4. astrocitos en el metbolismo energético

Astrocyte Signaling and Brain Function

Central Nervous System White vs gray matter :: Gray = cell bodies (processing); White = myelinated axons (communication) Primary motor cortex, Broca’s, premotor location :: Frontal lobe Innermost meninge :: Pia mater CSF is formed where :: Choroid plexus (ventricles) Ventral horn destruction causes :: Loss of motor output Same hemisphere fibers :: Association fibers Across hemispheres :: Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Advantage of convolutions :: Increased surface area → more processing power Grooves :: Sulci Folds :: Gyri Groove dividing hemispheres :: Longitudinal fissure Frontal vs parietal lobe :: Central sulcus Parietal vs temporal :: Lateral sulcus Primary motor cortex :: Voluntary movement Premotor cortex :: Plans movement Primary sensory cortex :: Detects touch Somatosensory association :: Interprets sensation Visual area :: Vision Auditory area :: Hearing Prefrontal cortex :: Decision making/personality Broca’s area :: Speech production Controls temp, hunger, ANS :: Hypothalamus Substantia nigra location :: Midbrain Vital centers (heart, breathing) :: Medulla oblongata Sensory relay center :: Thalamus (gray matter) Basal nuclei function :: Initiate/stop movement, smooth motion Cerebellum role :: Coordination, balance, posture Limbic system location/function :: Around brainstem; emotion + memory RAS meaning/function :: Reticular Activating System; alertness STM → LTM factors :: Repetition, sleep, emotion, meaning CNS protection (4) :: Skull/vertebrae, meninges, CSF, BBB CSF formation/drainage :: Produced in ventricles → circulates → reabsorbed into blood Blood-brain barrier :: Tight capillaries + astrocytes Pyramidal tracts :: Motor pathways; cross at medulla Dorsal vs ventral roots :: Dorsal = sensory; Ventral = motor CSF location :: Subarachnoid space Spinal cord organization :: Gray inside; white outside Anterior vs posterior root signals :: Anterior = motor; Posterior = sensory Cervical/lumbar enlargements :: Serve limbs Spinal cord location :: Vertebral foramen Filum terminale :: Anchors spinal cord ⸻ Sensation & Integration Sensation vs perception :: Sensation = detection; Perception = interpretation Sensory modality :: Type of stimulus Mechanoreceptors :: Touch/pressure Thermoreceptors :: Temperature Chemoreceptors :: Chemicals Nociceptors :: Pain Naked nerve endings :: Free endings (pain/temp) Encapsulated endings :: Wrapped (touch/pressure) 3 steps of sensation :: Stimulus → receptor → signal to brain Meissner’s corpuscles :: Light touch receptors Proprioceptor example :: Muscle spindle; detects stretch/body position Pressure receptor :: Pacinian corpuscle (encapsulated) Thermal receptor distribution :: Uneven Touch receptor distribution :: Uneven Referred pain :: Pain felt elsewhere Pain receptors :: Nociceptors Brain maps based on :: Sensitivity (not size) 3-neuron sensory pathway :: 1st: receptor → spinal cord 2nd: spinal cord → thalamus 3rd: thalamus → cortex Motor pathway neurons :: 2 neurons Upper: brain → spinal cord Lower: spinal cord → muscle Ascending pathways :: Sensory to brain Descending pathways :: Motor from brain

Astrocytes

Astrocytes and epilepsy paper 1

QUIZ SISTEMA NERVIOSO 1. Fascículo encargado de conducir la información de tacto fino, presión y vibración de miembros inferiores F. Cuneiforme F. Delgado F. Espinotalámico lateral F. Corticoespinal lateral 2. ¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones es VERDADERA sobre el sistema nervioso? Se divide en Sistema Nervioso Central y Periférico El sistema nervioso autónomo se divide en SN Simpático y SN Parasimpático A través de él fluye información aferente y eferente Todas son correctas 3. Célula encargada de producir mielina en el Sistema Nervioso Periférico Oligodendrocito Microglía Célula de Schwann Astrocito 4. Selecciona el enunciado FALSO sobre los astrocitos Se dividen en fibrosos y protoplasmáticos Encargados de formar la barrera hematoencefálica Producen el líquido cefalorraquídeo Almacenan glucógeno 5. Al tipo de contacto sináptico entre el axón de una neurona y el cuerpo neuronal de otra se le conoce como Axodendrítica Axoaxónica Axosomática Axoastrocítica 6. La sustancia blanca de la médula espinal proviene de La capa marginal La capa del manto Rombencéfalo Conducto central medular 7. El rombencéfalo se divide en Telecéfalo y diencéfalo Mesencéfalo Metencéfalo y mielencéfalo Ninguna de las anteriores 8. Paciente femenino de 24 años que practica equitación, refiere que durante evento de exhibición cae del caballo en mala posición, horas posteriores al incidente manifiesta pérdida del tacto fino, presión, dolor y temperatura tanto de miembros superiores como de inferiores, así como pérdida de la movilidad de los mismos. A la exploración física encuentra los datos ya mencionados, así como parálisis espástica y signo de Babinsky positivo. Con base a eso se hace el diagnóstico de Sección medular completa a nivel cervical Síndrome de Brown-Séquard Síndrome medular anterior Sección medular completa a nivel torácico 9. ¿Cómo se les conoce a las neuronas que cuentan con un dos axones a los lados del cuerpo de la neurona? Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar Golgi 1 10. Los componentes de una sinapsis química son los siguientes, EXCEPTO Membrana presináptica Membrana post sináptica Espacio sináptico Todas son correctas 11. Estructura inductora en el desarrollo embrionario del SN Crestas neurales Notocorda Placa neural Prosencéfalo 12. Sobre esta lesión (L3) lado izquierdo, seleccione cuál síntoma NO se presentaría Pérdida de tacto fino, propiocepción consciente, vibración ipsilateral (del lado de la lesión) Pérdida de tacto fino, propiocepción consciente, vibración contralateral (del lado de la lesión) Síndrome de neurona motora superior por debajo de la lesión Pérdida de la sensibilidad a dolor y temperatura contralateral 13. Seleccione el enunciado FALSO sobre la médula espinal Termina a nivel de L-4 o L-5 Se encuentra dentro del conducto vertebral Se divide en 8 segmentos cervicales, 12 torácicos, 5 lumbares, 5 sacros y 1-2 coccígeos Es un centro de paso de información tanto aferente como eferente 14. Placa embrionaria de la cual deriva el sistema nervioso Endodermo Mesodermo Ectodermo Ninguna de las anteriores 15

papel astrocitos

answers for Chapters 5, 6, and 7 based on your study guide: ⸻ ✅ Chapter 5 – Skeletal System 1. Functions of the Skeletal System • Support • Protection • Movement (with muscles) • Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus) • Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) • Fat storage (yellow marrow) ⸻ 2. Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton Axial (80 bones) • Skull • Vertebral column • Ribs • Sternum • Hyoid Appendicular (126 bones) • Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) • Upper limbs • Pelvic girdle • Lower limbs ⸻ 3. Bone Components • Compact (cortical) bone • Spongy (trabecular) bone • Periosteum • Endosteum • Bone marrow (red & yellow) • Articular cartilage ⸻ 4. Cortical vs Trabecular Bone • Cortical (compact): Dense, outer layer, strength • Trabecular (spongy): Porous, inside bone, reduces weight, houses marrow ⸻ 5. Bone Classification by Shape • Long (femur) • Short (carpals) • Flat (sternum) • Irregular (vertebrae) • Sesamoid (patella) ⸻ 6. Structure of a Long Bone • Diaphysis (shaft) • Epiphysis (ends) • Medullary cavity • Periosteum • Compact bone • Spongy bone ⸻ 7. Microscopic Bone Structure • Osteon (Haversian system) • Central canal • Lacunae (contain osteocytes) • Canaliculi (nutrient pathways) ⸻ 8. Osteoblast vs Osteoclast • Osteoblast: Builds bone • Osteoclast: Breaks down bone ⸻ 9. Three Types of Joints • Fibrous: Immovable (skull sutures) • Cartilaginous: Slight movement (intervertebral discs) • Synovial: Freely movable (knee) ⸻ 10. Osteoporosis & Arthritis • Osteoporosis: Bone thinning • Arthritis: Joint inflammation ⸻ ✅ Chapter 6 – Muscular System 1. Three Muscle Types • Skeletal: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones • Cardiac: Involuntary, heart only • Smooth: Involuntary, organs ⸻ 2. Connective Tissue Coverings • Endomysium → around muscle fiber • Perimysium → around fascicle • Epimysium → around whole muscle ⸻ 3. Fascicle Bundle of muscle fibers (covered by perimysium) ⸻ 4. Sarcomere Functional unit of muscle Boundaries: Z discs ⸻ 5. Bands • I band → thin only • A band → thick (and overlap) ⸻ 6. Filaments • Thick → Myosin • Thin → Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin ⸻ 7. During Contraction • Sarcomere shortens • Z discs move closer • I band shortens • A band stays same ⸻ 8. Role of Calcium & ATP • Calcium: Exposes binding sites • ATP: Powers contraction & releases myosin ⸻ 9. Cross Bridge Myosin head binding to actin ⸻ 10. Neuromuscular Junction • Nerve releases acetylcholine (ACh) • ACh binds receptors • Muscle action potential starts ⸻ 11. Steps of Skeletal Muscle Contraction 1. Nerve impulse 2. ACh release 3. Muscle action potential 4. Ca²⁺ released from SR 5. Cross bridge formation 6. Power stroke 7. ATP binds & detaches 8. Relaxation when Ca²⁺ removed ⸻ 12. Three Ways Muscles Produce ATP • Direct phosphorylation (creatine phosphate) • Anaerobic glycolysis • Aerobic respiration ⸻ 13. Oxygen & Lactic Acid • Aerobic: Requires oxygen • Anaerobic glycolysis: Produces lactic acid ⸻ 14. Fastest Energy System Direct phosphorylation ⸻ 15. Isotonic vs Isometric • Isotonic: Muscle shortens (lifting weight) • Isometric: Tension, no movement (holding weight) ⸻ ✅ Chapter 7 – Nervous System 1. CNS Brain + spinal cord Function: control center ⸻ 2. PNS Cranial nerves + spinal nerves ⸻ 3. Afferent vs Efferent • Afferent: Sensory → to CNS • Efferent: Motor → from CNS ⸻ 4. Three Parts of Neuron • Dendrites (receive) • Cell body • Axon (send signal) ⸻ 5. Synapse Junction between neurons Synaptic cleft = gap between them ⸻ 6. Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers between neurons ⸻ 7. Three Neuron Types • Sensory • Motor • Interneurons ⸻ 8. CNS Neuroglia • Astrocytes • Oligodendrocytes • Microglia • Ependymal cells ⸻ 9. Action Potential Phases • Resting (-70mV) • Depolarization (Na⁺ in) • Repolarization (K⁺ out) • Hyperpolarization ⸻ 10. Myelinated Axons Faster Because Saltatory conduction (jumps between nodes) ⸻ 11. Reflex & Components Automatic response 5 parts: 1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration center 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector ⸻ 12. Four Lobes of Cerebrum • Frontal → movement • Parietal → sensation • Temporal → hearing • Occipital → vision ⸻ 13. Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus • Thalamus → sensory relay • Hypothalamus → homeostasis • Epithalamus → melatonin ⸻ 14. Brainstem Parts • Midbrain → reflexes • Pons → breathing control • Medulla → heart rate ⸻ 15. Cerebellum Balance & coordination ⸻ 16. Meninges • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater Protect CNS ⸻ 17. CSF Cerebrospinal fluid Found in ventricles & around brain/spinal cord ⸻ 18. Spinal Cord Structure: gray center, white outside Function: reflexes & signal pathway ⸻ 19. Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic • Sympathetic → fight or flight • Parasympathetic → rest and digest ⸻ 20. Effects on Organs Sympathetic: • ↑ heart rate • Dilates pupils • Stops digestion Parasympathetic: • ↓ heart rate • Constricts pupils • Stimulates digestion ⸻ 21

Neuroglia Functions: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, Microglia, and Ependymal Cells

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Unit 1.1-1.3 - Biological Bases of Behavior