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Enlightenment & Revolutions - Chapter 21 Study Guide Key Vocabulary 1 philosopher - person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker 1 geocentric - Earth-centered - everything revolves around the Earth 1 sphere - shape of heavenly objects 1 heliocentric - sun-centered - everything revolves around the sun - moon revolves around the earth 1 universal law of gravitation - one of Newton’s three rules of motion - force of gravity exists between all objects in space 1 rationalism - system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge 1 scientific method - systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence 1 inductive reasoning - type of thinking in which scientists proceed from observation and experimentation(particular thinking) to develop general conclusions 2 philosophe - French term for philosopher - applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment 2 separation of powers - form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of check and balances 2 deism - 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and Natural law 2 laissez-faire - let the people do what they want - government stays out of the economy 2 generation - group of people born and living at the same time 2 social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community 2 arbitrary - at one’s discretion, random 2 salons - elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, aristocrats, government officials, wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes 2 rococo - artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s - highly secular, emphasizing charm, grace, gentle action 3 enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers 4 federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments 4 amendment - an alteration (change) proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Key People 1 Ptolemy - greatest ancient astronomer - lived in AD 100s - idea of geocentric heavenly bodies 1 Nicolaus Copernicus - mathematician - idea of heliocentric universe 1 Johannes Kepler - mathematician - developed laws of planetary motion - elliptical 1 Galileo Galilei - mathematician - used telescopes to observe the universe - mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter - planets were not orbs of light - Catholic Church criticized him for moving away from traditional view of people at the center of the universe 1 Isaac Newton - mathematician - greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution - explained laws of motion - gravity 1 Galen - Greek physician in the AD 100s who dissected animals to learn about human anatomy 1 Andres Vesalius - physician in 16th century who dissected humans to study anatomy - organs 1 William Harvey - physician in the 16th century who discovered the heart was the beginning of blood circulation 1 Blaise Pascal - French scientist who discovered how liquids behaved under pressure - syringe 1 Robert Boyle - chemist who studied how pressure affected the volume of gas 1 Margaret Cavendish - philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes (written works) 1 Maria Winkelmann - most famous female astronomer in Germany - discovered a comet 1 Rene Descartes - “father of modern rationalism” - French philosopher who determined that mind and matter are completely separated 1 Francis Bacon - English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method 2 John Locke - Englishman who believed everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by their experience, their surroundings 2 Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) - French noble - developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful 2 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) - greatest figure of the Enlightenment - criticized christianity - championed the idea of deism - philosophy based on reason and natural law (followed the idea of Newton’s world machine explanation) 2 Denis Diderot - French writer who wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge the general way of thinking - discussed religious superstitions and supported religious toleration - called for social, legal, political reforms Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez-faire - gave government 3 duties 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment - developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people - all forced to abide by it) 2 Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer who championed women’s right in the Enlightenment 2 Henry Fielding - English writer who wrote novels about people Without morals who survive by their wits 2 John Wesley - developed a new religious movement in England (methodism) - idea of conversion which led to doing good works 2 Balthasar Neumann - one of the greatest 18th century architects 2 Antoine Watteau - artist who used the rococo artistic style 2 Franz Joseph Haydn - Enlightenment musical composer - spent time directing music for the wealthy 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - child prodigy - seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn. 3 Frederick William I - Prussian king who maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army during his tenure 3 Frederick II Frederick the Great - best educated monarch - increased the size of the army - used Enlightenment ideas to make some changes to torture procedures and limited freedom of speech and press but kept the rigid serfdom and social structure 3 Empress Maria Theresa - Austrian empress who inherited the throne and worked to improve the condition of the serfs - strengthened the state and centralized its governance. 3 Joseph II - son of Maria Theresa - made widespread changes breason - freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law and enacted religious reforms - - His successors undid his changes. 3 Catherine II - Catherine the Great - ruled russisa - halted Rural reform and serfdom was expanded - expanded the territory of Russia - did not undertake Enlightenment ideas - just talked about them Important concepts 3 The Seven Years’ War - global war fought from 1756-1763 - France allies with Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia - war was fought in 3 locations (Europe,India,North America) - In the end, all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except Silesia - Austria recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. 4 British - term that came to refer to both the English and the Scots The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in1707 1 Scientific Revolution - a period of European history in which scien and technological changes helped make advancements in European culture. However, this time period also reflected a change in the way that Europeans viewed themselves

Key Documents and Figures in Early American History and Government Save Flashcards Learn Test Blocks Blast Match House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Track progress 1 / 48 Profile Picture Created by Audreybehm1 Created just now Terms in this set (48) Original House of Burgesses The legislature for the Jamestown colony established by the Virginia Company in 1619; it was the first legislative assembly in North America Mayflower Compact The governing document for Plymouth Colony that established forms of self-government for the colonists Magna Carta A document limiting the power of the king of England and guaranteeing certain rights to Englishmen English Bill of Rights A document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights of English citizens Enlightenment An eighteenth-century movement inspired by European philosophers who believed that society's problems could be solved by reason and science John Locke Was an English philosopher who wrote Two Treatises of Government. Great Awakening a religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers Thomas Jefferson Was an American farmer, landholder, author, architect, lawyer, and statesman. He joined the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1768 and began advocating for American independence in the 1770's. Jefferson represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress, during which time he drafted and revised the Declaration of Independence. He went on to serve as a diplomat to France and as the nation's first secretary of state, second vice president, and third president. Jefferson also founded the University of Virginia. John Hancock Was a Massachusetts statesman who served as the president of the Second Continental Congress. George Washington Worked early on as a surveyor of the Virginia colony. Washington became interested in western expansion in the Ohio Country and invested in the Ohio Company. In 1752, he accepted an appointment to the military as an officer. Two years later, he led a company to drive out the French from Fort Duquesne. Later, he went on to serve as the commander-in-chief of the colonies' Continental Army and to become the first President of the United States. Republican Government a government in which officials are representatives elected by the people; also known as a representative democracy Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government Articles of Confederation the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777 Shays' Rebellion a farmers' rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, against higher taxes in Massachusetts Confederation an alliance or league of governments pledged to work together Northwest Territory a vast territory north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania as far as the Mississippi River James Madison Was a Patriot who represented Virginia in the Continental Congress. In 1787, he participated in the Constitutional Convention and was a leading voice in replacing the Articles of Confederation with a new plan for government. For his part in winning passage of the 1787 Constitution, he became known as the Father of the Constitution. Madison went on to serve as Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state and then to become the fourth president of the United States. Checks and Balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two Federalism a political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments The Federalist Papers a series of 85 essays, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that explained and defended the Constitution Separation of Powers a principle that divides power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government Antifederalists one who opposed ratification of the Constitution Virginia Declaration of Rights a document listing the protected rights of Virginians, which was incorporated into the Virginia state constitution in 1776; it influenced a number of later documents, including the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights Limited Government a principle stating that the government has only as much authority as the people give it and, therefore, its power is limited; government in which government actions are limited by law John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. After serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge, Marshall held various law and political positions. As chief justice, Marshall participated in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself, often advancing and defending judicial power and the principles of American federalism. Judicial Review the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional Louisiana Purchase the 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Monroe Doctrine a foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Andrew Jackson was an American military officer before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, and finally as the seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. As a general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, Jackson successfully defended New Orleans. As President, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system. Nullification a theory that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional Indian Removal Act an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Trail of Tears an act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast Panic of 1837 the start of a prolonged downturn in the American economy touched off by changes in government policy Alexis de Tocqueville was a French aristocrat whose travels in the United States in the 1830's resulted in the publication of Democracy in America, an influential analysis of American politics. Industrial Revolution a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700's and spread to the United States around 1800 Underground Railroad a system that existed before the Civil War in which African American and white abolitionists helped people trying to escape enslavement travel to safe areas in the North and in Canada Abolitionists reformers who advocated a complete end to slavery Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped to the North in 1838. In 1841, he spontaneously shared his experiences of enslavement at an antislavery convention, and he soon became a speaker for the abolitionist cause. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, first published in 1845, reached still more people. During the Civil War, Douglass worked as an adviser to President Lincoln. Douglass also lent strong support to the women's movement. Second Great Awakening a religious revival movement in the first half of the 1800s Lucretia Mott was deeply committed to the ideal of reform. Known for her effective public speaking, she traveled the country promoting abolition. Frustrated by attempts to limit women's involvement in reform, Mott turned her attention to women's rights in the 1840's. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a lively and often fiery crusader for women's rights. While raising a growing family, she worked with Lucretia Mott and others to organize the Seneca Falls Convention. From the beginning, she pushed for women to fight for the right to vote, helping shape the direction of the movement for years to come. Declaration of Sentiments a document created at the Seneca Fall Convention in 1848 that demanded equal rights for women Susan B. Anthony was a campaigner for reforms and civil rights throughout her life. At different times she took up the cause of abolition, temperance, and working women's rights. But it is for the cause of woman suffrage that Anthony is best known. In 1869, she and her friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which led to over 30 years of relentless lecture tours, lobbying, and civil disobedience geared toward gaining the vote for women. Suffrage the right to vote Manifest Destiny the 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable but a God-given right Sam Houston was the only American to serve as governor of two different states—first Tennessee, then Texas. In between, he was commander of the Texan army, president of the Republic of Texas, and U.S. senator from Texas. Although an enslaver, Houston opposed the spread of slavery into the West. He was removed from the governorship of Texas after speaking out against Texas seceding from the Union. James K. Polk was a lawyer and politician who served as the 11th president of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Before being elected President, Polk served in the Tennessee legislature and as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. As President, Polk led the United States through the Mexican-American War, resulting in the United States gaining large territories along the Pacific coast and in the Southwest. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War Add or remove terms Learn More You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity About us About Quizlet How Quizlet works Careers Advertise with us Get the app For students Flashcards Test Learn Solutions Modern Learning Lab Quizlet Plus Study Guides Pomodoro timer For teachers Live Blog Be the Change Quizlet Plus for teachers Resources Help center Honor code Community guidelines Terms Privacy California Privacy Your Privacy/Cookie Choices Ads and Cookie Settings Interest-Based Advertising Quizlet for Schools Parents Language English (USA) © 2025 Quizlet, Inc. COPPA Safe Harbor Certification seal Home Your library Notifications 5 Your courses AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... Honors Algebra 2 New folder Start here Flashcards Study Guides Practice Tests Expert Solutions Home Your library Notifications 5 AP Psychology Advanced Chemist... 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