1/138
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Chronological development
A method of organization that describes events in the order in which they occurred
Lifespan development
the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
Nature and nurture
the debate of weather you are shaped by your environment or genes
Continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
Discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fine motor coordination
Gross motor coordination
-- Ability to coordinate large muscle movements as in running, walking, skipping, and throwing.
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Reflexes
specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
Rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
Visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Critical periods
Periods in the developmental sequence during which an organism must experience certain kinds of social or sensory experiences in order for normal development to take place
Sensitive periods
time periods when specific skills develop most easily
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period
Growth spurt
The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Menarche
the first menstrual period
Spermarche
first ejaculation
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Mental symbols
represent objects in the real world
Pretend play
make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, acting as if they were in a situation different from their actual one
Conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Reversibility
the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Theory of mind
an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own
Concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Systematic thinking
approaches problems in a rational, step-by-step, and analytical fashion
Formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Abstract thinking
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
Crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
Phonemes
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language.
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
Grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Syntax
Sentence structure
Cooing
early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
Babbling
stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds
One-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
Overgeneralization of language rules
Applying a regular grammatical rule in an irregular situation. Example: "I runned", "he hitted", "you buyed"
Ecological systems theory
views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
Microsystem
the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
Mesosystem
connections between microsystems
Exosystem
social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
Macrosystem
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
Chronosystem
historical changes that influence the other systems
Authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
Authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
Permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
Attachment styles
The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
Secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
Insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
Avoidant attachment
attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others
Anxious attachment
attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence. an insecure attachment style
disorganized attachment
characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
Temperment
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Separation anxiety
the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Parallel play
activity in which children play side by side without interacting
Pretend play
make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, acting as if they were in a situation different from their actual one
Imaginary Audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
Personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
Social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
Stage theory of psychosocial development
Erikson's theory; 8 stages with distinct conflicts between two opposing states that shape personality
Trust vs. mistrust
Refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust of their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative v. guilt
3rd stage in Erikson's model; preschoolers must learn to start and direct creative tasks, or they may feel guilty about asserting themselves
Industry v. Inferiority
4th stage in Erikson's model; children must master the skills valued by their society or feel inferior
Identity v. role confusion
5th stage in Erikson's model; adolescents must develop a sense of identity or suffer lack of direction
Intimacy v. isolation
6th stage in Erikson's model; young adults must form close, satisfying relationships or suffer loneliness
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's 7th stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Integrity v. despair
8th stage in Erikson's model; when reflecting at the end of life, an older adult must feel a sense of satisfaction or experience despair (feelings of having wasted one's life)
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.
Achievement (adolescent development)
Stage of adolescent identity development that occurs when identity commitments are made after a period of exploration.
Diffusion (adolescent development)
Stage of adolescent identity development where no commitments are made to identity
Foreclosure (adolescent development)
Stage of adolescent identity development where commitments are made to identity without first an exploration
Moratorium (adolescent development)
Stage of adolescent identity development where they are actively engaged in identity exploration
racial and ethnic identity
the sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feelings that are associated with that membership
Sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Religious identity
a sense of belonging to a religious group
Occupational identity
Occupations that we engage in define who we are
Familial identity
the sense of self as always connected to family and others
Possible selves
images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
Behavioral perspective
An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events