Results for "authoritative"

Developmental Psychology Flashcards Stability & Change ● The debate about which aspects of development remain stable over time and which change. Nature vs. Nurture ● The debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) shapes human development. Continuous Development ● Development that occurs gradually and cumulatively over time. Discontinuous Development ● Development that occurs in distinct stages with qualitative changes. 3.2 - Physical Development Across the Lifespan Teratogens ● Substances that can cause harm to a developing fetus (e.g., drugs, alcohol, viruses). Maternal Illness ● Diseases or infections in a mother that can impact fetal development (e.g., rubella, HIV). Genetic Mutation ● Changes in DNA sequences that can lead to developmental differences or disorders. Hormonal Factors ● Hormones influencing growth, development, and behavior. Environmental Factors ● External influences on development, such as nutrition and social conditions. Physical Development ● Changes in body structure and function across the lifespan. Visual Cliff & Depth Perception ● A study that tests infants' ability to perceive depth. Fine Motor Coordination ● Small, precise movements (e.g., writing, using utensils). Gross Motor Coordination ● Large movements using major muscles (e.g., walking, running). Rooting Reflex ● A newborn's reflex to turn toward a touch on the cheek and open their mouth. Growth Spurt ● A rapid increase in height and weight during puberty. Puberty ● The stage of development when a person becomes capable of reproduction. Primary Sex Characteristics ● Reproductive organs and structures present at birth. Secondary Sex Characteristics ● Non-reproductive traits that develop during puberty (e.g., body hair, voice changes). Menarche ● The first menstrual period in females. Spermarche ● The first ejaculation in males. Menopause ● The natural cessation of menstruation and reproductive ability in females. 3.3 - Gender & Sexual Orientation Gender Typing ● The process of learning cultural gender roles. Gender Norms ● Societal expectations about behaviors based on gender. Sexuality ● A person's sexual orientation, behavior, and identity. Gender Identity ● A person's internal sense of their own gender. 3.4 - Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan Jean Piaget ● A psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development. Sensorimotor Stage ● Piaget’s first stage (0-2 years), where infants learn through sensory experiences. Object Permanence ● The understanding that objects exist even when not visible. Preoperational Stage ● Piaget’s second stage (2-7 years), characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism. Conservation ● Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Reversibility ● The ability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or operations. Animism ● The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions. Egocentrism ● The inability to see the world from another's perspective. Theory of Mind ● The ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one’s own. Concrete Operational Stage ● Piaget’s third stage (7-11 years), where logical thinking about concrete objects develops. Formal Operational Stage ● Piaget’s final stage (12+ years), involving abstract and hypothetical thinking. Lev Vygotsky ● A psychologist known for his theory on social development and learning. Scaffolding ● Providing support to a learner which is gradually removed as competence increases. Zone of Proximal Development ● The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help. Crystallized Intelligence ● Accumulated knowledge and skills that improve with age. Fluid Intelligence ● The ability to solve new problems and think abstractly, which declines with age. Dementia ● A decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. Ecological Systems Theory Microsystem ● The immediate environment surrounding an individual (e.g., family, school). Mesosystem ● The interactions between different parts of a person's microsystem (e.g., parent-teacher relationship). Exosystem ● Environmental settings that indirectly affect a person (e.g., parent’s workplace). Macrosystem ● The broader cultural and social influences on an individual. Chronosystem ● The impact of time and historical context on development. Parenting & Attachment Authoritarian Parenting ● A strict, high-demand parenting style with little warmth or flexibility. Authoritative Parenting ● A balanced parenting style that is both demanding and responsive. Permissive Parenting ● A lenient parenting style with few rules and little discipline. Secure Attachment ● A strong, healthy emotional bond between a child and caregiver. Insecure Avoidant Attachment ● A child avoids the caregiver and shows little emotion when separated. Insecure Anxious Attachment ● A child is overly dependent on the caregiver and shows distress when separated. Insecure Disorganized Attachment ● A child shows inconsistent behavior toward the caregiver, often linked to trauma. Separation Anxiety ● Distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver. Developmental Psychology Concepts Social Clock ● The culturally preferred timing of life events (e.g., marriage, parenthood). Emerging Adulthood ● A transitional period (18-25 years) between adolescence and full adulthood. Psychosocial Development ● Erik Erikson’s theory of how individuals develop social and emotional identity. Erik Erikson ● A psychologist known for his eight-stage theory of psychosocial development. Trust vs. Mistrust ● Infancy stage: Learning whether the world is trustworthy or not. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ● Toddler stage: Developing independence and confidence. Industry vs. Inferiority ● Childhood stage: Developing a sense of competence and achievement. Identity vs. Role Confusion ● Adolescence: Exploring personal identity and values. Intimacy vs. Isolation ● Young adulthood: Developing close, committed relationships. Generativity vs. Stagnation ● Middle adulthood: Contributing to society and helping the next generation. Integrity vs. Despair ● Late adulthood: Reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment or regret. Other Important Terms Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) ● Traumatic events in childhood that can impact long-term development. Achievement ● Commitment to a personal identity following exploration. Diffusion ● Lack of direction or commitment in personal identity development. Foreclosure ● Commitment to an identity without exploration, often based on parental expectations. Moratorium ● Actively exploring identity but not yet committed to a final choice. Imprinting ● see. A rapid form of attachment seen in animals where they follow the first moving object they Attachment ● An emotional bond between individuals, especially between a child and caregiver. Temperament ● An individual’s natural disposition and emotional reactivity

Authoritative personality

Lecture 5 An awe-inspiring and authoritative vision

1. This sector of community includes newspapers, magazines, and other available materials that can be glanced from the internet. Answer: b. media 2. A sector of community that includes musicians, dancers, writers, actors, among others. Answer: c. culture 3. Each area typically specializes in a particular form of livelihood, such as farming. Answer: a. rural community 4. A group where the flow of communication is restricted. Answer: a. formal community 5. Pertains to the population size, density, heterogeneity, changes, and development in an area. Answer: a. Demographics 6. Refers to the changes that occur in the social order of society. Answer: b. social change 7. A group sharing the same environment and conditions. Answer: c. local community 8. The aspect of the community that looks at employment opportunities existing in the area. Answer: C. Local economy and business 9. A figure who is in direct relation with you through familial relations, affinities or feeling of kinship, and social network. Answer: d. interrelationship 10. This person is usually appointed based on qualification, attitude, or other characteristics. Answer: b. Leader 11. This discipline studies the human mind, brain, and social behavior. This extends to interaction between people and interpersonal relationships. Answer: Psychology 12. They are individuals whose authority is based on formal rules appointed by the... Answer: Legal authoritative decision-makers 13. It is an umbrella term for various fields of study which examines social relations and human society. Answer: Social science 14. This field examines the various aspects of humans, such as their biology, behavior, culture, and social interactions. Answer: Anthropology 15. This perspective highlights volunteerism. Answer: Local and grassroots perspective 16. It is defined as the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society for the effective functioning of the community. Answer: Social capital 17. This field studies the production, allocation, and consumption of goods and services. Answer: Economics 18. This field is the study of society, social order, social interactions, and culture. It introduces the concepts of social capital and communitarianism. Answer: Sociology 19. Is the capacity of the community to exercise control over activities and seek ways to employ available resources to establish a stronger and successful community. Answer: Community power 20. This perspective views society as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity. Answer: Civil Society perspective 21. It explains the connection between the individual and the community. Answer: Society 22. It is about people's need to participate in their group or organization to benefit the community in various activities or action. Answer: volunteerism 23. The changes that occur in the social order of a society. Answer: Social change 24. This group has a loose structure and the members join to satisfy their social needs. Answer: Informal group 25. Are individuals or bodies whose authority is based on formal rules and institutions. Answer: formal authority 26. The person who has the responsibility of controlling or taking charge of a particular group. Answer: Leader 27. A sector of community that includes local and state police, the court system - judges, probation officers, prosecutors; court-appointed defense lawyers, court-mandated programs for offenders. Answer: Local/ Politics Criminal justice system 28. A sector of community that includes self-employed carpenter to the multinational corporation with a local facility. Answer: Local economy and businesses / Economic sector 29. This group possesses a systematic hierarchical structure. Answer: Formal organization 30. It is defined as a physical or virtual space which members of the community visit or where they stay. Answer: Social space 1. As a social science student, do you think it is necessary to study community? Why do you think so? Answer: Yes, it is necessary to study community as it helps us understand how individuals interact, form relationships, and contribute to society. It provides insights into social structures, cultural dynamics, and the factors that shape communities. By studying community, we can gain a deeper understanding of social issues, develop strategies for community development, and promote social cohesion. 2. Do you agree that individuals and families shape the behavior in the social system? Why? Why not? Answer: Yes, individuals and families play a significant role in shaping behavior in the social system. They are the building blocks of society and their actions, values, and beliefs influence the norms and values of the larger community.

Dispositional factors - Adorno's authoritative personalities

Chapter 13: Developmental Psychology

Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology