Chapter 13: Developmental Psychology

Diana Baumrind

________ has identified the following three types of parenting styles.

1950s

In the ________, Harry and Margaret Harlow demonstrated that rhesus monkey infants need comfort and security as much as food.

1970s

In the ________, Mary Ainsworth studied human infant attachment.

Maturation

________ can best be defined as biological readiness.

Kinseys books

________ played a role in liberalizing Americans attitudes toward sexuality in the next decades.

Konrad Lorenz

Beginning in the 1930s, ________ posited that much child attachment behavior is innate.

Research methods

________ in developmental psychology vary according to the questions being asked by the researcher.

Developmental psychology

________, like most aspects of psychology, must deal with the so- called nature- nurture debate.

Culture

________ also impacts development in important ways.

fetal stage

In the ________, sexual differentiation occurs and movement begins to develop.

Developmental theories can be divided into two broad classes

those that conceptualize development as a single, continuous, unitary process and those that view it as occurring in discrete stages

Cognitive Development

Cognitive development refers to the development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and related skills

Lorenz was an ethologist

he studied animal behavior and he based his ideas about attachment on his observations of imprinting in animals

Moral Development

The most influential theory of moral development was advanced by Lawrence Kohlberg, who expanded on an early theory proposed by Piaget

Kinsey Scale

which posited that sexuality is not binary, either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual; rather, it exists along a continuum of attractions and practices.

Alfred Kinsey

did extensive, and very widely

genital stage

from about twelve until death, the genital region becomes the primary source of sensual/sexual pleasure, unless traumas in prior stages have resulted in fixations.

latency stage

from about six to twelve, there is no one particular part of the body that has the most importance for the developing mind.

phallic stage

from about three to six, children realize that they are boys or girls, and begin to puzzle out what that means.

anal stage

from about two to three, toddlers learn that they are praised when they do well with toilet training, and are not praised (or even scolded) when they do not.

oral stage

from birth to about two, the primary source of pleasure for the infant comes from sucking, as well as using the voice to cry out for caretakers.

Sigmund Freud

elaborated a theory of psychosexual development.

Androgyny

may develop as children begin to blur the lines between stereotypical male and female roles in society.

Psychosexual development

is the development of an awareness of one’s own sexuality, including the identification of the self with a particular gender.

Permissive

Parents have few expectations and are warm and non

Authoritative

Parents also expect compliance to rules but explain rules and encourage independence.

Authoritarian

Parents have high expectations for their child to comply with rules without debate or explanation.

Disorganized

The child has an erratic relationship with the primary caretaker and with other adults.

Ambivalent

The child may have a “stormy” relationship with the primary caretaker, is distressed when he or she leaves, and has difficulty being consoled after his or her return.

Avoidant

The child may be inhibited in the presence of the primary caretaker, and may pretend to not be distressed when he or she leaves.

Secure

The child is generally happy in the presence of the primary caretaker, is distressed when he or she leaves, but can be consoled again quickly after he or she returns.

strange situation

in which a parent or primary guardian leaves a child with a stranger and then returns, Ainsworth recognized four attachment patterns.

Mary Ainsworth

studied human infant attachment.

Attachment

is defined as the tendency to prefer specific familiar individuals to others.

Konrad Lorenz

posited that much child attachment behavior is innate.

Harry and Margaret Harlow

demonstrated that rhesus monkey infants need comfort and security as much as food.

Social development

involves the ability to interact with others and with the social structures in which we live.

Scaffolding

is the support system that allows a person to move across the zone of proximal development incrementally, with environmental supports, such as teachers and parents.

conservation

the idea that the amount of a substance does not change just because it is arranged differently.

egocentrism

seeing the world only from one’s own point of view

artificialism

believing that all things are human

animism

believing that all things are living.

symbolic thinking

the ability to use words to substitute for objects.

Object permanence

which develops during this stage, is the knowledge that objects continue to exist when they are outside the field of view.

Jean Piaget

proposed an influential theory of the cognitive development of children.

Cognitive development

refers to the development of learning, memory, reasoning, problem

Rudimentary movements

serve as the first voluntary movements performed by a child.

embryonic stage

consists of organ formation and lasts until the beginning of the third month.

Physical development

starts at conception.

Stages

are patterns of behavior that occur in a fixed sequence.

Individualist cultures

promote personal needs above the needs of society.

collectivist culture

is one in which the needs of society are placed before the needs of the individual.

Culture

also impacts development in important ways.

critical period

refers to a time during which a skill or ability must develop; if the ability does not develop during that time, it probably will never develop or may not develop as well.

Maturation

can best be defined as biological readiness.

Maturationists

emphasize the role of genetically programmed growth and development on the body, particularly on the nervous system.

normative development

which is the typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people.

Erik Erikson

was the first to successfully champion the view that development occurs across an entire lifetime.

developmental psychology

takes the view that development is not a process with a clear ending.