardia occurs early (due to hypoxia and stress response) ⚠️ Bradycardia is a late, ominous sign History question for acute rheumatic fever Ask about: ➡️ Recent untreated strep throat Linked to Acute rheumatic fever How long does an ostomy for Hirschsprung’s disease last? In Hirschsprung’s disease: ➡️ Usually temporary Remains until definitive surgery (“pull-through”) heals Often reversed in a few months Pulse oximeter probe rotation ➡️ Rotate site every 4 hours (prevents skin breakdown and ensures accuracy) Proper action for adolescent in sickle cell crisis For Sickle cell disease: ➡️ Increase fluids and manage pain Encourage hydration Administer prescribed analgesics Provide oxygen if needed Promote rest Piaget stage for abstract thinking ➡️ Formal Operational Stage Begins around age 11+ Allows abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking Piaget stage where object permanence develops ➡️ Sensorimotor Stage Birth to ~2 years Infant learns objects still exist even when out of sight Misunderstanding use of infant car seat Incorrect understanding: ➡️ “I can place the seat facing forward once my baby is 6 months.” ❌ Correct: Rear-facing as long as possible (until height/weight limit) Mouth position for infant pain relief ➡️ Slightly open mouth with relaxed tongue during sucking Seen with pacifier or sucrose use Promotes comfort and analgesia NGN: Care for infant with cyanotic heart defect For Cyanotic heart disease: Actions to take: Place in knee-chest position during episodes Administer oxygen Keep child calm (crying worsens hypoxia) Give morphine if prescribed (reduces oxygen demand) NGN: Actions for hypercyanotic (“tet”) spells Seen in Tetralogy of Fallot Indicated: Knee-chest position Oxygen Morphine Calm/comfort child Contraindicated: Forcing activity Allowing prolonged crying Delaying treatment NGN: Adolescent cardiac prescriptions (anticipated vs contraindicated) Anticipated: Beta-blockers (↓ cardiac workload) ACE inhibitors Activity modification if needed Contraindicated (generally): Strenuous, competitive sports (depending on condition) Dehydration Stimulants without provider approval NGN: S/S comparison (viral URI vs serious airway conditions) Acute viral nasopharyngitis Runny nose, mild cough, low fever Laryngotracheobronchitis Barking cough Stridor Hoarseness Epiglottitis Drooling High fever Tripod position No cough NGN: Croup vs epiglottitis vs foreign body aspiration Croup Barking cough, gradual onset Epiglottitis Drooling, dysphagia, sudden severe distress Foreign body aspiration Sudden onset Choking episode Unilateral breath sounds Normal behavior of an 8-month-old when parents leave ➡️ Separation anxiety (crying when parent leaves) Normal developmental milestone Nutritional needs of toddlers ➡️ Growth rate slows, so appetite decreases “Picky eating” is normal Small, frequent meals recommended Pain scale for a 3-year-old ➡️ FACES Pain Scale Uses facial expressions Appropriate for ages 3+ Parent teaching about regression during hospitalization ➡️ Regression (e.g

Unit 3 Lesson 1: Dialogue and Hospitality

banco, cuerpo, hospital

Objectives come from your Unit 3 sheet  and the content/examples come from the PowerPoints . ⸻ UNIT 3 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE (Based strictly on your slides + objectives) ⸻ CHAPTER 11 — CONTROLLING MICROBIAL GROWTH Difference Between Antisepsis, Disinfection, Sanitization, Sterilization, Degerming, Decontamination Sterilization Complete destruction of all microbial life including viruses and endospores. Examples from slides: • Surgical instruments • Syringes • Packaged foods Endospores must be destroyed for something to be considered sterile.  ⸻ Disinfection Destroys most vegetative pathogens on nonliving surfaces. Examples: • Disinfecting medical equipment • Hospital surfaces ⸻ Antisepsis Use of antimicrobial chemicals on living tissue. Examples: • Skin prep before surgery • Cleaning wounds ⸻ Degerming Mechanical removal of microbes by scrubbing. Example: • Handwashing ⸻ Sanitization Reduces microbial numbers to public health safe levels. Examples: • Cleaning food preparation surfaces • Restaurant sanitation ⸻ Decontamination General removal of microbes from objects or surfaces. Example: • Cleaning contaminated hospital equipment ⸻ Difference Between Static and Cidal Cidal Kills microbes. Example Bactericidal antibiotics. ⸻ Static Stops growth but does not kill. Example Bacteriostatic antibiotics. ⸻ Variables That Influence Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Methods 1. Population size Large populations require more time to kill. 2. Nature of microbes Some microbes are more resistant. Example: Bacterial endospores. 3. Temperature Higher temperature increases killing. 4. Concentration of agent 5. Contact time 6. Organic matter present Example: Blood or mucus interfering with disinfectants. 7. Mode of action of agent 8. Biofilms Biofilms protect microbes from antimicrobials.  ⸻ Most Resistant vs Least Resistant Microbes Most resistant: Bacterial endospores Reason: Thick protective layers. ⸻ Less resistant: • Mycobacteria • Gram-negative bacteria • Gram-positive bacteria • Fungi • Viruses Endospores are the target of sterilization methods.  ⸻ Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Agents Agents work by damaging: Cell wall Example Detergents and alcohol disrupt cell wall. ⸻ Cell membrane Effects • Loss of permeability • Leakage of molecules ⸻ Proteins Agents denature proteins. Examples • Heat • Alcohol • Strong acids ⸻ DNA and RNA Example Radiation damaging DNA. ⸻ Practical Concerns When Choosing Control Method Consider: • Does item require sterilization or disinfection? • Can item tolerate heat, pressure, radiation, chemicals? • Cost effectiveness • Safety • Ability of agent to penetrate surfaces.  ⸻ PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL METHODS ⸻ Pasteurization vs Sterilization Pasteurization: Reduces microbial numbers but does not sterilize. Used for: Milk and beverages. Sterilization: Destroys all microbes including endospores. ⸻ Boiling Kills many pathogens but may not destroy endospores. ⸻ Autoclaving Uses steam under pressure. Conditions from slides: 121°C 15 minutes 15 psi Mechanism: Denatures proteins and disrupts metabolism.  ⸻ Most Rigorous Heat Method Incineration (dry heat) Burns microbes completely. ⸻ Ionizing Radiation vs UV Radiation Ionizing radiation Examples: Gamma rays X-rays Effect: Destroys DNA and proteins. Highly penetrating. ⸻ UV radiation Example: Germicidal lamps. Mechanism: Forms pyrimidine dimers (thymine dimers). Effect: DNA replication blocked.  ⸻ Filtration Removes microbes from liquids or air. Examples: • Water purification • Milk filtration • Air filtration systems • HEPA filters • N95 masks HEPA filters remove 99.97% of particles.  ⸻ Osmotic Pressure High salt or sugar removes water from microbes. Examples: Salt: Cured meats Sugar: Jams and jellies Causes plasmolysis and prevents growth.  ⸻ Cold and Drying Cold: Slows microbial metabolism but rarely kills microbes. Drying (desiccation): Removes water necessary for microbial metabolism. Example: Freeze drying (lyophilization).  ⸻ CHEMICAL METHODS ⸻ Characteristics of Good Chemical Antimicrobials • Rapid action • Effective at low concentrations • Broad spectrum • Stable • Non-toxic to tissues • Affordable • Effective in presence of organic matter  ⸻ Major Chemical Agents ⸻ Halogens Examples: • Chlorine • Iodine Common example: Household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) Mechanism: Oxidizes cellular molecules and damages enzymes.  ⸻ Phenols Mechanism: Disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins. Examples: Phenolic disinfectants. ⸻ Alcohols Examples: • Ethanol • Isopropanol Mechanism: Denature proteins and disrupt membranes. Common use: Hand sanitizers. ⸻ Quats Quaternary ammonium compounds. Mechanism: Disrupt membranes. Example: Lysol wipes ⸻ Peroxides Example: Hydrogen peroxide. Mechanism: Forms reactive oxygen molecules that damage cells. ⸻ Detergents / Surfactants Mechanism: Break down lipid membranes. Examples: Soap and cleaning detergents.  ⸻ CHAPTER 12 — ANTIBIOTICS ⸻ Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928 from the fungus Penicillium.  ⸻ Characteristics of a Good Antimicrobial Drug • Selective toxicity • High therapeutic index • Targets unique microbial structures • Effective against pathogen • Minimal harm to microbiota  ⸻ Selective Toxicity Ability of a drug to kill microbes without harming host cells. Example: Penicillin targets bacterial cell walls, which human cells lack. ⸻ Susceptibility Tests ⸻ Kirby-Bauer Disc diffusion test. Antibiotic discs placed on bacterial culture. Zone of inhibition measured. Results: Sensitive Resistant  ⸻ MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration. Smallest drug concentration preventing visible growth. ⸻ MBC Minimum bactericidal concentration. Smallest concentration that kills bacteria. ⸻ Therapeutic Index TI = toxic dose / therapeutic dose Example from slides: TI of 10 safer than TI of 1.1.  ⸻ Antibiotic Mechanisms ⸻ Cell Wall Inhibitors Example: Penicillin Mechanism: Prevents cross-linking of NAM-NAG peptidoglycan. Cell bursts due to osmotic pressure. Other examples: • Methicillin • Cephalosporins  ⸻ Cell Membrane Disruption Examples: • Polymyxin • Daptomycin • Colistin Mechanism: Creates pores causing leakage.  ⸻ Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Example: Tetracycline Mechanism: Blocks 30S ribosomal subunit. Other examples: • Erythromycin • Azithromycin • Chloramphenicol  ⸻ DNA / RNA Inhibitors Example: Fluoroquinolones Examples: • Ciprofloxacin • Levofloxacin Mechanism: Inhibit DNA gyrase. ⸻ Metabolic Pathway Inhibitors Example: Sulfa drugs Block folic acid synthesis. Example drug: Bactrim.  ⸻ Drugs for Eukaryotic Pathogens ⸻ Antifungals Examples: • Fluconazole • Amphotericin B • Azoles Target ergosterol in fungal membranes. ⸻ Antiprotozoal Drugs Examples: • Metronidazole • Chloroquine ⸻ Antihelminthic Drugs Examples: • Pyrantel • Mebendazole • Ivermectin  ⸻ Antiviral Drugs Targets: • Viral attachment • Viral transcription/translation • Viral assembly or release Examples: Acyclovir Blocks viral DNA replication. Tamiflu Prevents influenza virus release.  ⸻ HIV Drugs Target steps in HIV replication: 1 Reverse transcriptase 2 Integrase 3 Protease 4 Viral attachment Combination therapy prevents resistance. ⸻ Antibiotic Resistance ⸻ How Resistance Develops • Mutation • Natural selection • Overuse of antibiotics ⸻ Mechanisms of Resistance • Drug-destroying enzymes • Efflux pumps • Target modification • Reduced permeability  ⸻ CHAPTER 13 — MICROBIOTA ⸻ Normal Microbiota Microorganisms living on body surfaces without causing disease. Examples from slides: Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis Gut: Escherichia coli Breast milk microbes: • Bifidobacterium • Lactobacillus • Streptococcus • Clostridium  ⸻ Benefits of Microbiota • Produce vitamins • Digest food • Stimulate immune system • Produce neurotransmitters • Prevent pathogen colonization  ⸻ Dysbiosis Imbalance in microbiota. Associated diseases: • Diabetes • Obesity • Cancer • Asthma • Allergies • Heart disease  ⸻ Microbiota Development Microbiota develop: 1 During birth 2 Through breast milk 3 Environmental exposure Stable microbiome forms by age 3. ⸻ Probiotics vs Prebiotics Probiotics: Live microbes that improve microbiota. Example: Yogurt. ⸻ Prebiotics: Food that feeds beneficial microbes. Examples: • Garlic • Onions • Asparagus • Agave • Artichokes  ⸻ Fecal Microbiota Transplant Transfer of microbiota from healthy donor. Used for: Clostridioides difficile infections Success rate: 70–90%.  ⸻ Virulence Factors Examples: Adhesion structures: Capsules, fimbriae Exoenzymes: Hyaluronidase Coagulase Biofilms increase resistance.  ⸻ Toxins ⸻ Exotoxins Secreted protein toxins. Examples: • Cytotoxins • Neurotoxins • Enterotoxins ⸻ Endotoxins Found in gram-negative bacteria. Example: LPS containing lipid A. Effects: • Fever • Inflammation • Shock  ⸻ CHAPTER 14 — EPIDEMIOLOGY ⸻ Epidemiology Study of disease frequency, distribution, and control in populations.  ⸻ Epidemiological Terms Index case: First identified patient. Incidence: Number of new cases. Prevalence: Total existing cases. Mortality rate: Deaths in a population. Case fatality rate: Deaths among infected individuals.  ⸻ Disease Occurrence Sporadic: Random cases. Endemic: Constant presence. Outbreak: Localized increase. Epidemic: Large regional increase. Pandemic: Worldwide epidemic.  ⸻ Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Common examples: • CAUTI Catheter-associated urinary tract infection • CLABSI Central line bloodstream infection • Surgical site infections • Ventilator associated infections  ⸻ Causes of HAIs • Low patient immunity • Antibiotic resistant organisms • Invasive procedures • Healthcare worker transmission Example: Healthcare workers moving between patients.  ⸻ Prevention of HAIs • Medical asepsis • Surgical asepsis • Universal precautions • Infection control officers Examples: • Needlestick precautions • Surface decontamination • Barrier protection  ⸻ If you want, I can also give you the 20–30 questions your professor is MOST likely to put on the exam from these slides. Micro professors tend to repeat the same exact conceptual questions every semester, and your slides have some really obvious ones.

Hospital and Injury

(2) TOURISM & HOSPITALITY MARKETING (LESSON 5)

(2) TOURISM & HOSPITALITY MARKETING (LESSON 2)

(2) TOURISM & HOSPITALITY MARKETING (LESSON 1)

Motivational Factors and the hospitality industry

BMET- Regulations in a hospital environment

BMET: Hospital departments and Medical Devices

BMET: Regulation in the Hospital Environment, basically various AOs you should know

Partie 14 : L'agressivité et l'hostilité (Aggressiveness and hostility) Cartes | Quizlet

hospital, Diseases & Symptoms

Health Alterations Class 1- Child development and impact of hospitalization

Hospital

Week 10 Mrs. Adams, In the Hospital

Class 18: Vaccine hesitancy