Results for "hanging"

Activity 1: Wet Mount and Hanging Drop

Sports & Exercise Science Lectures History of Sport and Exercise Science, highlighting relevance of training principles today. • Historian part of speaker finds interest in history of Sport and Exercise Science. Sport and exercise science history and its evolution. • Sport Science: Systematic approach to understanding factors relating to sports performance. • Exercise Science: Systematic approach to understanding how the human body responds to physical activity. • Agriculture led to sedentary lifestyle and exercise became a way to combat it (0:03:14) • Ancient Chinese philosophers like Confucius and Hippocrates advocated for exercise as a means of maintaining health (5000 years ago) Exercise science history, including Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical sketches and early physiology experiments. • Leonardo da Vinci (1500s) made accurate anatomical sketches, discovering heart as muscle pump and nervous system hierarchy. • William Harvey (1600s) discovered blood circulation in one direction, and Boyle (1600s) found Boyle's law, which explains breathing mechanism. • Johan Bernoulli (1700s) developed mathematical models to explain muscle mechanics, using tractors to investigate muscle contractions. • James Lin discovered the origins of scourgia by inviting vitamin C-rich food, with great success. • Anton Laviesia named oxygen and recognized hydrogen as an element, and his experiments on human respiration led to a better understanding of metabolism and nutrition. Note Sport and Exercise Science sub-disciplines and their roles in sport and clinical contexts. • Sport and Exercise Science sub disciplines explore roles in sporting and clinical contexts (psychologists, biomechanics, nutritionists, strength coaches, physiologists, performance analysts) • Accredited Exercise Physiologists provide individualized exercise programs for high-risk populations (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal conditions, injuries) Exercise physiology and biomechanics in sports. • Exercise physiologist specializes in prescribing exercise for patients with chronic diseases or injuries. • Sports physiologist studies the physiological demands of sports and advises athletes on training and competition. • Biochemist analyzes technique and injury mechanisms in sports, measuring mechanical loads and risk assessments. Improving athletic performance through strength training and conditioning. • Unknown Speaker discusses biomechanics and jumping throws, using a three-mesh Castle system to measure angles, velocities, and selections of throwing motion. • Strength and conditioning coach works with athletes to improve strength, power, speed, fitness, acceleration, agility, endurance, and flexibility. • Coach designs programs to reduce injury risk, optimize recovery, and deliver rehab programs in conjunction with medical staff for injured athletes. Motor control, learning, and performance in sports. • Motor control specialists focus on learning, performing, and retaining motor skills over time. • Sport psychologists help athletes overcome barriers to optimal performance, using techniques like visualization and mindfulness. Sports dietitians' role in optimizing athletes' health, performance, and nutrition. • Sports dietitians tailor nutritional strategies for athletes to optimize health, performance, and body composition. • Dietitians recommend food first approach and supplements when necessary, and provide individualized advice and hydration stations. • Unknown Speaker discusses six specialist supplements in Sport and Exercise Science, including nutrition (12:30) • Speaker shares insights on interdisciplinary approach to high performance in surfing, with focus on strength conditioning and sport science (14:45) Functional Anatomy an understanding of how to use a correct terms to describe movement interaction, understand major bones, muscles, joints, and how they work together in human movement, and begin to develop the ability to form a movement. Analysis of exercise and supporting tasks. Despite in this lecture, if you're unfamiliar with anatomy, it might require a second viewing. Beautiful lecture is the ability to stop review. If you require any further help with the content, please reach out to your tutor. So the first thing I understand in anthropical language is that whenever we refer to position or something, we're referring to it in its position when in the anatomical position. So this is the standardized position of the body where it is always direct and facing forwards, with the palms of the side of the body, toes and palms of the hands facing forwards. Having a standard anatomical position is crucial to reference and describe the relationship of body sequence to one another when it is anatomical position. There are three COVID plans from which we can view or segment the body that is essential, frontal and reverse plastics. So the station plane, or the median plane, is the side on view of the body, meaning you see a profile of the person. The frontal plane is also called the corona plane, and there's the view we get between directly at the front or back of the body. And finally, the transverse plane, also called the horizontal plane, is the birds of view of the body. There generally can be from the ground up as well, right, if it's never nearly achieved. And the other understand that the body can be viewed in three different planes. It's relatively straightforward to understand that rotational movement also occurs in each of these three axes. So this is called an axis of rotation, and is essentially an imaginary line about which any rotational movement occurs perpendicular to that Cardinal plane of action, just like the anatomical position and Cardinal planes allow us to describe the relative positions with different body parts. So it doesn't understand axis of rotation allows us to constantly describe human movement. However, most movements of human body typically occur about two or more axes of rotation, which makes the analysis of human movement far more challenging. So you think about the 3x Y and Z plane take elbow flexion like a bicycle. When view from front and the front plane, it looks like the forearm hand is simply moving up towards the face, open, viewed side on from the sagittal plane, you see that the forearm hand also moving away from the body and then back towards the body as it goes through that arc. Movement. This way to understand all three other anatomical positions, the counter planes and the axes of rotation, to be able to accurately describe pure movement. So now we can consider best view in his plans. So in the anatomical position, the most common actually the rotation between the SAP flexion and extension. And we'll go through that few slides for now. Include flexion and extension at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, trunk, hip, knee and ankle. At the ankle. It's also referred to as dorsi flexion and plantar flexion, rather than flexion extension. Multi joint actions can involve both. So kicking your foot forwards involve flexing the hip, swinging forward and extending in the knee. Some of that actually rotation. Best views in the frontal plane include adduction and abduction at the shoulder and hip, lateral flexion at the neck and trunk, as well as radial and ulna deviation at the wrist and diversion and inversion at the ankle. And this is why I move the mechanism, which can result in raw ego the arm actually in breast stroke. Swing is adduction, kicking a stop or the ring forward involved adduction of the hip. Two legs coming together are being added so that's adduction. When the arm is being taken away from the body, it is being abducted. It's been taken away. Finding the transverse plane. Some of the best view axes of rotation and movements include internal and external rotation of the shoulder and hip, and horizontal adduction and abduction for the shoulder and the forearms, pronation and supination and neck and trunk rotation. Each of these three slides are diagrams. Highlight the movements just went through. The next slide go through the names of these moves and what the actions are. Flexion and extension refer to increasing and decreasing the angle in the frontal plane. So for instance, elbow flexion is raising your forearm and hand, while extension is lowering back down. This is truthfully all flexion extension, except for the ankle, which you remember dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. So dorsiflexion refers to moving the top of the foot towards the leg, and plant deflection is away from the leg towards the ground. I find this easier to remember using your plan to flexion as the movement required to step on a plane with your toes. Adduction. And adduction refer to moving away or towards the central plane. Next is protraction and retraction. This is moving something forward or patterns. And a good example is the second level of shoulder blades. When you pull your shoulder blades back and away. This is attraction. Protraction is the opposite elevation and depression. Can be also thought of with regarding the shoulder is raising, like in a shrug, while depression is lowering back down another shoulder blade sample is upward and downward rotation, with upward rotation referring to the rotational movement around access to a point superior and downward rotation, maybe opposite. Medium and lateral rotation referred to rotating toward or away from midnight. So the arms hanging medial rotation is internal rotation of your arm, the shoulder towards midnight, and external or lateral rotation being back away from midnight. Pronation suppression has special terms for forearm movement. With a forearm rotation to have your palm facing upward in an anatomical position in front of supreme and the back of your hands facing forward into pronation. We can also use these terms of the foot, but they are known as inversion, meaning the sole of the foot faces towards mid level E version, when the solar foot rolls away from the middle. Our last two terms, especially with the circumduction, referring to the combination of flexion and attention abduction and medial lateral rotations, and often we could curtain rally, but when we move up arms or legs, it's usually not in a single plane through a multiple plane with multiple positive move and social conduction despises. Now opposition is the movement of bringing tips of your fingers and thumb together. And the reason we also have possible thumbs are very useful with lasers pick up items. Here is a diagram illustrating protraction, retraction, elevation and depression, these lines of upper rotation and downward rotation. So on this slide is a consolidated view of some special actions that only currently in places. So we've got scapular to demonstrate protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, plus upward and downward rotation. You can see that you can invert or divert the ankle. In running terms, we can talk about pronation as collapsing inwards during foot strike, which means I saw the foot faces away from midline. Next is illustrate example of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion and ankle, and define this example of protraction, retraction, elation and depression of the Mandal which is the lower jaw bone. So you would think that with each member of the move toward or away from the midline, or up versus down, all these things, or have anatomical terms to solve the time in terms of the direction of body. So anterior and posterior refer to the front and back of the body in atomic position. You also call them ventral end dorsal, and think of dorsalism, but the dorsal is the dorsal fin on the back, mostly we refer to as anterior and posterior. Superior and inferior refer to the directions towards the head or towards the feet, while medial and lateral refer to the direction towards the midline or away from midline in a sideways direction, approximately distal, our special tendencies to refer to the relative positioning of something compared to another landmark. So if something is distal, it refers to sides located away from a specific area, most often the center of body, and for instance, the hand is visible to the elbow. Proximal refers to sites located towards a specific area, so the COVID The elbow is proximal to the hand. The term distal, or is maximum or distance or proximal indicates proximity. Now last terms are superficial and deep, which require you to think in three days. So something that's superficial is close to the surface or the skin of the body, or something that's deep is away from so muscles are deep to the skin, but superficial to bone. So many of these will become important when we talk about anatomy, as certain structures can be proximal or anterior or superficial to other structures. The human anatomy is built around the scaffolding of the split system. So this slide shows you in the structure an anatom. We're not going to go through that in this lecture for this electron. Functional anatomy is more important than understand the function of the skeleton that bones make up, beyond just being the strong structure holding us together, the way the bones fit together and serve as attachment points for the ligaments, tendons and muscles, serves to allow various movements of the body that we've already discussed. The skeleton by the rib cage also protects wild organs, while the internal structure of the bone allows for the storage of minerals and production of new blood cells. We wouldn't have any of the functional movements we've discussed so far without having a skeleton to support these movements. There are 206, bones in the human body. We don't need to learn them all, but we're certainly discussing some of them in this unit. So basic understanding of the major structure of the skeleton is important, and you can use this as a reference for some of those major bones. In this particular image, the green bones represent the actual skeleton, and the non green turn the perpendicular skeleton thanks to better understand how movement can occur in the body. Is cartilage, which is a stiff but flexible connective tissue found in many applications throughout the body. So cartilage is composed of specialized cells called corona sites. They produce a large amount of extracellular matrix. So cartilage can be classified as three types. We have hyaline cartilage, which forms a smooth surface on articular joint surfaces, with Fibro cartilage that is a part of form of cartilage found at sites such as the pubic symphysis. And you've got elastin cartilage, which can be found in here. Cartilage doesn't actually contain blood vessels instead, the chondrocytes are supplied by diffusion, which is helped by the pumping action generated by the compression of articulate cartilage or flexion of the elastic charge. So because it doesn't have a blood supply, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly, which is why cartilage injuries are so slow to healing athletes and and often require arthroscopic surgery, which are inelastic but flexible bands of connective tissue that attached, attached two bones together so they enhance joint stability by maintaining the alignment of bones and limiting range of motion. Those are the two primary functions keep bone and enhancement stability. The most common injuries involve involving into sprains, which means over stretching and tearing of the fibers, and they can be quite slow to heal. So if we bring that together, we get a joints so these facilitate the movers that we discussed at the front of this lecture, per muscular structure, joined by the ones, separate by cartilage. The form joints, which used to be also called articulations. There are three types of classifications of joint. So we have fibrous joints, which are bound by dense connective tissue. And these are joints in the scale, and they really don't move much. You have a catalyst joint, which, as the name suggests, is a joint with fibrous cartilage separating two bones, such as the symphysis, pubis and the ribs. And again, they don't move very much. And then finally, we have synovial joints, which are bound by a joint capsule in containing ligaments and muscles to allow them to occur. And these are the ones with most interesting in this lecture. So not only a synovial joints most interesting for me, but also the most common type of joint. So the articulate capsule, which surrounds synovial joint forms a kind of SAC around the joint. And so there's also synovial membrane inside the articulate capsule, which secretes synovial fluid, and this lubricates the articular cartilage of the joint services, similar to enjoy car lubricating the moving parts. It also nourishes the joint structure, and it can act as a shock absorber, distributing the stress evenly across the articular surface. So all of this combines to allow for smooth fluid movement joints, and usually without needing an oil change during your lifetime, as we've already gone over, the bones with the joints are held together by ligaments. But what we haven't talked about here is the joints can also contain something else called a bursa, which we'll discuss a bit later. So even though synovial joints are major type of joint, they can also be classified with various types of synovial joints. So we have plain joints, which can be found in the joints between the vertebral articulating surfaces. We've got hinge joints such as the elbow or the knee. We have pivot joints such as the ulnar and radius. We have COVID joints in the fingers. We have several joints, which is the thumbnail and sub joint, such as the hip and joint. Okay, so this is a very useful slide for a reference for various locations where these joints can be found. As I mentioned before, we have bursa which can sometimes occur with some synovial joints. These are small sacks of fibrous tissue filled with synovial fluid, and they are found where different parts move over one another in the body, and they help reduce friction within the joint. So these mostly occur with bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons, over later, and will rub together. If a person comes in flames, it can lead to an injury you might have heard for bursitis, where the bursar releases too much fluid and the joint gets very swollen, and they can make movement difficult. So burst sit around tendons, and so that's the next structure that we look at. So tendons are tough but flexible bands of tissue that attach muscle to bone and help facilitate movement. So like many fibrous structures we've already discussed, they have a limited blood supply, which makes healing and repair slow. Some common tenderness injuries, which are strains or over stretching. Can be a tenderpathy or tenderloin, which is a result of inflammation, and tenderlois, which is a chronic inflammatory condition. Lastly, we have the muscles, and as with the bones, you'll do need to understand some of the basic muscles of the body, but for the for this functional anatomy component, we'll just talk about the functions of the skeleton worker. So essentially, our muscles control our posture. They provide support for the soft tissues in the body. They allow the body to store energy to use during movement exercise. They can guard entrances and agents in the body, and they also produce heat to allow us to regulate our body temperature. When muscle is contracted, it pulls on the tendon of the muscle, which in turn is connected to the bones, bone, and then we get the movement. So the way in which that occurs in a single muscle cell fiber is made up of many myofibrils, which can make up any starters. So within the start of me there's actin and myosin filaments, and that's called an actin mycin cross bridge. And they slide past and pull each other closer together or further to control the movement. So whilst we're over the 700 muscles in the body, here's a list of some of the major muscles that we'll refer to, and you'll cover it in a different unit, but certainly will be exposed as many of these throughout the labs. So reaching the end of this lecture, we now have to use the knowledge from this lecture to answer some applied problems. So during stationary cycling, what plane or planes of movement is this exercise occurring? So what axis of rotation is movement occurring? So we will need to look at a sporting movement or an exercise and describe it in its proper anatomical terms, so not always as simple as stationary cycling. So take this diagonal Wood Chop exercise as an example. This is still quite a basic movement. If there are multiple axes of rotation occurring through multiple planes involving many joints, bones and muscles. And even in a more complex example, we can go to Goldsmith and see movement across multiple axes of rotation of all three planes. For example, the frontal plane, we can see abduction and abduction, as well as inversion and inversion. In the Sagitta plane, we can see flexion and extension in the medial lateral axis. On the transverse plane, we can see rotation around the longitudinal latches. Many real world supporting movements will be like this, involving a complex coordination of many movements across many planes. We will work through all of these in the labs. So to be able to describe all of these different actions using proper environmental terminology, I highly recommend you start the voting time to study with most of your three credit point units. You'll find that towns a week is allocated for full time state, only four hours of that is lectures and labs, which leaves the rest of your time for state. So please use that time, why is it, this particular left of today on functionality, you may have many questions about plans of movement anatomical terms. I'm trying to write them down, bring them to the lab so that we can speak to your tuners about their experiences with learning this material. Thanks for watching this lecture. Body compostion In this lecture, we will cover body composition, the different types of tissue in the human body, and how these are distributed, measured and the impact on our health. of this lecture, you'll have an understanding of the components of body composition and implications of body composition on health. So body composition is the general term that refers to the relative amounts of tissue types of the body, generally related to fat and fat free mass. It is expressed as a percentage of body fat. There are general classifications of body composition, from underweight to severely obese. Body Composition is related to general health and can also have an impact on supporting performance. The assessment of body composition can be used to monitor lifestyle interventions. There are optimal ranges for health and exercise. Professionals administer different Exercise and Nutritional strategies to influence body composition. There any correlations between risk of chronic disease and body position, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, some cancers, hyperlipidemia is more commonly referred to as high cholesterol, but encompasses several blood lipids. Body Mass Index is one measure of obesity as a relationship between height and weight. On this low we can see the relative risk of type two diabetes starts increasing rapidly between BMI 25 to 30, which is Catia crisis, overweight, and beyond, which is obese. We can see on the right side that the same relationship holds true for many forms of cancer. Delicately, this pilot, diabetes and cancer can be thought of as lifestyle diseases, and that body composition is one factor which is correlated with the risk of these diseases. Here we can see the five different lenses through which to view body composition. So at the time level, we mostly hydrogen and oxygen, the word elements on a carbon skeleton with trace elements making it the rest. At the molecular level, we mostly water with fats, proteins and minerals making up the remainder. At the cellular level, where you predominantly cell mass, extra cellular solids, that's ECS, that ECF is extra cellular fluids and fat. And functionally, which we're most often interested is joint modify is muscle and fat, and then other substances like blood and bone. So within the functional assessment of body composition, there are a number of different models that can be used to describe body composition. As we can see, whether we're using a two, three or four component model, the common factor is fat mass. So different techniques are required for different analyzes, but most techniques can identify fat mass or a fat percentage analysis. So while fat is a common denominator between these different assessments of body composition, there are still different types of fat. So optimal fat is critical for optimal health. It is necessary for healthy cell and system function. At the minimum, it's 3% for men and 12% for women. Fat can be stored under the skin, known as subcutaneous or visceral fat, and deeper fat around the organs. It's the visceral fat that can be the dangerous for health due to its proximity to the organs. Here are a number of different ranges for recommended levels of body fat, but broadly speaking and optimum body fat percentage could be generalized to be between eight and 35% if you're unsure what these different levels of body fat look like, This slide provides a rough depiction of how body shapes change with increasing levels of body fat. For similar levels of body fat percentage, there are different fat distributions referred to as Android fat, or going away fat core locally there's the apple or pear body shape. The Android shape is more associated with health risk as the fat is stored around the organs. So humans are becoming increasingly overweight innovative. This is due to a number of reasons, but it can be summarized simply, as we are consuming more of energy. As wealth increases and high energy convenience foods become more prevalent, we're also burning less and less energy as tasks which were typically performed manually and burned like calories, and they are performed by technology machines. So this combination of more energy being consumed and less being burned has resulted in an explosion in obesity that's particularly in wealthy first world countries, and with that, an increase in preventable chronic diseases. So as many physical characteristics, there is a genetic component, and there are rare forms of obesity that are result of gene mutations which influence appetite or energy homeostasis. However, given that human genetics have changed little in the past 50 years, and obesity rates have increased significantly, the impact of genes on obesity are quite small. Instead, lifestyle choices driving the change in obesity rates, the magnitude of chronic health conditions associated with obesity are large, expensive and largely preventable, so being overweight has been demonstrated to impact cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, hypertension and type two diabetes. Type Two Diabetes is a situation where the body becomes resistant to insulin. Type one diabetes is an unable genetic condition that usually in young people, where the body cannot produce insulin. Being overweight or obese can impact sleep as we naturally, plays a critical role in physical and mental health. However, it's not only being overweight that has health implications. Being underweight can also carry significant risks. In women, it can lead to menstrual abnormalities and associated health complications with that. In women, it can lead to osteoporosis. So that's a condition characterized by weaker bones, which makes it more susceptible to fracture. But physiologists and dietitians can calculate metabolic rate using equations to determine the basal metabolic rate, that's the minimum energy required to maintain physiological function, so it is dependent upon age, gender and body mass. Resting metabolic rate can still be calculated, and it's similar, but it's measured under different conditions. This is important because knowing the metabolic rate consists professionals to prescribe nutrition and exercise, inventions to manage body composition. So once we know roughly how much energy a person needs to function at rest, we can apply an activity factor to this BMR to determine daily energy requirements, in total, to maintain weight, and use this as a guide to monitor nutritional intake, to manage weight. So in summary, body composition is the compartmentalization of body tissues. Body fat is essential for health, but there is an optimal range and lifestyle choices impact body composition. So overweight and obesity has a range of adverse health risks, and likewise, underweight is also the health risk. Exercise professionals look at the energy requirements and we can calculate those to help us by nutrition and exercise interventions to help people with weight, composition. ANTHROPOMETRY we will build on understanding of body composition and the means available for body composition assessment. By the end of this lecture today, you will understand how to measure and interpret body composition using both field and lab based methods. So assessment methods for many physical tests, including anthropogenic can be divided into field based tests and lab based tests. Generally speaking, field tests are more simple, quicker and cheaper to administer, but can lack the accuracy and sometimes the detail of lab methods. Lab methods, on the other also, are far more accurate, of the more expensive compared to field tests have much tighter testing protocols involving more time, and they make them more challenging to administer to administer. Two groups, we'll go through some of these assessments. Now, with all testing, there are protocols to ensure there are reliability to test. So for height and weight, an example would be weighing someone with shoes off for the first time and then shoes on the next time will result in increasing weight. That's the weight of their shoes, but we could mistakenly conclude that they'd increase weight. So an easy way to avoid confusion with all their testing protocols is to have standardized testing. So with for height, we would remove shoots, we would stand straight and have the feet together. On this last point, think about the difference in height of a couple of centimeters, and the difference between your feet together and your feet wide apart. For body weight, ideally, your point is in minimal clothing, which is not always convenient or comfortable, but something that we should consider for if we're doing some athlete populations, particularly swims or water ball athletes, we're trying to get them with straight from the pool where they have weight here, because that would affect the measurement as well. Body mass index, or BMI, is a common method to non invasively assess body composition in terms of overweight and absent, using just height and weight. So it is based on the concept that individuals with lower body fat will have a lower BMI. However, that's not always accurate in the sense that a heavily muscular athlete can appear overweight or even obese, although they have a metabolically healthy tissue in terms of they have a lot of muscle mass. So here is an example of a classification table which outlines for adults, normal BMI, overweight, obesity and severe obesity would be based upon that relationship of height and weight. Though there's an illustration as discussed in BMI, it's very well researched, and there is really strong relationships between BMI and health complications, such as diabetes, hypertension, coronavisis, heart disease. So colitheasis is the formation of gallstones and hardened deposits within the fluid of the gallbladder, which is small organ under liver, Corona heart disease. So that's CHD. So this BMI chart doesn't even show obesity, which is a BMI over 30 under the risk of higher BMI through the range of normal and overweight as alluded to, BMI is a pretty useful tool for measuring antibiotic at the population level, as for most people, weight increases with percentage of body fat. However, it doesn't directly measure fat mass. Therefore at an individual level, it might not, might not necessarily be a great measure. So for example, if you lose three kilograms of muscle and gain three kilograms of fat to body mass index, let's say very muscley individuals are often considered overweight or obese, and the elderly can have non representative BMI due to age associated muscle atrophy or decreasing height. It's important to know the limitations of tests, as they will influence your interpretation and interventions. This involves another very common method to assess body fat. They are very important to measure. They are reliable and valid. However, they become slightly invasive because it provides some touching but there are a range of sites that can be used to make the testing a little bit more comfortable. It involves measuring the two layers of subcutaneous fat beneath the skin, and it can provide an estimation of some overall fatness. I talked about reliability. It can have a small error. There's small error associated with every test, but the more you practice, and if you're likely credited level one anthropometrist, you've practiced enough that your error is acceptably low. There's a number of different summation sites. You have seven sites, which provides a good overall view of the body, but sometimes it might only be three or four sites, and sometimes there's an site model as well. We'll be practicing involved in the lab. Whilst it appears a fairly straightforward practice, it is important to practice to get a feel of, first of all, to get an accurate landmark, because there are specific sites that we take a measure. Then also to get a feel of what an appropriate pinch is. So we don't get sometimes it's easy to pinch the muscle inside the sample, which gives it a bigger ring in a lower ring. And if all measures are always taken on the right side of the body, where they can, ideally, we carefully measure and mark the site with a permanent marker. I grabbed this info between the thumb, index finger, just to get a slight fold. We replace the calipers just below that pinch, hold for two seconds and then release. And we do multiple measures at the same site to get valid readings. Some of the sites that we take would be the medzilla, the abdominal, the thigh, triceps and biceps, and it's also subscapular, suprailiac, medial calf, and suppress Mala so there are several methods by the number of different sites, whether it's 34678, and each different summation has a conversion to body fat percentage. So it depends on the number of access sites you have. Some can be uncomfortable for some people. So then you have different samples that you can use to know that the formulas give you body density, but you need to use the serum equation to convert percent with a series a published researcher from the 60s, and it's not the Apple program on your phone. Here are some other methods that you can use to value to test my body fat. So based on the clients that you work with or the sporting organization, they may have a different protocol. So it's important that you're familiar with one specific requirements, and also important that you keep using the same protocol. You cannot compare a three site to a seven site. You compare the three side to three side, or a seven side to seven side. As far as assessments go, gith measurement is about as basic as it can get. However, the power and the surface of the test, it's easy to learn, it's easy to administer. It inexpensive, and the value of information and the relationships to health, it's actually a really good test. As well as the waste, there's also a full body assessment, which will involve measuring other areas. So it's really important to practice these you're entering someone else's physical zone. You're touching. It's a minimal touch, but you're still touching. So whilst trying to accurately place a tape and read small writings, it can be quite challenging, so it's really important to practice these you can also measure a mid thigh, thigh, forearm and cut. I stated earlier there was a waist to hip ratio, and given the low cost of the test, information value is incredibly high. Higher scores of waste relative to keep circumference indicates higher abdominal fat, which is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and that's the android or apple shape that we talked about in the previous lecture. There are optimal ranges, and there's risk related to waste to heat ratios. So this is some really important information for such a non invasive and simple test, but also laboratory tests which become more complicated and provide more detailed information. So these include the scans hydrostatic weight, air displacement and biological impedance, which we'll go through now. So a dual energy X ray, or DEXA, is a low radiation X ray scan of the entire body, which can estimate body fat and bone density. It has mass less radiation than an x ray, and it's able to identify fat and bone and it can actually provide excellent detail on fat mass and really important information on bone density. So that bone density so that bone density information is quite important for specific populations. It could also be done in conjunction with a more frequently performed field test. There's a comparison, because it's expensive for them and requires professional expertise. For example, The Sporting Club might do one test in their preseason as a really detailed assessment. At the same time, they'll do skin folds, and they'll use that skin fold comparison to Dexter skin to track their athletes with multiple skin fold assessments throughout the season. Hydrostatic weighing. This is where the subject is weighed on land, and then when they land fully submerged in water, and relies on the difference between underwater and out of water weights and the density of the body and water displacement. This is not as popular due to the non population scans, due to the inconvenience of being weighed underwater, and it requires the specialized equipment that subject must also exhale or their air and then remain underwater, which makes it a somewhat difficult process. There's also air displacement, which was used to overcome the need to submit some of the water, and also calculated based upon weight and air displacement. But again, it's less popular test because it's time consuming and expensive. And finally, we have bio electrical impedance analysis. Now, whilst you could argue that this is a field measure rather than a lab measure, it does require a specialized piece of equipment. So that's what's included here. This is where a low level current is passed through the body to estimate the body fat percentage, given that lean tissue contains more water than fat tissue, the level of resistance to the current, indicating that lean versus fatness. This is certainly much cheaper than other lab based methods that's not as reliable and only provides a general measure of body composition. It could also be influenced by hydration status and even moisture on hair and clothes. So whilst we understand we try standardize all our tests, we can see that there's more errors can be introduced into a b by a test. So in summary, body composition can be assessed by field or lab tests. The field tests are cheaper, they're quicker and but they're less accurate than lab the lab much more accurate, much more detailed, but they can be expensive. They're also prohibitive for large groups, because the time requirements for the streets protocols, BMI home weight only, and that has a great relationship to health risk. So does he have to weight ratio, girth OS detects remains the gold standard for body composition. It is a little more expensive regarding specialized equipment and harder to get body composition. Assessment for exercise and sports science professionals is a really important tool in the assessment toolbox, and this will form part of our labs where we get a lot of hands on experience, learning how to do girths and skin vaults, learning to I'm encourage you to be involved in the lab as much as possible, to practice these skills. Thank you for listening to today's lecture if you have any questions, please ask your tutors or send His names. Thanks

Skip to main content CloseBlackboard Learn NOMTHANDAZO DLADLA Activity Courses Calendar Messages Grades Tools Sign Out Privacy Terms Accessibility Menu Courses Skip to main content 2025_SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE 1 Course Faculty Ms. LINDI MANDA Instructor Details & Actions Course Description View the course description Progress Tracking On Class Collaborate Join session Attendance View your attendance Books & Tools View course & institution tools Course Content × LEARNING UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE People cannot, not connect Introduction The Social intelligence (SI) study is geared towards equipping learners to acquire the ability to cope well with others and sharpen their interpersonal practical skills (situational awareness, presence, authenticity, clarity and empathy [S.P.A.C.E.]) in order to succeed effectively in various settings (Albrecht 1930). The holistic model - S.P.A.C.E. used in this study is for outlining, determining, and advancing SI at personal level, and it‘s shared to offer guidelines on using it as an effective diagnostic formula and developmental tool for professional and personal success. This is customized from Karl Albrecht‘s work on Social Intelligence. S.P.A.C.E. – As a different kind of smart refers to: S – Situational awareness: knowledge of, attentive to and wise about various contexts and the stimuli they exert and the reactions that arise from such stimuli P - Presence: the manner in which a person affects individuals or groups through physical appearance, mood and demeanour, and body language and how he/she occupies space in an environment A – Authenticity: honesty and sincerity C – Clarity: ability to express one‘s thoughts, opinions, ideas, and intentions clearly; comprehension of the power of languages as a medium of thought and expression; and to use language in ways that meet their needs E – Empathy: ability to be truly aware and considerate of other peoples by tuning their feelings to those of the affected persons. Some questions that arise out of all this are: 1. Where does the concept of social intelligence fit into the field of engineering? 2. How does it apply in an engineer‘s job? 3. How does it apply to the way people work together? 4. Does it apply to the way teams accomplish their missions, to the way employees serve clients, and/or the ways in which bosses and employees interact? 5. Does it apply more broadly across the ―society‖ that exists in every established organization? This module consists of the two parts: Topic 1: Introduction to Social Intelligence It offers a theoretical background to social intelligence in general Topic 2: Social Intelligence and Engineering A discussion of social intelligence broadly built around interactive activities for students to develop the relevant 21st century graduate‘s skills. Introduction to Social Intelligence While you‘re born with your own intelligence or IQ, Social Intelligence is mostly learned. It is considered as the capacity to know oneself, others and things around them. SI develops from experience with others and learning from occurrences, mishaps and successes in social settings. Simply, social intelligence can be regarded as what‘s known as ―tact‖ or ―common sense‖ or even ―street marts.‖ While societies put a huge focus on book smarts and IQ, what‘s often overlooked is that, people‘s lives are largely influenced by their relationships with one another. Mistakenly, many still believe that a measurement of one‘s smartness is through books. Contrary, research has revealed that true intelligence isn‘t only about books smart but also about street smarts. Along with this; it has also been determined that building strong social relationships is worth the effort because of various benefits including the following: · Good relationships are effective for a person because they help to boost their immune system and therefore, assist in combating diseases. · Whenever one has healthy relationships, they will always have to talk to and so, help them deal with major sources of stress, health problems and depression which can be associated to loneliness and poor relationships. · Individuals‘ daily lives are affected by the relationships they have with their significant others, such as boyfriends, spouse, children, parents, colleagues and friends. There are various perspectives on social intelligence and two dominant views are of psychometric and personality, of which are contrary on many crucial points, such as comparative assessment of individuals, but they later agree in recent work on the development of social intelligence (for reviews, see Greenspan, 1979; Greenspan, 1997). Nevertheless, that is beyond the scope of this module. Here, the concentration is on helping students develop as possible as they can, rather than turning them into SI‘s experts. 1.1 The Nature of Social Intelligence The origin of its definition is traced back in 1920 to the psychologist, Edward Thorndike who claimed that it is ―the ability to understand and manage men and women and girls, to act wisely in human relations.‖ Later in the 1930s Moss and Hunt argued that social intelligence is ―the ability to get along with others.‖ Along with this, Vernon in 1930s also described it as being ―reflected in the general ability to get along with people in general, social technique or ease in society, knowledge of social matters and susceptibility to stimuli from other members of a group, as well as insight into the temporary moods or underlying personality traits of strangers.‖ Thus, according to these authors, social intelligence bears both the cognitive features (the ability to understand people) and practical features (ability to deal with and respond towards them). However, social intelligence is often confused with various intelligences such as emotional intelligence, collective intelligence or group intelligence. Perhaps, this influenced the follow up work by Gardner in the 1980s which looked at the model of multiple intelligences with intrapersonal and interpersonal as part of them. Accordingly, he argued that ―social intelligence allows people to take advantage of the resources of others. We are finding that much of people‘s effective intelligence is, in a sense, outside the brain. This means, you can use intelligence for other people, if you know how to reach it and how to use it. Therefore, the best strategy is to mobilize other people around you.‖ Gardner purported that interpersonal intelligence covers the ability to read other people‘s moods, motives and other mental states; and intrapersonal includes the ability to access and assess one‘s own feelings and to draw on them to guide behaviour. He also viewed as the basis of emotional intelligence (EI) with a greater focus on cognition and understanding than feeling. According to Ford and Tisak, social intelligence (SI) has both convergent and divergent validity, as a better predictor of behavioural measure of social effectiveness than academic intelligence. A glaring common agreement is that SI is the ability to effectively plan and direct complicated social relationships and social realities in various environments. Honeywill suggests that it can also be regarded as is ―an aggregated measure of self and social-awareness, evolved social beliefs and attitudes and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change.‖ Along this, Nicholas Humphrey claimed that SI defines human beings more than quantitative intelligence. In support, Gerdner indicated that SI is equivalent to interpersonal intelligence and also closely related to theory of mind. Combined proponents of SI agreed that it is distinct from general intelligence and may serve as a better predictor of behaviour. According to Zaccaro et al (1990) socially-intelligent individuals are aware of the social situation, including the problems and needs of others (social perceptiveness). They are also able to behave appropriately for different social situations (behavioral flexibility). Thus, these aspects can be seen through a) Social understanding and b) Situational-appropriate behaviour. Along with this, Kosmitzki and John described a socially intelligent person as the one who: · Understands people‘s thoughts, feelings and intentions well; · Is good at dealing with people; · Has extensive knowledge of the rules and norms in human relations; · Is good at taking the perspective of other people; · Adapts well in social situations; · Is warm and caring; and · Is open to new experiences, ideas and values. While embracing social intelligence, Salovey and Mayer in their work considered emotional intelligence as a part of social intelligence. According to them, it includes the ability to monitor feelings and emotions of themselves and others. It is the ability to distinguish between signals and use this information to manage thoughts and actions of others. Social intelligence is the ability to use emotional intelligence in social situations. It incorporates interaction with others and readiness to estimate the social situation around. However, Boyatzis and Sala purported that the problem in calling Social Intelligence as ‗intelligence‘ was to test it on the criteria of ‗intelligence‘. These researchers highlighted that, it had to be classified as an ‗intelligence‘, a concept should be: 1. Behaviourally observable 2. Related to biological and in particular neural-endocrine functioning. That is, each cluster should be differentiated as to the type of neural circuitry and endocrine system involved 3. Related to life and job outcomes 4. Sufficiently different from other personality constructs so that the concept adds value to understanding the human personality and behaviour 5. The measures of the concept, as a psychological construct, should satisfy the basic criteria for a sound measure, that is show convergent and discriminant validity. Accordingly, Goleman addressed this call by looking through biological research and focused on the neural endocrine functioning regards social intelligence. As a result, in his work he highlights that social intelligence is explains in terms of neurology and this fulfils Boyatsi‘s and Sala‘s need for social intelligence to qualify as an intelligence. Additionally, Albrecht expanded the research on multiple intelligences and identified that human beings have six basic dimension of intelligence. Among these, social intelligence is one of them, defined as ―Interacting successfully with others in various contexts‖, with a close term Emotional Intelligence defined as ―Self-insight and the ability to regulate or manage one‘s reactions to experience‖. In addition, Seal et al claimed that the term was defined as the behavioural manifestations of the interpersonal awareness of others‘ emotions, needs, thoughts, and perceptions as well as navigate the larger social environment and working with others. Goleman (2006) and Boyatzis and Goleman (2006) reclassified their array of competencies and clusters into two distinct aspects. The interpersonal clusters (social awareness and relationship management) were relabeled social intelligence (SI) competencies; and the intrapersonal clusters (self-awareness and self- management) were relabeled emotional intelligence(EI) competencies. The new term, emotional and social intelligence (ESI) helps to differentiate the behavioral manifestations of the intrapersonal awareness and management of emotions within the self (EI) from the behavioral manifestations of the interpersonal awareness of others’ emotions, needs, thoughts, and perceptions as well as navigate the larger social environment and working with others (SI). This integrated concept of ESI offers more than a convenient framework for describing human dispositions—it offers a theoretical structure for the organization of personality and linking it to a theory of action and job performance. This helped it get positioned as a competency as well. As, according to Boyatzis, a competency is an ―underlying characteristic of the person that leads to or causes effective or superior performance‖ therefore, an ESI competency got defined as an ability to recognize, understand, and use emotional information about oneself (EI) or others(SI) that leads to or causes effective or superior performance. The correlation of social and emotional intelligence approach is clearly reflected by Bar-On, who uses the concept of emotional and social intelligence. This model includes set of interrelated emotional and social competencies that determine how effectively we understand and express ourselves, how we understand and get along with other people and how we handle daily activities. In practice, they can complement each other as they complement to the abstract intelligence. Human being is a solid personality whose career is hardly separable from personal or family life. Emotional intelligence is essential for human life, because it helps to perceive, understand and manage emotions. It represents a personal, natural wisdom that allows him to live life joyfully, to overcome and solve everyday problems and achieve success. Social intelligence is the ability to relate to people, perceive social situations and properly interpret them and react accordingly. It is the ability to create harmonious interpersonal relationships and the ability to solve conflicts. One component cannot exist without the other. This definition can be elaborated to ―how people handle themselves and their relationships‖, according to Goleman, Boyatzis, & McKee. So, ESI is a set of competencies, or abilities, organized along two distinct aspect (emotional and social) in how a person: (a) is aware of himself/herself; (b) manages him/herself; (c) is aware of others; and (d) manages his/her relationships with others. Building upon and integrating the competency research, Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee presented a model of ESI with 18 competencies arrayed in four clusters and two aspects. Researcher Shaun identified socially intelligent people as: · They have confidence in social circumstances. · They have and demonstrate a genuine interest in their fellow beings. · They are capable of adapting, understanding and responding effectively. · They express their emotions and feelings clearly and appropriately with assertiveness. · They have an awareness of the internal and external locus of control. Karl Albrecht, around 2009, elaborated the five major dimensions of social intelligence as situational radar, presence/bearing, authenticity, clarity and empathy (can be seen as an acronym SPACE). 1. Situational Radar (Awareness): the ability to read situations, understand the social context and choose behavioral strategies that are most likely to be successful 2. Presence: the external sense of one‘s self that others perceive: confidence, bearing self- respect, and self-worth. 3. Authenticity: the opposite of being phony. Authenticity is a way of behaving which engenders a perception that one is honest with one‘s self as well as others. 4. Clarity: the ability to express one‘s self clearly, use language effectively, explain concepts clearly, and persuade with ideas. 5. Empathy: the ability to create a sense of connectedness with others; to get them on your wavelength and invite them to move with and toward you. In that decade, the consistent aspects of social intelligence among all researches were: the knowledge of the social situations, accurate interpretation of the social situation and the skills to behave appropriately in that social situation. Hopkins and Bilimoria opined that to be considered socially intelligent one has to be good at human relationships. Crowne defined it as the ability to interact effectively with others in any social situation. Emmerling and Boyatzis describe social intelligence competency as the ability to be aware of, understand and act on emotional information about others that leads to effective performance. Thus, what was proposed by Thorndike during the first half of the 1900s was initially perceived similarly as a single concept by fellow researchers. However, later others began to see social intelligence as a set of two personal intelligences, divided into interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences that include knowledge about oneself and others. Many scholars proposed a number of different ways to be socially intelligent. It has been thought of as the ability to accomplish interpersonal tasks and to act wisely in relationships. It has been seen as a capability that allows one to produce adequate behaviour for the purpose of achieving a desired goal. It is thought that SI involves being intelligent in relationships. Some researchers even believed that the social facets of intelligence may be as important as the cognitive aspects. However, most of them agreed that the Social Intelligence includes knowledge of the social situations and the skill to perceive and interpret the situations accurately, for leading one to successfully behave in the situation. In other words, it has always been seen as an ability to interact effectively with others. In an important research, Süd, Weis, & Seidel focused on more of a potential-based concept of SI, rather than behavior-based approaches and the broader concept of social competence (i.e., including both cognitive and non-cognitive abilities and skills). In the potential-based approach, SI encompasses only the cognitive abilities as necessary prerequisites for social competent behavior. Consequently, social competent behavior is part of the external criterion, not the construct. Social competent behavior, on the other hand, depends on cognitive (i.e., SI) and non-cognitive prerequisites (e.g., intentions, motivation, personality traits, values, norms, etc.). Thus, SI has been specified as a multidimensional cognitive ability construct that relies on an integrative model derived from a literature review. This model integrates both theoretical and operational definitions of SI. In its current version, the model distinguishes between the following cognitive ability domains and has been in part supported by data in a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) study by Weis and Süd in 2007. So SI is about five qualities: Social understanding (SU) also social inference, social interpretation, or social judgment)represents the ability to understand social stimuli against the background of the given social situation. It also includes diversely labeled requirements such as the recognition of the mental states behind words, the comprehension of observed behaviors in the social context in which they occur, and the decoding of social cues. Social memory (SM) represents the ability to store and recall objectively given social information that can vary in complexity. The concept of SM was originally introduced by Moss and also appeared in works of Sternberg, Conway, Ketron, and Bernstein as memory for names and faces. Social perception (SP) represents the ability to perceive socially relevant information quickly in more or less complex situations. SP is distinguished from SU by only relying on objectively present information in order to exclude interpretative requirements. Social flexibility (SF) is the ability to produce as many and as diverse solutions or explanations as possible for a social situation or a social problem. The concept was originally introduced in Guilford‘s (1967) structure of human intellect model in the domain of divergent production of behavioural contents. Social knowledge (SK) includes knowledge of social matters, the individuals‘ fund of knowledge about the social world, or knowledge of the rules of etiquette. Unlike the remaining dimensions, SK highly depends on the social values of the environment and is not considered as a pure cognitive dimension. 1.2 Social Brain Goleman reveals that human beings have specific structures in their brains built to optimize relationships: · A spindle cell:- is the fastest acting neuron in our brain that guides our social decisions. Human brains contain more of these spindle cells than any other species. · Mirror neurons:- help us predict the behaviour of people around us by sub-consciously mimicking their movements. This helps us feel as they feel, move as they move, etc. · When a man gets a look from a woman he finds attractive, his brain secretes dopamine–a chemical that makes us feel pleasure. 1.3 Key elements of social intelligence: · Verbal fluency · Conversational skills · Knowledge of social roles and rules, as well as scripts · Effective listening skills · Understanding of how to cope well with others · Role playing · Social self-efficacy · Management skills · Intercultural and multicultural skills There‘s a lot going on behind one‘s words. While one speaks, the brain takes in micro- expressions, voice intonations, gestures and pheromones. 1.3.1 Micro-expressions: - are brief, involuntary facial expressions shown on the face of humans according to emotions experienced: · Usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. · Occur when a person is consciously trying to conceal all signs of how they are feeling, or · When a person does not consciously know how they are feeling. · Unlike regular facial expressions, it is difficult/impossible to hide micro expression reactions. Micro-expressions cannot be controlled as they happen in a fraction of a second, but it is possible to capture someone's expressions with a high speed camera and replay them at much slower speeds. Micro-expressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, contempt, and surprise. 1.3.2Voice intonations: · is the variation of pitch when one speaks (variation of levels we speak with is crucial in how we express ourselves) · one of the elements of linguistic prosody · the most important element of accent · helps to craft music of the language · it also helps the listener to follow the nature of communication Gestures and pheromones: - Pheromones give you the edge with attraction. People perceive all sorts of interesting things about one another through olfaction. It feels pretty normal – when we want something we take it, right? I‘m feeling thirsty; I‘ll grab a drink. I‘m hungry; I‘ll pick-up a snack. But you know what? This isn‘t what you should do when you desire a partner. The foundation of pick-up or game is ACQUISITION—the NEED to ACQUIRE a girl or man. This is the absolute, unquestioned and accepted law of game. The whole pick-up framework is built upon this. Simply, they are stimuli that elicit a reaction. Accordingly, people who have high SI have a greater awareness of their proto- conversations. 1.3.3 The Proto-conversation Goleman identifies two aspects of proto-conversations: Social Awareness: Your response to others (the manner in which you do so is crucial) Primal Empathy: Sensing other other‘s feelings and putting yourself in theirshoes Attunement: Listening with full receptivity Empathic Accuracy: Understanding others‘ thoughts and intentions Social Cognition: Understanding the social world and the working of a webof relationships Social Facility: Knowing how to have smooth, effective interactions Synchrony: Interacting smoothly Self-presentation: Knowing how you come across Influence: Shaping the outcome of social interactions Concern: Caring about others‘ needs 1.3.4 Your Social Triggers Social awareness is the capability to reckon that people and places trigger different emotions and this affects our ability to connect. Think about a time you felt excited and energized by an interaction. Now think of a time when you felt drained and defeated after an interaction. Along this, Goleman presents a theory on how our brain processes social interactions: The Low Road is our instinctual, emotion-based way we process interactions. It‘s how we read body-language, facial expressions and then formulate gut feelings about people. The High Road is our logical, critical thinking part of an interaction. We use the high road to communicate, tell stories and make connections. Why are these important? The Low Road guides our gut feelings and instincts. For example, if people didn‘t come to your birthday parties as a kid, you might feel a pang of anxiety when thinking about your own birthday as an adult–even if you have plenty of friends who would attend. Your High Road tells you that you are a grown up and things have changed, but your Low Road still gives you social anxiety. I call these social triggers. You should be aware of your unconscious social triggers to help you make relationship decisions. Knowing your Low Road social triggers helps your High Road function. Here‘s how you can identify yours: What kinds of social interactions do you dread? Who do you feel anxious hanging out with? When do you feel you can‘t be yourself? 1.3.5 Your Secure Base Whether you are a cheerful extrovert or a quiet introvert, everyone needs space and a place to recharge. Goleman suggests that‘s a ―secure base.‖ This is a ritual place or an activity that helps one process emotions and occurrences. A secure base is helpful for two main reasons. 1. It gives one a place to recharge before interactions so they don‘t get burnt out. 2. It helps one process and learn from each social encounter. 3. You can improve your Social Intelligence, you just need to prioritize it. Broken Bonds One of the biggest pitfalls in social intelligence is a lack of empathy. Goleman calls these Broken person treats Bonds. Philosopher Martin Buber coined the idea of the ―I-It‖ connection which happens when one another like an object as opposed to a human being. Imagine you have just lost a family member. You get a phone call from a friend offering condolences. Immediately you sense the obligation of the caller. They are distracted, you can hear the typing of keys in the background. Their wishes are cold, memorized and insincere. The call Case study: Cynthia receives an email from her friend, Joyce, every 60 days to grab lunch. Joyce‘s emails are always similar. When Cynthia realized the similarity in the emails, she started to think of herself as Joyce‘s ―calendar alert‖ that Joyce had set-up. Cynthia went low thinking as merely an item on Joyce‘s to do list. Cynthia analyzed that Joyce felt she ‗should‘ do lunch to keep in touch. But this led to their lunches to be perfunctory, predictable and boring to Cynthia. So, Cynthia stopped saying yes to grabbing lunch with her friend. · Don‘t interact because you feel that you ‗should.‘ · Say no to obligations if you can. · Interact with empathy or don‘t interact at all. 2. Positively Infectious When someone smiles at you, it‘s hard not to smile back. The same goes for other facial expressions. When your friend is sad and begins to tear up, your own eyes will often get moist. Why? These are your mirror neurons in action–part of your Low Road response to people. ―Hang out with people whose moods you want to catch. ―If moods are catching, gravitate towards people who will infect you with the good ones‖ 3. Adopt to Adapt Empathy works in such a way that one‘s Low Road automatically mirrors the people around them. Our brain copies the people around us, so we feel as they feel. This in turn helps us understand them, where they are coming from and even be better at predicting their reactions. ―Many paths of the low road run through mirror neurons. The neurons activate in a person based on something that is experienced by another person in the same way is experienced by the person himself. Whether pain (or pleasure) is anticipated or seen in another, the same neuron is activated.‖ makes you feel worse, not better.-Goleman, 41 4. Beware the Dark Triad Goleman shares the dark triad of people: · The narcissistic personality is when someone has an inflated view of themselves, a huge ego and a sense of entitlement. · The Machiavellian personality is when someone is manipulative and consistently exploits the people around them. · The psychopath personality is someone who is impulsive, remorselessness and extremely selfish. Goleman summarizes the dark triad motto as: Others exist to adore me. 5. Mindblind Mindblind is the inability to sense what is happening in the mind of someone else. The key to mindsight is compassion. ―In short, self-absorption in all its forms kills empathy, let alone compassion. When we focus on ourselves, our world contracts as our problems and preoccupations loom large. But when we focus on others, our world expands. Our own problems drift to the periphery of the mind and so seem smaller, and we increase our capacity for connection – or compassionate action.‖ – Goleman, 54 Goleman claims that people are wired for altruism. People are inherently good. However, sometimes they forget how good it makes them feel to be good. Dr. Baron-Cohen devised something called the Empathy Quotient. This is a quiz to test your empathy levels. While he devised the test for adults on the Aspergers or Autism Spectrum, but this quiz has been found to be very helpful. 6. A People Prescription ―The most striking finding on relationships and physical health is that socially integrated people, those who are married, have close family and friends, belong to social and religious groups, and participate widely in these networks, recover more quickly from disease and live longer. Roughly eighteen studies show a strong connection between social connectivity and mortality.‖ – Goleman, 247. 1.3.6 Synthesis of ways to develop your social intelligence: How to develop social intelligence? According to Goleman ―friends make you healthy;‖ healthy happy life is positive relationships. Your partner, friends, colleagues and children, support your soul as well as our immune system. This has been realized through studies that have found that kinds words, physical touch, a song from childhood improve the vital signs of the sick and even fatally ill. Therefore, investing in your relationships is worth the effort. Simply put, following are ways in which you can develop your social intelligence: · Willingness and dedication to learn · Paying more attention to social happenings around you · Develop yourself to be a better speaker · Networking · Try to listen more to others (active listening) · Inquisitiveness to know more about social situations · Learn more about your own behaviour · Acquire knowledge on social successes and failures 1.3.7 Let’s look at the kinds of smart for you to be to figure that out and answer: Gardner, a developmental psychologist and Harvard professor name, developed in the 80s and 90s. In his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Gardner developed the approach that intelligence is spectrum composed of different kinds of minds and therefore people learn, remember, and understand in different ways. He initially listed 7 types of intelligences, and later added the 8th (naturalist). This is what it looks like: 1. Visual-Spatial Intelligence People who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are good at visualizing things. These individuals are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures. Strengths Visual and spatial judgment Characteristics People with visual-spatial intelligence: · Read and write for enjoyment · Are good at putting puzzles together · Interpret pictures, graphs, and charts well · Enjoy drawing, painting, and the visual arts · Recognize patterns easily Potential Career Choices If you're strong in visual-spatial intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Architect · Artist · Engineer 2. Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence People who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to use words well, both when writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading.1 Strengths Words, language, and writing Characteristics People with linguistic-verbal intelligence: · Remember written and spoken information · Enjoy reading and writing · Debate or give persuasive speeches · Are able to explain things well · Use humour when telling stories Potential Career Choices If you're strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Writer/journalist · Lawyer · Teacher 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence People who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems. These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, relationships, and patterns.4 Strengths Analyzing problems and mathematical operations Characteristics People with logical-mathematical intelligence: · Have excellent problem-solving skills · Enjoy thinking about abstract ideas · Like conducting scientific experiments · Can solve complex computations Potential Career Choices If you're strong in logical-mathematical intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Scientist · Mathematician · Computer programmer · Engineer · Accountant 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be good at body movement, performing actions, and physical control. People who are strong in this area tend to have excellent hand-eye coordination and dexterity. Strengths Physical movement, motor control Characteristics People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: · Are skilled at dancing and sports · Enjoy creating things with his or her hands · Have excellent physical coordination · Remember by doing, rather than hearing or seeing Potential Career Choices If you're strong in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Dancer · Builder · Sculptor · Actor 5. Musical Intelligence People who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in patterns, rhythms, and sounds. They have a strong appreciation for music and are often good at musical composition and performance. Strengths Rhythm and music Characteristics People with musical intelligence: · Enjoy singing and playing musical instruments · Recognize musical patterns and tones easily · Remember songs and melodies · Have a rich understanding of musical structure, rhythm, and notes Potential Career Choices If you're strong in musical intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Musician · Composer · Singer · Music teacher · Conductor 6. Interpersonal Intelligence Those who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at understanding and interacting with other people. These individuals are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them. Strengths Understanding and relating to other people Characteristics People with interpersonal intelligence: · Communicate well verbally · Are skilled at nonverbal communication · See situations from different perspectives · Create positive relationships with others · Resolve conflicts in group settings Potential Career Choices If you're strong in interpersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Psychologist · Philosopher · Counselor · Salesperson · Politician 7. Intrapersonal Intelligence Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being aware of their own emotional states, feelings, and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths. Strengths Introspection and self-reflection Characteristics People with intrapersonal intelligence: · Analyze their strengths and weaknesses well · Enjoy analyzing theories and ideas · Have excellent self-awareness · Understand the basis for his or her own motivations and feelings Potential Career Choices If you're strong in intrapersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Philosopher · Writer · Theorist · Scientist 8. Naturalistic Intelligence Naturalistic is the most recent addition to Gardner‘s theory and has been met with more resistance than his original seven intelligences. According to Gardner, individuals who are high in this type of intelligence are more in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species. These individuals are said to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments. Strengths Finding patterns and relationships to nature Characteristics People with naturalistic intelligence: · Are interested in subjects such as botany, biology, and zoology · Categorize and catalog information easily · Enjoy camping, gardening, hiking, and exploring the outdoors · Dislikes learning unfamiliar topics that have no connection to nature Potential Career Choices If you're strong in naturalistic intelligence, good career choices for you are: · Biologist · Conservationist · Gardener · Farmer Some questions to address on your own are: What are you smart on? What evidence do you have that made you reach that decision? What do others say aboutyour smart/s? Topic 2: Social Intelligence in relation to Engineering Introduction Internationally it has been witnessed that engineering students need more skills than engineering education. Competitive graduates require relevant skills that has honed them to be dynamic and function effectively in the workplace and society. Lack of Social Intelligence skills, also known as Social Intelligence quotient (SI) skills in students affect their performance and has been regarded to be leading to higher drop-out rates and poor quality of the engineering. Recent literature emphasizes a need for engineering to integrate necessary non-engineering skills such as SI and emotional intelligence (EI) skills. These two are closely related and tend to be confused. However, there’s a thin line between them. Research, professional bodies and experts have identified that the graduate engineer requires many skills and a great deal of knowledge when entering the workforce. Crucial elements such as interpersonal skills, as well as teamwork and a strong sense of motivation are regarded to be particularly relevant in this era of globalization, occurring in a dynamic speed and dictates environment in which the modern engineer must interact. Real Engineering and RealLife The heavy traditionalism of many courses have the perspective of teaching only real engineering especially, defining and isolating problems and achieving technical solutions. Exposure to this culture of traditionalist engineering education not only discourages reflection, but also generates future engineers who both lack and do not appreciate the value of the skills of reflection. Along with that, do engineering studies actively discourage the ESI factor by the very nature of the traditionalist style of teaching in this field? Such traditionalist teaching imparts engineering as a discipline rather than as a career. The Evolution of EngineeringEducation Overtime, engineering has progressively become less and less of a stand-alone subject. Other disciplines have influenced and became increasingly integrated in engineering curricula in order to increase the sharpness of a university‘s graduates, thereby responding to industry demands, e.g. management, business strategy, marketing, philosophy, communication, ethics, environmentalism, sustainability, etc. Engineers‘ attitudes to the soft skills area, incorporating people, ideas and self- reflection, have to be tackled at a fundamental level. Universities along employers have identified necessary skills that need to be integrated into the curricula. These are complemented with abilities that are valued by both universities and particularly employers, and they include some of the following: · Self- and context-awareness. · Decision-making and action planning. · Research and analysis. · Communication skills. · Critical reflection. · Problem solving · Creativity Cognisant of the fact that, the above-mentioned soft skills are part of engineering profession (engineering skills necessary in the fields of engineering) these characteristics can be effectively incorporated as parts of the elements of SI/ESI. These are subjects in humanities that have been regarded to play an active role in the education of future engineers who can reflect and display sensitivity to both individuals and society. Create the Future Socially intelligent engineers have the opportunity to manifest future changes and actively create the future. Indeed, Cooper and Sawaf state that: ... successfully intelligent leaders and managers continually question many of the assumptions that others accept ... [and] they challenge it perceiving the deeper risks and limitations, and in many cases find ways to transcend it ... They know the future is not something we wait for; it is something we must actively help create. And emotional intelligence plays a vital role. Social intelligence Unit 1

Standard Views and Hanging Protocols and General shtuff

BIOLA111L 9C Hanging Lumbar & Sacral Plexus

Unit 2 - Hanging Out With Friends & Chinese Counting System

Themes and Characters in Picnic at Hanging Rock

PICNIC AT HANGING ROCK QUOTES

Organismal close-up: Introduction to the Honeybee. Origins. Honeybees are eusocial. This means that they have the highest level of sociality in animals. When it comes to the structure of the bee: there is the queen who lays eggs and then the worker bees ( lifetime fitness:0, they dont reproduce) Sociality issue: why are they doing what theyre doing? If they dont reproduce Same mother not the same father Eusocial definition: defined by cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. They evolved from wasp-like ancestors ( predetory/carvineous hymenopteras) ( sting to paralize) in the Cretaceous period, about 145-65 million years ago. Also, during this period, flowering plants became dominant in the world’s flora. Therefore, bees and flowers have been coevolving for over 100 million years. Most wasps are solitary Some are social wasps/bees Wasps parallel bees Ants: hypersocial From their wasp-like ancestors, bees inherited their narrow waist, a stinger, and the ability to build nests. The narrow waist permits the abdomen to be pointed in many directions for stinging and laying eggs. Not their abdomen Thorax= first segment of the abdomen Use the narrow poriton of the “abdomen” to be more mobile To sting To lay eggs The stinger, used in wasps to kill or paralyze prey, is used by bees to defend the colony from robbers. However, wasps are predators, whereas bees feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen gathered from flowers. Flowers provide the complete diet for the bee colony. Evolution of social structure. Most bees and wasps are solitary species in that individual females lay eggs in either burrows or wood crevices. They provision each egg with pollen and nectar (bees) or prey (wasps). Usually each egg with its food is placed in its own “cell”, which is walled off from the adjoining cell. In these solitary species, the bee/wasp mother never meets her children (she leaves them after provisioning the nest). No colony, all individual bees doing their own thing ( solitary species) Early social species. A few burrowing species are social, where the mother waits for the daughters to be born, and then these daughters help the mother forage and dig or form extra cells for her to lay eggs in. These working daughters are the beginning of the “worker caste”. Social→ female will hang out with the mother after being hatched and then work together to do thing like build nests and find food More advanced species, like bumblebees and yellow-jacket wasps: Here the workers are far more numerous (hundreds in bumblebees and thousands in yellow-jackets). The workers are smaller than the mother “queen” (queen caste), and often have different color patterns. Behavior has been partitioned too. Workers forage, build the nest, and defend it. The queen never leaves the nest and only lays eggs. Annual vs. perennial. In the previous examples, the colony is annual, that is, the foundress queen creates workers (and males), and the colony grows until the end of the growing season, when all bees die except new queens that have been inseminated. ( everyone dies except the new queen burried in the soil→ foundress quen) These new foundress queens will overwinter in a burrow or crevice, and in the spring, start feeding and building a new colony. The colony lasts only ONE YEAR If you see a bee fling around in december= that is a queen bee Only in honeybees (Genus Apis) is the colony perennial, potentially living forever. ( 1 colony= 50/80, 000 bees) Two adaptations have permitted this: Honey storage away from the brood combs (developing offspring). Allows honeybees to survive periods of harsh environmental conditions, like winter and droughts. Supplies the energy to heat the colony during winter. Honeybees use the honey to shiver, which creates heat. During drought, nectar flow (flower availability) may stop (called a “dearth”), but the stored honey can be used until nectar flow resumes. What if it gets warm and then cold all of the sudden→ die HONEY→ colony species fully rely on this to get through harsh environmental conditions Colony formation by swarming. In the late spring, large honeybee colonies reproduce by swarming, which splits the colony. Split into 2 in april The other half leaves and gets their own queen The new colony has a mated queen and a lot of workers and is “ready to go”. This is a big advantage over solitary or more primitive social species that must start each spring with a single foundress queen. Bees use honey to get through winter Bee species. Honeybees are members of the genus Apis. This genus is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa (not the Americas). The number of Apis species is debatable, the number varying from 4 to 15 depending on the taxonomic treatment. There are basically 4 distinct honeybee groups: Dwarf Honeybee: Apis florea & other. Only ¼ inch long. Native from Iran through SE Asia. The comb of the nest is small and only contains a few ounces of honey. Open nest The comb is a single small plate. The nest is usually concealed under leaves or in a cave. People do cut these nests down to harvest the honey, but little honey harvest is achieved. Couple ounces of honey Giant Honeybee: A. dorsata. Large bees about 0.7 inches long. Geographical distribution similar to Dwarf Honeybee. In Nepal, Tibet, and India. The comb of the nest is a large exposed plate which is strong and can contain up to 50 lbs of honey. The nest is not in the dark and must be fully illuminated; they usually hang down from tree branches, placed about 80 ft in the air. Ununsual because nests are in the open and not hidden These bees are aggressive if the nest is raided, and will pursue the raider for up to 300 feet. The copious honey is greatly prized by local peoples. Eastern Honeybee: A. cerana & others. Slightly smaller than the Western Honeybee. Wide distribution covering most of Asia. Over this wide range, several races have evolved, for instance an Indian and Burmese race, a Japanese race, etc. Sometimes these are considered species, other times as subspecies. The nest consists of several combs hanging in parallel plates, each plate being separated by a consistent distance (the “bee space”). Found in dark hollow trees and caves. Bee space= very specific value Comb separated by bee space= they will be int hat space only If too far or too close= bees will purpusefully put it back Everyone tries to understand this concept to grow honey easer ( reasons or beekeepers) In less tropical regions, they store a decent amount of honey. Western Honeybee: A. mellifera. The most widely distributed bee on Earth. It has been under human domestication for so long that its origins are unclear. It appears to be native to Africa, and from there it spread into Europe (perhaps 10,000 years ago), and later with colonial expansion into North America and Australia. The nest is like the Eastern Honeybee, with parallel plates and a dark interior. This nesting behavior adapts well to the artificial nests made by humans. With such a wide range, many races have evolved, often recognized as subspecies. Italian Honeybee, Apis mellifera ligustica: Yellow- and orange-banded abdomen. Originally from Italy and Sicily, now the most widely distributed race in the world. There are better choices for cold regions. They are gentle, disease-resistant, and good foragers. Carniolan Honeybee, A. m. carnica: Dusky brown with more muted orange bands. Originally from Austria and the Balkan region. Has been transported worldwide, like the Italian. Second most popular race after the Italian. Often used in cooler northern areas since they fly in cooler weather than Italians. Gentle, disease-resistant, good nest defenders, and make lots of honey. German Black or Dark European Honeybee, A. m. mellifera: A cold-weather resistant race, from western Europe including Britain, and north and west of the Alps. African Honeybee, A. m. scutellata: Native to southern and central Africa. Looks a lot like the Italian. High honey yields, great disease-resistance, and highly defensive. Accidentally released in Brazil in 1957. After release, hybridized with more gentle European races, giving rise to “Africanized bees”. Cape Honeybee, A. m. capensis: From the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. Unlike other honeybees, female workers are able to lay fertile eggs. In areas where the African and Cape races co-occur, the Cape queens can enter the African colonies, undetected, and lay eggs which lead to laying workers, which eventually destroy the colony. The only bees that can have worker bees lay eggs Egyptian Honeybee, A. m. lamarcki: Small and dark with yellow abdominal bands. Native to the Nile valley region. Defensive behavior and low honey production. This was probably the race used by ancient Egyptians. Today it doesnt make as much honey The Buckfast bee: A hybrid bee developed by Brother Adam at Buckfast Abbey in Devon, England, in 1919. The stimulus to create this new bee came from the massive bee losses caused by the Isle of Wight disease, which occurred between 1906 and 1919 on the Isle of Wight in southern England. Brother Adam at Buckfast Abbey noticed that hybrids between Italian and German Black honeybee survived the disease, and so he began an extensive breeding program to create the Buckfast bee, which is a hybrid involving honeybee strains from Italy, England, France, Turkey, Greece, and two African strains. SUMMARY: hybirds of bees (=buckfast bee) did not die due to the disease → highly disease resistant Buckfast bees have many desirable characteristics and are widely available. Castes. Long abdomen on queen= for big ovaries for the kids Bigger shiefd for protection MASSIVE eyes for drone / furry tail A Western honeybee colony or hive is composed of thousands of individual bees. At the height of summer, a hive may contain up to 50,000 bees. Most of these individuals are workers, which are sterile females. A few hundred individuals are drones, which are fertile males. The hive normally has only one queen, who is female and fertile. These bee castes are easy to distinguish with the naked eye. Each caste has its own roles within the colony. Sex & genetics. Of the three castes, only the queen normally lays eggs. The queen becomes fertilized by mating with several drones on her nuptial flight. The queen stores sperm in a special organ (the spermatheca). What determines sex in the offspring? Unlike humans, bees have no sex chromosomes. Haplodiploidy. (diploid= female, haploid=male) It was previously thought that sex was determined by the number of chromosomes in the organism. In haplodiploidy, queens and workers are diploid with 32 chromosomes, and drones are haploid with 16. When laying eggs, the queen makes the decision to either fertilize or not fertilize the egg. A fertilized egg is diploid and makes either a worker or another queen, whereas an unfertilized egg is haploid and will form a male drone. During inbreeding studies carried out by investigators, diploid drones were created, which brought into question the idea that chromosome number alone determines sex. Sex determination locus (SDL). This genetic locus (a physical position on a chromosome) was hypothesized to exist over 70 years ago. At this locus, a diploid bee can have two genes (alleles) present, whereas a haploid bee can only have one gene present. In a diploid bee, if both genes are the same (called a homozygous genotype), the bee is male (diploid drone). If the genes are different (called a heterozygous genotype), the bee is female. In a haploid bee, only one gene is present (called a hemizygous genotype), which results in a male (drone). Complementary Sex Determiner (csd) gene. In 2003, the actual gene for sex determination was discovered. It is called the Complementary Sex Determiner (csd) gene, which has at least 15 variants (alleles). The product of the csd gene (protein) is required for the bee to become female. This protein binds to the mRNA made from a feminizer gene called fem, causing it to function a certain way, leading to a female. If it does not bind, the function of fem will differ, leading to a male. The product of the csd gene will only be able to bind to fem if both alleles at the SDL are different (heterozygous). Workers, basic structure. The worker is the “routine” bee, which is between ½ - ¾ inch in length, with an almost cylindrical body. Workers, like other castes, can see well, have the ability to detect sound, and have antennae that sense the physical and chemical environment. Chemicals called pheromones are picked up by the antennae, and these chemicals are used to control many activities within the hive. Mouthparts. Worker mouth parts consist of mandibles and a proboscis. The two mandibles oppose each other like scissors, and they are used to bite, chew, and hold objects. The proboscis is a tubular apparatus used for sucking up nectar, and to regurgitate the nectar back in the hive. Pollen collection. One major activity of workers is collection of pollen, which is accomplished by the many feathery hairs on the body. When visiting a flower to drink nectar, pollen adheres to the hairs, and the bee brushes the pollen onto the hind legs using legs bearing special stiff hairs resembling a comb (the pollen brush). When the hind legs are rubbed together, pollen is forced into a specially modified joint on the legs, which then presses the pollen mass into a hard cake. This pollen cake is held in place by a fringe of hairs called the corbicula or pollen basket. These pollen masses are easily seen on workers entering the hive after visiting flowers and are the color of the pollen they have collected. Stinger. As is widely known, workers bear a stinger at the tip of the abdomen. It is used to defend the hive. It is modified from the egg-laying ovipositor; therefore, males don’t have a stinger. The stinger is barbed, and when she attempts to withdraw it after stinging a human, it gets stuck and pulls out some of her abdominal organs, the venom sac and a muscular pumping mechanism. The worker will soon die. The stinger will remain in the skin and will continue pumping venom. It will also release alarm pheromones into the air which alarms other bees to pursue the victim. Wax glands. On the undersurface of the bee’s abdomen are located 8 wax glands. In these glands, special cells secrete beeswax, which forms a blob at first, and then forms into a flat scale or chip shape. These chips are about 1/8-inch-long and can often be seen protruding out from below the abdomen. The beeswax is used to build the comb. The bee scratches off the wax from the glands with its legs, and passes it to its mandibles. Beeswax is mixed with saliva and chewed to make it malleable and the perfect consistency for use. Beeswax is an energetically demanding material to produce. How much honey is needed to make a pound of wax is not agreed on, with estimates varying widely. A reasonable value is about 20 lbs of honey to make 1 lb of beeswax. Workers, early development. An egg laid by the queen hatches in 3 or 4 days. The young larva is visited by adult worker bees, called nurse bees. The larva receives over 140 small meals over a span of five days, at which time the larva is fully grown. This is about nine days after the egg was laid. Larval diet. During the first 3 days of the larva’s life, nurse bees feed the larva a protein-rich secretion from their mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands. This substance is called either “brood food” or “royal jelly”. Its protein content comes from the pollen consumed by the nurse bees. After the 3rd day, nurse bees dilute the brood food with honey and pollen, and the total amount of food fed to the larva is reduced. (For comparison, if the larva is destined to become a queen, nurse bees continue feeding the larva brood food in unlimited quantities. The brood food is never diluted with honey and pollen nor is it reduced in amount.) Larva grown, sealed in. Once the larva is fully grown (about nine days after the egg was laid), the nurse bees seal the cell with wax, which is tan in color and somewhat porous. It takes the nurse bees over 100 visits and 6 hours of effort to seal the cell. Inside the sealed cell, the larva transforms into a pupa, and then undergoes metamorphosis into an adult. Emergence. Generally, a worker bee emerges from her pupal cell 21 days after the egg was laid. For comparison, a drone takes 24 days and a queen 16 days. These development times are similar in the Eastern honeybee, possibly because both species regulate the hive temperature to about 95 deg F. A newly emerged worker bee spends a few hours grooming herself until she is dry. Early life as an adult in the hive. Getting fed. For the next few days, she will stay in the nest and “ask” other workers for food. She sticks her tongue out at the passing workers, and they will respond by opening their mandibles, dropping their tongue a bit, and then regurgitating a droplet of sugary liquid from which the new bee drinks (a process called trophallaxis). After about 3 days, the new bees begin to feed on honey reserves in the honey-storage cells, and on protein-rich pollen located in certain pollen-storage cells. Work duties. During days 4 and 5, the bee may start feeding the developing brood. At first, she can only feed older larvae, which don’t require pure brood food, as she can only regurgitate honey and pollen. By day 6, her hypopharyngeal glands start making brood food, so she can then feed the younger larvae. She uses the protein-rich pollen that she has eaten to make the brood food. From days 10 to 12, her brood food glands are exhausted, so she stops feeding the larvae. Her wax glands start making wax, so she begins making and repairing comb. Workers, adult development. Figure. Consecutive flights of five individual bees. (a, b, c) Consecutive orientation flights of three bees. (d, e) Complete orientation phase before the first foraging flights (FO) of two bees. Venture out, orientation. Also, from days 10 to 12, she will leave the hive for the first time. On her first trip outside, she will defecate for the first time. Orientation. At first, she hovers near the hive to learn the environment around the hive. These are called orientation flights. Circling pattern, with ever-wider circles. Later, she will fly further away. Meeting foragers, making honey. For the next week or two she will stay mostly in the hive, meeting the incoming forager bees. These foragers come into the hive with a full honey stomach and pollen load, and when she meets them, they will regurgitate the liquid and pass it to her (she drinks it). She will take it deep within the hive and regurgitate it, then swallow it, and repeat. As she does this, she partially digests the sucrose in the nectar into fructose and glucose (using the enzyme invertase). This manipulation of the liquid also dries it down to 17-18% moisture, which is extremely concentrated. The final product is honey, which is then deposited into honey-storage cells. Drying of the honey is also aided by the other workers that continually fan their wings to create a draft. She also places the pollen load from the foragers into the pollen-storage cells. Workers, housekeeping, graduation to foraging. Also, during the first weeks in the hive, she will do general housecleaning, like removing debris and dead bees. Observing older foragers. By week 3 or 4, she becomes a forager, and starts off by closely observing the returning older foragers. She especially observes the scout foragers that found new sources of pollen and nectar. These scouts perform communication “dances” that tell the other foragers where the food is located. It takes the new forager time to learn the language of the dancing. Once she figures it out, she will join the foraging force. Foraging duties. When foraging, she is focused primarily on collecting nectar and pollen. But she also will drink water and collect propolis, which is a sticky sap exuded by trees. Propolis is used in the hive to seal gaps and holes and to improve the strength of combs. Guard bees. A small number of bees will become guards, which stand near the hive entrance with their front legs held off the surface, making them look like they are going to pounce. They guard the entrance against non-hive bees and honey robbers. Retirement (death). During summer, she works so hard that she dies within 5 or 6 weeks from emergence. If she emerged in the fall, her activities are far more restricted, and she could live for 5 or 6 months. Workers, communication. Foragers can communicate the presence, direction, nutritional value, and distance to food sources by “dancing” on the comb surface and regurgitating the food. Food is close by. If the food source is within a few hundred feet of the hive, the forager will do the “round dance”, where she moves in circles, alternating between clockwise and counterclockwise directions. The other workers pay close attention to the dance. The forager is covered with scents from the food source, and the other bees will leave the hive in search of matching odors. Food is far away. If the food is further away, the “waggle dance” or “figure-eight” dance is performed. Here there are two circles, one clockwise and the other counterclockwise, with a straight line connecting them. The straight line portion contains several clues: The angle of the line relative to the vertical axis of the comb represents the angle of the sun relative to the food source. The length of the line represents the distance. The intensity of waggling back and forth suggests the quality of the source, with greater waggling corresponding to greater quality. Since the hive is totally dark inside, the observing workers cannot see the dance but instead sense it by vibrations and probably by other means. Workers will press their abdomen to the comb and vibrate signals back to the dancer, and she will regurgitate some of the food for the workers to sample. When traveling to the food source, the foragers can detect the sun’s position in the sky even on overcast days. Queen, basic structure. The queen is longer and narrower than the worker. She is up to ¾ inch in length. Her head and eyes are smaller in comparison to the workers, because she does not forage outside the hive. She has a very short tongue because she never sips nectar from flowers, but is fed directly by her “attendants” (a group of worker bees, also called a “retinue”). Her mandibles are also different, and associated with them are large mandibular glands, which secrete the “queen mandibular pheromone” (QMP) or “queen substance”. (Workers also have these glands, but they don’t secrete QMP.) Her abdomen is long because it contains many eggs. Her legs are not adapted for pollen combing and holding. She has no wax glands. She has a stinger, however it is not barbed like the worker stinger. It is only used for one purpose: killing rival queens. Queen, pheromone. QMP is a complex mixture of chemicals, with only about 24 of them being well known. The queen is constantly attended by her “attendant” workers, which monitor, lick, groom, feed, and exchange body fluids with her. As a result, the attendants pick up the pheromone. The attendants then spread the pheromone to other workers. Within the hive in general, each bee is frequently exchanging fluids and food with other bees, so the pheromone gets spread among all bees in the hive. The presence of QMP is how workers in the hive know that the queen is present. If the queen secretes normal levels of QMP and the hive is not overly crowded, each worker in the hive feels “queenright”, that is, a normally functioning queen is present. If levels of QMP in the hive drop because the queen is not producing enough, the workers will begin preparations to make a new queen. This is termed supersedure. Also, if the number of workers in the hive gets too large, the QMP will get diluted so much that each worker no longer feels “queenright”. This may lead to swarming behavior. To prevent swarming, each worker needs a daily QMP dose of about 0.001 mg. QMP is how the queen exerts her control over the hive. It: Suppresses ovary development in the workers. Therefore, normally workers cannot lay eggs. More about laying workers: If QMP levels drop too much or the queen dies or is removed, ovaries in the workers will develop and they will begin laying eggs. This leads to only drone offspring (because workers are not inseminated and cannot fertilize the eggs), which quickly leads to the death of the hive (unless corrective action is taken by the beekeeper). It is believed that in every colony a few workers are regularly laying eggs, but the prevalence of this is very, very low. See information on the Cape Honeybee (later lecture), where laying workers and clonal offspring can be common. Prevents workers from making new queens. Stimulates foraging and brood rearing. Attracts attendant workers. Helps keep the swarm together when the queen leaves the hive during swarming. Serves as a mating attractant for drones during her nuptial flight. Maintains the general “morale” of the hive. Lack of QMP makes the bees nervous and agitated. Queen, reproduction. Normally, the queen is the only bee in a hive that lays eggs. Eggs are laid singly at the bottom of a cell in the comb. During summer, a healthy queen can lay 1,500 eggs per day, which is more than her body weight. In one year, a queen can produce 200,000 workers. Queen, development. Queen development is very similar to worker development, with a few exceptions. As stated previously, during the first three days of the larva’s life, it is fed brood food. After that, nurse bees continue feeding queen larvae the brood food in unlimited amounts until the larva is fully grown (nine days after the egg was laid). The cell in which the queen develops is very large and peanut-shaped. It is called a “queen cell”. Workers construct this large cell in preparation for making a queen. So much brood food is fed to the larva that the cell fills with it, appearing as a milky white fluid. The queen emerges from the cell 16 days after the egg was laid. Queen life span. On average, queens live from one to three years. But queens can: “Wear out” and produce insufficient QMP. Have their QMP diluted by the hive getting too crowded. Can die or be removed from the hive. All of these fates will stimulate the workers to create new queens (if they have eggs or young larvae to work with). If a queen makes insufficient QMP or the hive is too crowded, workers will gradually make queen cells. If a queen dies or is removed, workers detect her absence within hours and start making queen cells. Queen death in new hive. A new colony with an unmated or poorly mated queen (and therefore no eggs, larvae, or brood) is vulnerable to failing. Such a colony might result from a swarm or from installing a new package of bees into a hive box. The queen embarks on mating flights and hopefully gets successfully mated and returns to the hive. But what if she is killed on her flight (by a bird, dragonfly, etc.)? The colony is doomed because the workers lack the eggs or young larvae from which to make new queens. Workers will eventually start laying eggs, leading to all drone offspring and death of the colony. (A beekeeper who notices this within about two weeks could simply install a new queen that has already been mated.) Queen cells. Queen cells are large, peanut-shaped cells found on the comb face, comb edges, and comb bottoms. There are three types: Emergency. When a queen is killed (or removed by a beekeeper), the workers create these cells from pre-existing cells containing eggs or young larvae. They remodel the cell to fit a developing queen. Such cells may be smaller than the other two kinds of queen cells. Swarm. Under crowding (or other) conditions, workers will gradually create swarm cells, usually many in number, and generally hanging off the bottom of the comb. Swarm cells in the hive tend to be of varying ages. Supersedure. The workers detect that something is wrong with the queen, and they work to replace her by making supersedure cells. A hive usually has two of these cells placed on the face of the comb, but the number and position can vary. The supersedure cells tend to be of the same age. Queen replacement. For the workers to create a new queen, the hive MUST have eggs, or larvae that are no older than three days. If they are older, they will have been fed diluted brood food and be on their way to forming workers. If the original queen is failing or gone, and there are no eggs or three-day or younger larvae, the hive is doomed. All current larvae are on the path to becoming workers, and no queens can be made. Without a queen, no eggs are laid, therefore no brood are made, and within about six weeks all workers (and the hive) will be dead. Queen, birth/regicide/insemination. Virgin queen emerges. When the adult queen chews her way out of the queen cell, she is now a “virgin” queen. Usually, before a virgin queen emerges, the old queen in the hive will leave with some of the workers, forming a swarm. Therefore, the new virgin queen should not encounter a mated queen in the hive. Regicide. Generally there are several other queen cells in the hive. Once the first queen emerges, she is groomed and dried by her attendants. She then seeks out all other queen cells in the hive, tears open the cells with her mandibles, and stings the other queens, queen larvae, and queen pupae to death. Workers can block it. Sometimes, workers will prevent the first-hatched queen from killing the other queens. Workers line up and block her. In this case, the workers want several queens to emerge, and for each to leave with their own swarm. See section on swarming. Nuptial flight. The virgin queen then exits the hive on her “nuptial flight”. She seeks out groups of drones that have gathered at tree tops or other elevated locations (“drone congregation areas”, covered later). The queen and drones locate each other visually and chemically; drones release attractant pheromones, and the queen releases QMP. Once the drones detect the queen, they follow her and attempt to mate for about 30 minutes, and they may fly several miles during this time. Insemination. Drones approach the queen from below, and grasp her abdomen with their legs. The drone inserts his endophallus (a penetrating organ of his genitalia) into the queen’s sting cavity. He then releases his grip and allows his body to flip backward. This body flexing compresses his abdominal organs, which causes an ejaculation of sperm into the queen. The endophallus then snaps off of his body (with an audible “snap”), and he falls to the ground and dies. After mating, the endophallus protrudes from the queen’s abdomen and is termed the “mating sign”, a clear indication that she is no longer a virgin. This mating sign is thought to serve as a sort of plug preventing the sperm from leaking out of the queen. Additional drones can then mate; the mating sign is structured so that a subsequent drone’s endophallus can easily dig out the mating sign and some of the previous drone’s sperm. Once the queen returns to the hive, workers will remove the mating sign. After mating, the queen will begin laying eggs in three or four days. Drones, basic structure. Drones are male. They are larger than workers, about ¾ inch long. They are also much heavier and robust, and hairier. The eyes of a drone are huge and cover most of the head, meeting at the top of the head. Like the queen, the drone does not forage, build the nest, rear brood, or defend the hive. As such he lacks a long tongue, pollen basket, wax glands, and stinger. The purpose of a drone is to locate and mate with a virgin queen. Drones, development. In general, there are no drones in the hive during early spring. Worker bees decide when it is time to make drones, and will construct special drone cells that are larger than normal worker cells. These drone cells are often built at the edge of the comb, and are easy to see because the wax cap protrudes out from the comb surface like the tip of a bullet. When the queen detects these larger cells, she lays a single unfertilized egg in them, resulting in a drone. By mid-summer, there can be hundreds of drones in the hive. Similarities and differences to worker development. Timing of the larval development is similar to the worker, and it is fed the same diet as a worker. The main difference is that it takes 24 days from the egg for an adult drone to emerge from the cell. (For comparison, the worker takes 21 days.) Drones, activity. Drones live within the hive for their first couple of weeks of life, and then start making afternoon flights from the hive. They fly very fast, and join up with drones from other hives to form a “drone comet”, which flies through the neighborhood, visiting certain sites frequently. Drones release “drone pheromone” which attracts other flying drones, which promotes drone congregation. These sites are called “drone congregation areas”, and are often the tops of certain trees or a certain edge of a certain forest. Year after year, drones congregate at these same areas. It is thought that these areas are conducive to mating success. Drones only live a short time, and no intergenerational learning is possible, so how they know to visit these places every year is not understood. As previously stated, the drones give off attractant pheromones to attract the queen. Likewise, the queen’s QMP attracts the drones. Drones, life span. Drones cannot feed themselves, so are totally at the mercy of the workers. If he never gets the chance to mate, the workers commit fratricide. By late fall, when the hive is preparing for winter, workers push the drones out of the hive to starve. Drones are not useless in the hive; they assist in hive temperature regulation. Drones are one way that a colony can send its genes out into the world. Colony reproduction. Swarming is the natural means by which new honeybee colonies are created. It usually occurs in early spring, just before or during the main “nectar flow” (availability of pollen and nectar in the environment). This timing allows the new colony to have ample time and resources to build a new comb and rear brood. When the density of bees in the colony reaches about 36 bees per cubic inch, preparations for swarming begin. As previously stated, dilution of QMP is likely the reason. There are probably other reasons too. Process of swarming. Preparations. Queen cups and cells, egg laid. Preparations begin several days before the actual swarm occurs. The workers start with the construction of queen cups, which are large, wide cell bases usually constructed at the edge of the comb. These cups are then lengthened to form the queen cells (swarm cells), which are spacious. The cells are vertically oriented, and usually near the bottom of the comb. They appear as inch-long, dimpled, peanut-shaped swellings to the beekeeper. The queen lays fertilized eggs in these queen cells. When they hatch, the workers feed the larvae copious brood food in unlimited amounts for about 8 days, at which time the cells are capped with wax. Once the queen cells are capped, the hive is on the pathway to swarming and preventing it is very difficult. Scout bees. A few days prior to swarming, scout bees examine the environment for suitable new nesting sites. These scouts are experienced foragers that know the local area well. Conditioning the old queen for flight. During the swarming, the old queen must fly. Remember that the last time the queen flew was during her nuptial flights. The old queen is bloated with eggs and too heavy to fly, so the workers put her on a “diet” to thin her down so that she can fly again. Workers feed her little and chase her around for exercise. The old queen will greatly slow down her egg laying during this conditioning phase. Changes to worker behavior. Workers engorge themselves with honey. (Why? They will need that energy to build honeycomb at the new colony location.) Foraging activity stops temporarily. Swarming begins and ends. When the swarm begins, the old queen and 10,000 to 20,000 workers leave and fly as a mass, led by the scout bees. The speed of the swarm varies from about ½ - 6 mph, and its shape usually starts off spherical and eventually becomes egg-shaped as it moves. Back in the original colony, the new queens have not yet emerged. Commonly, the swarm will find a resting place on its way to the new nest site. Such a resting swarm is a large and noticeable object (it is during this resting phase that a beekeeper can capture the swarm). A swarm hanging temporarily on a tree branch (for example), is a large mass of workers (with full bellies) surrounding the old queen. Swarms are known to be gentle, since a full honey stomach prevents bees from stinging. If the swarm sits long enough to use up its food it can become aggressive. (The “bee beard” worn by beekeepers is a swarm.) Scouts will urge the swarm onward to the nesting site, and to guide them there, they release Nasonov pheromone from their Nasonov gland at the tip of their abdomen. The swarm is attracted to this pheromone. (Nasonov pheromone is also used at the entrance of the hive to help foragers find the entrance, and it is placed on flowers to guide other foragers to the flowers. A bee releasing the pheromone will raise its abdomen in the air and expose the gland, and then fan its wings vigorously.) Upon arrival at the new site, workers begin construction of the new comb. Recall that workers can make a lot of wax because they engorged themselves on honey before leaving the old hive (equal to about 40% of their body weight). (Like a 170 lb. man eating 68 lbs. of honey.) In a few days, the comb is usable and the queen begins laying eggs to establish the new colony. Occasionally, a swarm will not find a new site and will build an open-air colony. Back in the original colony. The original colony is termed the parent colony. Swarm cells begin to hatch, regicide or not. The first queen to emerge is a virgin queen, and is therefore skinny and is not too different in size from the workers. She seeks out and destroys the other virgin queens that are developing. The virgin queen will then take her orientation flights, then her nuptial flights, get mated to usually about a dozen or so drones (in a drone congregation area), and then return to the colony and begin to lay eggs. Prevention of regicide. Sometimes, workers prevent the virgin queen from killing the other virgin queens. In this case it is believed that the workers sense poor conditions for swarm success (that is, likely low success in setting up a new colony), so they allow multiple swarms to issue from the parent hive to increase the chances that a new colony will establish. These are usually called afterswarms. The first hatched virgin queen will leave with a small afterswarm, and then the next hatched virgin queen may leave with yet another afterswarm, etc. At some point a final virgin queen resides in the parent hive. Each afterswarm issued by the parent hive is small and they get smaller and smaller as the workers in the parent hive are used up.

I'm still hanging on (copy)

I'm still hanging on

hanging fire

Unit 2 - Hanging Out

Hanging Drop Slide Technique, Staining cells

hanging drop

Usa, 1919-41 Refers To The Period In American History From 1919 To 1941, Characterized By Significant Economic, Social, And Political Changes. Wall Street Crash The Catastrophic Stock Market Crash That Occurred In 1929, Leading To The Great Depression In The United States And Worldwide. New Deal Refers To The Series Of Programs And Policies Implemented By President Franklin D. Roosevelt In Response To The Great Depression To Stimulate Economic Recovery And Provide Relief To Americans. League Of Nations An International Organization Established After World War I To Promote Peace And Cooperation Among Countries, But Failed To Prevent Aggression And Conflicts. Isolationism Refers To The Foreign Policy Approach Adopted By The United States After World War I, Characterized By Avoiding Entanglement In Foreign Affairs And Focusing On Domestic Issues. Economic Boom The Period Of Rapid Economic Growth, Expansion Of Industries, Increased Consumer Spending, And Overall Prosperity Experienced In The 1920s In The United States. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Publicly Traded Companies Are Bought And Sold, Playing A Significant Role In The Economy And Investment Activities. Great Depression The Severe Economic Downturn That Began With The Wall Street Crash In 1929 And Lasted Throughout The 1930s, Leading To High Unemployment, Poverty, And Economic Hardship. Raw Materials Basic Materials Used In Industrial Production, Such As Coal, Oil, And Cotton, Essential For Manufacturing And Economic Development. First World War A Global Conflict That Took Place From 1914 To 1918, Involving Many Of The World'S Great Powers. Us System Of Government Refers To The Federal System In The United States Where Individual States Have Certain Powers While The Federal Government Handles National Affairs. Constitution The Foundational Document That Outlines The Structure Of The Government And The Rights Of Its Citizens In The United States. Supreme Court The Highest Court In The United States, Responsible For Interpreting The Constitution And Ensuring The Legality Of Government Actions. Republicans One Of The Two Major Political Parties In The United States, Known For Their Beliefs In Laissez-Faire Economics, Protective Tariffs, And Low Taxation. Democrats The Other Major Political Party In The United States, Often More Willing To Intervene In Everyday Life And Support Higher Taxation For Social Programs. Trusts Large Corporations That Dominated Industries In The United States During The Early 20th Century. Mass Production A Method Of Producing Goods In Large Quantities, Leading To Lower Costs And Increased Availability To Consumers. Mass Production The Manufacturing Of Goods In Large Quantities Through Techniques Like Assembly Lines, Allowing For Increased Efficiency And Lower Costs. Henry Ford An American Industrialist Who Revolutionized Car Production With The Introduction Of The Moving Assembly Line, Particularly Known For The Model T. Production Line A Method Of Manufacturing Where A Product Moves Through Various Stations, With Each Worker Performing A Specific Task, Leading To Faster Production. Model T A Car Model Produced By Ford Motor Company, Known For Being The First Affordable Automobile, With Over 15 Million Units Produced Between 1908 And 1925. International Harvester Trucks A Company That Produced Trucks, Benefiting From The New Roads And The Growth Of The Truck Industry In The Early 20th Century. Mass Consumption The Widespread Purchasing Of Goods By The Public, Essential For Industries Relying On Mass Production To Thrive. Industrial Efficiency Movement A Movement Promoting Efficient Production Methods And Management Practices To Increase Productivity In Industries. Chain Store A Type Of Retail Store That Operates Multiple Locations, Offering The Same Products Across Different Regions, Contributing To The Growth Of Consumerism In The 1920s. Hire Purchase A System Allowing Consumers To Buy Goods On Credit, Paying For Them Over Time, Which Became Popular For Purchasing Items Like Radios And Cars In The 1920s. Over-Production The Situation Where More Goods Are Produced Than Demanded By The Market, Leading To Surpluses And Falling Prices. Declining Exports Reduction In The Amount Of Goods Sold To Other Countries, Often Due To Economic Conditions Or Trade Barriers. New Competitors Emerging Rivals In The Market That Pose A Challenge To Existing Businesses, Often Due To Increased Efficiency Or Lower Costs. Falling Prices Decrease In The Prices Of Goods Or Services, Usually Due To Oversupply Or Reduced Demand. Rural Banks Financial Institutions Located In Rural Areas That Provide Banking Services To Farmers And Residents In The Countryside. Farm Bankruptcies Legal Status Of Being Unable To Pay Debts As A Farmer, Leading To Financial Insolvency And Potential Loss Of Assets. Unemployment The State Of Being Without A Job, Especially When Actively Seeking Work. Herbert Hoover The 31st President Of The United States Who Served From 1929 To 1933. Chicago One Of America'S Biggest Cities In The 1920s, Known For Its Steel, Meat, And Clothing Industries. Roaring Twenties A Term Used To Describe The 1920s In The United States, Characterized By Dynamic Business Growth, Mass Consumption, And Societal Changes. Laissez-Faire An Economic Theory That Advocates Minimal Government Intervention In The Economy. Mass Production The Production Of Large Quantities Of Standardized Products, Often Using Assembly Line Techniques. Prohibition The Nationwide Constitutional Ban On The Production, Importation, Transportation, And Sale Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Jazz Age Refers To The Period In The 1920s Characterized By The Rise Of Jazz Music, New Dances Like The Charleston, And Changing Styles Of Behavior Epitomized By The Flapper Image. Flapper A Term Used To Describe Young Women In The 1920s Who Defied Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Dresses, Makeup, Smoking In Public, And Embracing A More Liberated Lifestyle. Jazz Music A Genre Of Music That Emerged In The Early 20th Century, Characterized By Improvisation, Syncopation, And A Lively Rhythm, Which Became A Symbol Of The Jazz Age In The 1920s. Silent Movies Films Produced Before 1927 That Did Not Have Synchronized Sound, Relying On Visual Storytelling, Music, And Intertitles To Convey The Plot To The Audience. Talkies Refers To Movies With Synchronized Sound, Which Became Popular After The Release Of "The Jazz Singer" In 1927, Marking A Significant Shift In The Film Industry. Hollywood A Neighborhood In Los Angeles That Became The Center Of The American Film Industry, Producing A Large Number Of Movies During The 1920s And Becoming Synonymous With The Glamour Of The Entertainment World. Middle-Class Women In The Usa Before The First World War, Middle-Class Women In The Usa Were Expected To Lead Restricted Lives, Wearing Very Restrictive Clothes, Behaving Politely, Not Wearing Make-Up, Having Strictly Controlled Relationships With Men, Needing A Chaperone When Going Out With A Boyfriend, Refraining From Participating In Sports Or Smoking In Public, And Being Mostly Housewives With Limited Job Opportunities. Flappers Flappers In The 1920s Were Controversial Figures Who Challenged Traditional Norms By Wearing Short Skirts, Bobbed Hair, Daring Clothes, Makeup, And Engaging In Public Behaviors Like Smoking, Drinking, Driving Cars Without A Chaperone, And Kissing In Public. Immigration The Act Of Individuals Moving Into A Country To Settle There Permanently. Intolerance Unwillingness To Accept Or Respect Different Opinions Or Beliefs. Racism Prejudice, Discrimination, Or Antagonism Directed Against Someone Of A Different Race Based On The Belief That One'S Own Race Is Superior. Melting Pot A Metaphor For A Society Where Different Cultures And Races Blend Together Harmoniously. Red Scare A Period Of Fear And Hysteria Over The Perceived Threat Of Communism In The United States In The Early 20th Century. Bolshevism A Faction Of The Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Which Eventually Became The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union. Anarchists Individuals Who Believe In The Abolition Of All Government And The Organization Of Society On A Voluntary, Cooperative Basis Without Recourse To Force Or Compulsion. J The First Director Of The Federal Bureau Of Investigation (Fbi) Of The United States. Deportation The Action Of Expelling A Foreigner From A Country, Typically For Having Committed A Crime Or Overstaying A Visa. Sacco And Vanzetti Italian Americans Arrested In 1920 On Suspicion Of Armed Robbery And Murder, Known For Their Anarchist Beliefs And Unjust Conviction. Red Scare Period Of Anti-Communist Hysteria In The United States In The Early 20th Century, Leading To The Persecution Of Individuals With Radical Beliefs. Immigration Quotas System Introduced In 1924 To Limit The Number Of Immigrants Entering The Usa, Favoring Those From North-West Europe And Excluding Asians. Ku Klux Klan White Supremacy Movement Using Violence To Intimidate African Americans, Revived In The Early 20th Century And Influential In The 1920s. Jim Crow Discriminatory Laws And Practices Enforcing Racial Segregation And White Supremacy In The Southern United States, Particularly Targeting African Americans. Lynchings Acts Of Violence, Especially Hanging Without Trial, Carried Out By Mobs Against African Americans, Jews, Catholics, And Immigrants In The Early 20th Century. Strange Fruit Poem Written By Abel Meeropol Inspired By A Lynching Incident, Highlighting The Violence And Racism Faced By African Americans In The Usa. Birth Of A Nation Controversial Film Released In 1915 Glorifying The Ku Klux Klan And Perpetuating Racist Stereotypes, Contributing To The Revival Of The Klan In The Early 20th Century. Lynching The Act Of Murdering Someone By Extrajudicial Mob Action, Particularly Prevalent Against African Americans In The Early 20th Century. Harlem Renaissance A Cultural Movement In The 1920s Centered In Harlem, New York, Where African American Artists, Musicians, And Writers Flourished. Naacp National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People, Founded By W.E.B. Dubois In 1919 To Fight Against Racial Segregation Laws And Lynching. Marcus Garvey Founder Of The Universal Negro Improvement Association (Unia) And Advocate For African Americans To Be Proud Of Their Race And To Establish Their Own Businesses. Civil Rights Movement Efforts By African Americans To Gain Equal Rights And End Racial Discrimination, Including Legal Segregation And Lynching, In The United States. Native Americans The Original Settlers Of The North American Continent Who Faced A Significant Decline In Population And Were Forced To Move To Reservations During The Rapid Expansion Of The Usa In The Nineteenth Century. Reservations Designated Areas Where Native Americans Were Relocated To Live, Often In The Midwest, After Being Displaced From Their Traditional Lands. Merriam Report A Report From 1928 That Proposed Widespread Improvements To The Laws Relating To Native Americans, Leading To Reforms Under Roosevelt'S New Deal In 1934. Monkey Trial A Trial In The 1920s That Centered Around The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools, Highlighting The Clash Between Urban Beliefs In Evolution And Rural Fundamentalist Beliefs. Fundamentalists People, Particularly Strong In The 'Bible Belt' States, Who Held Literal Interpretations Of The Bible And Opposed The Teaching Of Evolution In Schools. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcohol In The Usa, Enforced By The Eighteenth Amendment To The Constitution In January 1920. Prohibition The Period From 1920 To 1933 In The United States When The Production, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages Were Banned. Bootleggers Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Transported, Or Sold Alcohol During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illegal Bars Or Establishments Where Alcoholic Beverages Were Sold And Consumed During Prohibition. Corruption The Dishonest Or Unethical Behavior, Especially Involving Bribery, That Was Prevalent Among Law Enforcement Officers And Officials During The Prohibition Era. Gangsters Criminals Who Profited From The Sale Of Illegal Alcohol During The Prohibition Era, Often Associated With Organized Crime And Violence. Prohibition The Nationwide Ban On The Manufacture, Sale, And Transportation Of Alcoholic Beverages In The United States From 1920 To 1933. Al Capone Infamous Chicago Gangster Boss During The Prohibition Era, Known For His Violent Reign And Control Over Illegal Activities In The City. Bootlegger Individuals Who Illegally Produced, Smuggled, Or Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era. Speakeasies Illicit Establishments That Sold Alcoholic Beverages During The Prohibition Era, Often Hidden From Authorities And Requiring A Password For Entry. St A 1929 Gangland Murder In Chicago Where Seven Members Of Bugsy Moran'S Gang Were Killed By Al Capone'S Men In A Brutal And Public Manner. George Remus A Prominent Bootlegger During The Prohibition Era Who Amassed Wealth Through Illegal Alcohol Sales And Corrupt Practices. Organized Crime Criminal Activities Carried Out By Groups With A Formal Structure, Often Involving Illegal Businesses Like Bootlegging, Gambling, And Prostitution. Corruption Dishonest Or Fraudulent Conduct By Those In Power, Often Seen In Law Enforcement, Government Officials, And Politicians During The Prohibition Era. Franklin D The Democrat President Who Was Elected In 1932 And Played A Key Role In The Repeal Of Prohibition In December 1933. Wall Street Crash The Collapse Of The American Stock Market In 1929, Leading To A Severe Economic Depression. Speculation A Form Of Gambling Where Individuals Buy And Sell Shares Quickly To Make A Profit, Without Intending To Hold Onto The Shares For Long. Stock Market A Platform Where Shares Of Companies Are Bought And Sold, Such As Wall Street In The United States. Shareholders Investors Who Own A Share In A Company, Entitling Them To A Portion Of The Company'S Profits. Herbert Hoover The Republican President Of The United States During The Wall Street Crash And The Subsequent Great Depression. Depression A Prolonged Period Of Economic Downturn Characterized By High Unemployment, Low Consumer Spending, And A Decrease In Industrial Production. Roosevelt Refers To Franklin D. Roosevelt, Who Won The 1932 Presidential Election Following The Wall Street Crash And Implemented The New Deal To Address The Economic Crisis. Margin Buying Shares On Margin Means Putting Down Only A Percentage Of The Cash Needed To Buy Shares And Borrowing The Rest. Petticoat Line Nickname For Women Speculators Who Owned Over 50% Of The Pennsylvania Railroad During The Stock Market Boom. Bank Speculation Banks Getting Involved In Speculation By Lending Large Sums Of Money For Stock Market Investments, Contributing To The Market'S Instability.

eucharist + reconciliation (im barely hanging on)

1. Sacraments of Initiation? 2. Symbols of the Sacraments? 3. Liturgical color of Easter season? 4. What is Paschal Mystery? 5. Categories of Sacraments? 6. Where did St. Maximilian Kolbe die? 7. What is the spiritual characteristic of Maximilian Kolbe? 8. What is consumerism? (textbook p. 182-183) 9. What is Epistle? (textbook p. 182-183) 10. Define Dignity of Work? (textbook p. 182-183) 11. What are the Gifts of the Holy Spirit? 12. What is Chrism? 13. What is Sacrament of Confirmation? 14. St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross died in the Concentration camp called? 15. What is the core mystery of Christian faith? 16. What are the three degrees of the Holy Orders? 17. What are the two Sacraments at the Service of Communion? 18. Who encountered the Risen Jesus on the road to Damascus? 19. What is conversion? 20. Who became the greatest missionary in the Church? 21. Jesus' appearance changed before the disciples' eyes, his face shining like the sun and his clothes as white as light, at the? 22. Known as the “Table of the Word” for the proclamation of Sacred Scripture during the Liturgy of the Word (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 23. The shrine where the Eucharist is kept as a place of exclusive reservation of the Blessed Sacrament (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 24. There is always a single light burning by the Tabernacle to show the Real Presence of Jesus (body, soul, blood, & divinity) in the Eucharist (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 25. The sleeveless outer garment, slipped over the head, hanging down from the shoulders covering the alb and stole of the priest (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 26. It is blessed at the Easter Vigil. It displays the Greek letters alpha and omega (the beginning and the end), the year, and five grains of incense to represent the wounds of Jesus Christ (from the nails in each hand and foot and the spear in the side) - (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 27. For Christians, the cross is a universal sign of? 28. The fair and equal treatment of every member of society that keeps us faithful to the Kingdom of God is called? 29. The core mystery of Christian faith is? 30. What is ‘doxology’? 31. What is ‘transubstantiation’? 32. The name of ‘Jesus’ means? 33. What is Catholic Social Teaching? 34. What are the seven themes of the Catholic Social Teaching (see the file “Catholic Social Teaching Explained” attached on Schoology) 35. The Gospel means? 36. An inner voice that helps each of us judge the morality of our own actions. 37. A Latin word meaning "three days" that refers to Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. 38. What is ‘blasphemy’? 39. The Sacraments at the Service of Communion are Matrimony and the Eucharist (T/F). 40. The sacraments were instituted by the Church to pass on Jesus' teaching (T/F). 41. What is Magisterium? 42. What is the definition of ‘Beatitudes’? 43. What is the definition of ‘contrition’? 44. In this sacrament, the Church brings God's care and concern to those who are seriously ill. 45. How many decades are in the Rosary? 46. Which Saint started the Rosary? 47. How many Books are in the Bible? 48. What is virtue? 49. What are Cardinal Virtues? 50. What is ‘domestic church’? (copy) (copy)

1. Sacraments of Initiation? 2. Symbols of the Sacraments? 3. Liturgical color of Easter season? 4. What is Paschal Mystery? 5. Categories of Sacraments? 6. Where did St. Maximilian Kolbe die? 7. What is the spiritual characteristic of Maximilian Kolbe? 8. What is consumerism? (textbook p. 182-183) 9. What is Epistle? (textbook p. 182-183) 10. Define Dignity of Work? (textbook p. 182-183) 11. What are the Gifts of the Holy Spirit? 12. What is Chrism? 13. What is Sacrament of Confirmation? 14. St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross died in the Concentration camp called? 15. What is the core mystery of Christian faith? 16. What are the three degrees of the Holy Orders? 17. What are the two Sacraments at the Service of Communion? 18. Who encountered the Risen Jesus on the road to Damascus? 19. What is conversion? 20. Who became the greatest missionary in the Church? 21. Jesus' appearance changed before the disciples' eyes, his face shining like the sun and his clothes as white as light, at the? 22. Known as the “Table of the Word” for the proclamation of Sacred Scripture during the Liturgy of the Word (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 23. The shrine where the Eucharist is kept as a place of exclusive reservation of the Blessed Sacrament (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 24. There is always a single light burning by the Tabernacle to show the Real Presence of Jesus (body, soul, blood, & divinity) in the Eucharist (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 25. The sleeveless outer garment, slipped over the head, hanging down from the shoulders covering the alb and stole of the priest (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 26. It is blessed at the Easter Vigil. It displays the Greek letters alpha and omega (the beginning and the end), the year, and five grains of incense to represent the wounds of Jesus Christ (from the nails in each hand and foot and the spear in the side) - (see “Liturgical Mass-Items –and-Vestments" attached on Schoology) 27. For Christians, the cross is a universal sign of? 28. The fair and equal treatment of every member of society that keeps us faithful to the Kingdom of God is called? 29. The core mystery of Christian faith is? 30. What is ‘doxology’? 31. What is ‘transubstantiation’? 32. The name of ‘Jesus’ means? 33. What is Catholic Social Teaching? 34. What are the seven themes of the Catholic Social Teaching (see the file “Catholic Social Teaching Explained” attached on Schoology) 35. The Gospel means? 36. An inner voice that helps each of us judge the morality of our own actions. 37. A Latin word meaning "three days" that refers to Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. 38. What is ‘blasphemy’? 39. The Sacraments at the Service of Communion are Matrimony and the Eucharist (T/F). 40. The sacraments were instituted by the Church to pass on Jesus' teaching (T/F). 41. What is Magisterium? 42. What is the definition of ‘Beatitudes’? 43. What is the definition of ‘contrition’? 44. In this sacrament, the Church brings God's care and concern to those who are seriously ill. 45. How many decades are in the Rosary? 46. Which Saint started the Rosary? 47. How many Books are in the Bible? 48. What is virtue? 49. What are Cardinal Virtues? 50. What is ‘domestic church’? (copy)