The Englishtenment

The Philosophe said the ______ have the responsibility to educate the _______

educated, poor

What work emphasized teaching individuals how to think rather than telling them what to think?

The Philosophe

"What is Enlightenment?" and "Critique of Pure Reason" Author

Kant

Immanuel Kant believed man was inhibited due to

self-caused immaturity

An attempt to explain God's Providence by reference to his work in nature or scientific means

Physicotheology

The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being, but a denial of revealed religion, basing one's belief on the light of nature and reason.

Deism

"Age of Reason" Author

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine said my_____ is my own________

mind, church

"System of Nature" Author

d'Holbach

Baron d'Holbach said the source of man's unhappiness is __

his ignorance of Nature

Who believed the institutions of Christianity were a major obstacle to the improvement of society?

d'Holbach

The belief that only material things exist

Materialism

"The Agre of reason: Deism" Author

Locke

Who believed in natural rights of life, liberty, and property?

Locke

Who slammed the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings?

Locke

Who favored a republic as the best form of government?

Locke

"Philisophical Dictionary" Author

Voltaire

Who pushed the idea that a ruler can justify her/his power by improving society, setting the groundwork for the Enlightened Despots?

Voltaire

Who was imprisoned twice and exiled to England for two years?

Voltaire

"On Crimes and Punishments" Author

Beccaria

Cesare Beccaria believed it is better to _ crimes than to _ them.

prevent, punish

Who believed in a separation of powers and three government branches?

Montesquieu

"The Social Contract" and "Emile" Author

Rousseau

Rousseau believed as civilizations , they move away from ___

progress, morality

Who believed virtue exists in the "state of nature" but is lost in society?

Rousseau

Rousseau believed individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one's individual interests to the __

General Will

Rousseau believed individuals entered a social contract with _

each other

Who advocated for direct democracy?

Rousseau

Were the Enlightenment thinkers religiously tolerant?

Yes, but often critical

What were the critiques of Christianity?

Irrational and attacked biblical history

What were the critiques of Judaism?

More primitive than Christianity, which further stigmatized Jews.

What were the critiques of Islam?

Religious fanatics and studied Arabic but were critical

Who acknowledged Islam's relative tolerance and reason but still believed it to be a false and barbarous religion?

Voltaire

Who saw Islam as a prime example of political despotism?

Montesquieu

Who was the Dutch thinker from the Netherlands who sought to secularize Judaism through modernization into European life?

Spinoza

Who was the German "Jewish Socrates" who urged toleration and civil rights for Jews, as diversity does not harm loyalty to the government?

Mendelssohn

"The Encyclopedia" Author

Diderot

What is so amazing about the "Republic of Letters"?

Educated people are connecting with each other through shared ideas and books

Gathering of elities in cities

Salon

In this age, there was an emphasis in_________in salons

politeness

While more people were reading, books were

expensive

Who hosted famous salons in Paris that would bring artists and thinkers on specific days of the week?

Madame Geoffrin

"A Vindication of the Rights of Women" Author

Wollstonecraft

Wollstonecraft believed women should be __ of men

companions

Wollstonecraft wanted equality in______ and ___ for women

education, laws

Who was a prominent female social reformer who wrote for the abolition movement?

More

Rousseau believed the of women should be to men

education, relative

"Wealth of Nations" Author

Adam Smith

Adam Smith attacked the system as it did not follow __

mercantilist, natural laws

Who believed trade was not a zero-sum game but a positive-sum game?

Adam Smith

Was Adam Smith's argument political or economic?

political

_ and _ are produced for

goods, services, profitable exchange

___ is the source of ___

labor, value

How do we survive in a world where we must depend on many others, but where humans are by nature self-interested individuals?

The free market with an "invisible hand"

Who was most influenced by the Enlightenment?

The bourgeois (educated middle class)

Why was there not as large an Enlightenment spread in Britain?

Constitutional monarchy and the Bill of Rights

Enlightened Despot of Prussia

Frederick (II) the Great

Enlightened Despot of Russia

Catherine (II) the Great

Enlightened Despot of Austria

Joseph II