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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Big Idea: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This unit asks: Why do people think, feel, and behave the way they do, and how do psychologists study it? 1. Early Schools of Thought Structuralism Focused on breaking conscious experiences into smaller parts. Example: Describing every taste, smell, and feeling while eating pizza. Functionalism Focused on WHY behaviors and thoughts exist. Example: Fear exists because it helps humans survive danger. Connection: Structuralists asked “What are thoughts made of?” Functionalists asked “What purpose do thoughts serve?” 2. Major Psychological Perspectives Biological Perspective Behavior comes from the brain, genetics, and hormones. Example: Depression connected to serotonin levels. Behavioral Perspective Behavior is learned through rewards and punishments. Example: A dog learns tricks because it gets treats. Cognitive Perspective Focuses on thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Example: Why students remember some facts better than others. Humanistic Perspective Humans naturally strive for growth. Example: Trying to achieve goals and improve yourself. Psychodynamic Perspective Unconscious conflicts affect behavior. Example: Getting unusually angry because of hidden stress. Evolutionary Perspective Behaviors developed because they helped survival. Example: Humans naturally fearing dangerous animals. Sociocultural Perspective Behavior is shaped by culture and society. Example: Different cultures have different expectations for personal space. 3. Research Methods Experiment Used to determine cause and effect. Independent Variable What the researcher changes. Dependent Variable What the researcher measures. Example: Studying whether sleep affects test scores. * Amount of sleep = IV * Test score = DV Correlation Shows relationship between variables. Important: Correlation does NOT equal causation. Example: Ice cream sales and drowning both rise during summer. Random Assignment Participants randomly placed into groups. Helps reduce bias. Double-Blind Procedure Neither researchers nor participants know who receives treatment. Prevents expectations from affecting results. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves asking: * Which perspective best explains this behavior? * Which research method should be used? * Why doesn’t correlation prove causation? Example: A psychologist studies how rewards affect studying. → Behavioral perspective + experiment Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior Big Idea: Your brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics all shape behavior. The whole unit asks: How do your body and brain create thoughts, emotions, and behavior? 1. Nature vs. Nurture = Who You Are Main Idea: Your behavior comes from BOTH: * Nature = genetics/heredity * Nurture = environment and experiences Example: Someone may inherit anxiety tendencies but stressful experiences can make anxiety stronger. 2. Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Sympathetic Nervous System Activates during stress. Example: Heart racing before giving a speech. Parasympathetic Nervous System Calms the body afterward. 3. Neurotransmitters Dopamine Reward and pleasure. Example: Social media likes feel rewarding. Serotonin Mood and sleep. Low levels linked to depression. Acetylcholine Movement and memory. Linked to Alzheimer’s disease. GABA Calms nervous system. Low GABA linked to anxiety. 4. Brain Structures Frontal Lobe Decision-making and personality. Occipital Lobe Vision. Temporal Lobe Hearing and memory. Hippocampus Memory formation. Amygdala Fear and aggression. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student panicking before a test: * amygdala activates fear * sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate * adrenaline releases Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Big Idea: Sensation detects information. Perception interprets information. This unit asks: How does the brain create your experience of the world? 1. Sensation Absolute Threshold Smallest amount of stimulation needed to notice something. Example: Hearing a quiet text notification. Difference Threshold Smallest noticeable difference between stimuli. Example: Noticing the TV volume changed. Sensory Adaptation Becoming less aware of constant stimulation. Example: Not noticing your hoodie after wearing it awhile. 2. Vision Rods Help see in dim light. Cones Detect color. Blind Spot Area without receptors. 3. Hearing Frequency Determines pitch. Amplitude Determines loudness. 4. Perception Gestalt Principles The brain organizes pieces into meaningful wholes. Example: Seeing a complete logo even with missing parts. Depth Perception Ability to see distance in 3D. Example: Catching a volleyball. Perceptual Set Expectations affect perception. Example: Misreading a word because you expected something else. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The exam often gives optical illusions or perception scenarios. Example: A person stops noticing a strong smell after 10 minutes. → sensory adaptation Unit 4: Learning Big Idea: Behavior changes because of experience. This unit asks: How do humans and animals learn behaviors? 1. Classical Conditioning Learning through association. Pavlov’s Dogs Dogs learned to associate a bell with food. Unconditioned Stimulus Naturally causes response. Conditioned Stimulus Previously neutral stimulus causing learned response. Example: Feeling hungry when hearing the microwave beep. 2. Operant Conditioning Learning through rewards and punishments. Positive Reinforcement Adding something good to increase behavior. Example: Getting money for good grades. Negative Reinforcement Removing something unpleasant. Example: Seatbelt alarm stopping. Punishment Decreases behavior. 3. Observational Learning Learning by watching others. Example: Kids copying influencers online. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves reinforcement examples. Example: A student studies harder after praise from parents. → positive reinforcement Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology Big Idea: Humans think, remember, solve problems, and use language. This unit asks: How does the mind process information? 1. Memory Process Encoding Getting information into memory. Storage Keeping information over time. Retrieval Getting information back. 2. Types of Memory Sensory Memory Very brief memory. Short-Term Memory Temporary limited storage. Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent storage. Working Memory Actively using information. Example: Doing math in your head. 3. Forgetting Proactive Interference Old information disrupts new information. Retroactive Interference New information disrupts old information. Example: Forgetting old password after learning a new one. 4. Problem Solving Algorithm Step-by-step method. Heuristic Mental shortcut. Confirmation Bias Looking for information supporting beliefs. Example: Only reading opinions you already agree with. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student mixes up Spanish vocabulary from last year with current vocabulary. → proactive interference Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Big Idea: Humans develop physically, mentally, and socially across life. This unit asks: How do people change from infancy through adulthood? 1. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage Babies learn through senses and actions. Object Permanence Understanding objects still exist when hidden. Example: Babies searching for hidden toys. Preoperational Stage Children use language but think egocentrically. Egocentrism Difficulty understanding another perspective. Example: A child assuming everyone sees exactly what they see. Concrete Operational Stage Logical thinking develops. Formal Operational Stage Abstract thinking develops. Example: Thinking about hypothetical situations. 2. Attachment Strong emotional bond with caregivers. Secure Attachment Healthy trust and comfort. 3. Parenting Styles Authoritative Strict but supportive. Usually healthiest. Authoritarian Strict with little warmth. Permissive Warm but few rules. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A teenager exploring identity and future goals. → Erikson’s identity vs role confusion stage Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Big Idea: Motivation drives behavior, emotions affect actions, and personality shapes how people interact. 1. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory People act to reduce discomfort. Example: Eating when hungry. Maslow’s Hierarchy Basic needs come before higher goals. Example: Someone struggling financially may focus on survival before self-esteem. 2. Emotion Theories James-Lange Theory Physical response first. Example: Heart races THEN fear is felt. Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion and physical response happen together. Schachter Two-Factor Theory Emotion depends on physical arousal plus interpretation. 3. Personality Trait Theory Personality made of stable characteristics. Big Five Traits * openness * conscientiousness * extraversion * agreeableness * neuroticism BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student interpreting sweaty palms before a game as excitement. → Schachter two-factor theory Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Big Idea: Psychological disorders affect thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This unit asks: How are disorders identified and treated? 1. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Constant excessive worry. Phobias Irrational fears. OCD Obsessions and compulsions. 2. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Persistent sadness and loss of interest. Bipolar Disorder Extreme mood swings. 3. Schizophrenia Disordered thinking and perception. Hallucinations False sensory experiences. Delusions False beliefs. 4

Vocabulary blackmail=chantage ditch= abandonner/ nom fossé iffy=douteux incertain mischievous espiègle croquette cuivre =copper stérilet =IUD pristine =immaculé crow's feet =pattes d'oie vanguard =avant garde conduct= conduite mener steadfast=inebranlable grim=sombre sinistre dread= redouter effroi loath = répugne loathsome= repugnant/detesable/odieux befitting = digne lenient=indulgent clement oursin= sea urchin /ursine (tch) pimp= proxénète watering can =arrosoir bulletproof vest = gilet pare-balle frolicking= gambadant urinary infection = uti/infection urinaire blandness= fadeur insipidité spool= bobine afore=avnt ogle= reluquer/mater skidded= dérapé/ glisser slack= mou lache slope=pent /versant irk= irriter agacer extol= exalter prôner jabber= jacasser tidal wave = ras demaree tsunami deadlock=stalemate can opener = ouvre boite mire= boue automaton= automate selflessness=altruisme ringlets= boucles anglaises snuggle =se blottir caye=île îlot dodgy=douteux mane=criniere une louche= a ladle loucher=squint disembled = faire semblant baffled= stupéfait funnel= entonnoir clog/unclog= bouche débouche bulky = encombrant, imposant to beam= diffusee:a line of light that shines from a brightobject: disruptive = perturbateur spades= piques jacks(card)= valets aces= as clubs= trèfles diamonds= carreaux brash adj= effronté, impétueux to wail= pleurnicher, gemir enhanced = rehaussé, augmenter an oar =une rame to mow= tondre to row= ramer a nightstand = table de nuit to gloat= se vanter, jubiler cuckhold= cocu daunting = intimidant tattle= rapporter, denoncer stiffen (up)= se raidir, rigide the slops= les pistes filthy=sale crasseux bliss= bonheur, felicité hence = donc/par consequent ivy= lierre a gauze= une compresse snot= morve dew= rosée coax= amadouer convaincre ripples= ondulations adamant assets=biens/ capital to go berserk= devenir fou furieux shiner folksy= folklorique swoon wince=grimace cave=grotte wobble smug bosom threshold= entree pas de la porte gallow stern token escale stop over liquider voc cheva =sell ect renes got fed up= en avoir marre splurged doused = arrose asperge blithe insouciant squashed écrase crouching accroupi swaying balancement licence = bachelor degree propriétaire d'appartement crinière toboggan hive= ruche dam= barrage glider= planeur tame= apprivoiser step-ladder= escabeau ladder= echelle whiskers= moustache (de chat) willow=saule, osier to slaughter= massacrer ablaze= embrasé to be doomed= être condamné destiny= doom hoax= canular handcuff= menottes raven= corbeau bail on= laisser tomber lean on= s'appuyer sur/ compter sur pull over= s'arrêter/ se garer suspicion=soupçon shawty= belle fille calleux= calloused clearing= clairière a track= une piste, une voie intruder= un intrus coudre= sew tricoter= knit unhinged = déséquilibré / dérangé unfortunate= malheureux/ regrettable asset= atout kick in = faire effet tire= pneu shovel= pelle wrap up=conclure/terminer leek= poireau rewind= rembobiner the seam= veine de mine appealing= attrayant/attirant/séduisant slender= mince catch up= rattraper/rejoindre/discuter kidney= rein pine cone= pomme de pin a stain=une tache cauliflower= chou fleur cabbage= chou a rope= une corde a monk= un moine shield= bouclier a pattern= un motif the lark= l'alouette a barn= une grange a homestead= une propriété to hoist= hisser a pebble= un galet,petit caillou moisten= humidifier dash off= detaller, filer the flu= la grippe to sneeze= éternuer dizzy= avoir la tete qui tourne moldy= moisi zucchini = courgette eggplant= aubergine traffic jam= embouteillage staircase= escalier feather= plume 🪶 a strap= sangle, bretelles to budge= céder, changer d'avis assert= affirmer the nerve= le culot fence= barrière cloture peeve= bete noire pastry= patisserie pastry chef/cook= pâtissier water lilies = nénuphar mesmerize= hypnotiser/ envouter slightly= légèrement recollection=memory an awaiting= une attente to hop=sauter, monter fetch=récupérer, aller chercher hatred= haine displease smug= prétentieux to brag= se venter spokesperson= porte parole oat= avoine cunning= astucieux, rusé sly= sournois odd number= impair even number= paire crutches= bequilles come out of the blue= sort de nulle part vulture= vautour crumb= miettes steam=vapeur lice= poux beat up:battre frapper band-aid : pansement a gag= un baillon clay= argile a saw= une scie doormat= paillasson bridesmaid= demoiselle d'honneur corkscrew= tire bouchon dodge= esquiver diamond= losange the fee= les frais enroll= s'inscrire dimple= fossette mellow= moelleux frame= cadre strike= grève flawless= impeccable casket= coffin slur= insulte greed= cupidity rug= tapis without further ado= sans plus attendre earmuffs= caches oreilles beanie= bonnet tripod= trépieds watercolor=aquarelle mat flaw=défaut drench= tremper smother= étouffer, asphyxier to bask= se prélasser assignment= devoir/tache/mission start from scratch= partie de rien oatmeal= flocons d'avoine shuffle= melanger (des cartes) choke up= gorge nouée lust= luxure shatter= brisé slumber= sommeil chummy= copain-copain bankruptcy= faillite bankrupt= en faillite/ ruinée railroad= chemin de fer inquieries= enquetes, investigations, questions the sod= la tourbe grasshopper= sauterelle sleigh= traineau tonsils= amygdales surly= hargneux harvest = récolte yearn= désirer a tramp= un clochard dowry= dot lowkey= discret(kinda)≠highkey seldom=rarement puzzled= perplexe feat= exploit tough-looking= costaud neglect= négligence/ négliger a channel= un détroit crosswalk= passage piéton matted= emmêlés a sore= une plaie scavenger= charognard a fan= ventilateur short-tempered= colérique embroider= broder dump= une décharge heap=tas leaflet= brochure tract flyer dusk=crepuscule boast= brag blow up=exploser premises= locaux feud= querelle creed= croyance whip= fouetter shrine = sanctuaire oak=chêne oath=serment blood test, blood sample = prise de sang wrought = forgé overthrow=renverser to flash= clignoter a turn signal = un clignotant ghastly = épouvantable horrible affreux sweatpants= joggers hankerchief= mouchoir dreadful= terrible épouvantable atonement= expiation, redemption popy= coquelicot turtleneck = col roulé safety pins= épingles à nourrice soak= imbiber, faire tremper floss= fil dentaire scum= ecume, racaille, ordure make-believe= imaginaire mousy= timide, terne bouds-> boundaries= barrières, frontières dumplings adamant a fuss brat punk weary thread gasp midget(offensive)= dwarf escapism = evasion forlorn = desespéré, abandonné, triste binoculars= jumellles amphitheater, lecture theater =amphi midwife=sage femme neckline= décolleté low-neck t-shirt= un t-shirt décolleté prise= a plug interrupteur = a switch robinet = a tap ardoise= slat s'adoucir=to soften crainte= awe apprehension= trepidation fearfulness =peur crainte meticulously sacoche = satchel cavalier = a horse rider gaze glare look etc une ouverture = an opening, an aperture stetoscope = stetoscope rapière= rapier forsake= abandonner makeover = relooking keep it up= maintenir, continuer (comme ça) a ray= une raie repasser = ironing fer à repasser= iron cloths ironing board= planche à repasser flashlight= lampe torche stroller= poussette can you give me a lift= can you give me a ride agrafeuse= stapler trombone(music) = trombone trombone= paper clip cardboard = carton backbeat= contretemps winding= enroulement, sinueux, tortueux bouillotte= heating pad sopalin = paper towel braindead= abrutis, demeuré gant de toilette= washcloth lave vaisselle= dishwasher machine à laver= washing machine loofah = fleur de douche smirk= sourire en coin, narquois a grin= un large sourire a wry smile=sourire ironique a beam smile= un sourire rayonnant torchon = a rag turd= 💩 riddle= énigme, devinette bonds=lien ≠ bounds= limites prowess= prouesse ordeal= épreuve, calvaire undergo= subir, être soumis edgy= nerveux, avant-gardiste audacieux footage= séquence, image, video roll your eyes prison cell= cellule crever qqchose= poke something hasard = chance poke an eye out= crever un oeil slip knot= noeud coulant valuable = précieux, objet précieux coton swab= coton-tige heater,radiator = radiateur boiler= chaudière glimpse= apperçu mainstream= grand public rois mage= three wise men paille = straw hay= foin creche = Christmas crib la messe = mass appetizer= apéritif USB key( or flash) clé usb lame= nul inn= auberge the laundry= la lessive laundry detergent = lessive test tube= tube à essai fur= fourrure shingles=herpes= herpès tiles= carrelage tile roof/shingle= tuiles pipes= pipes/tuyaux wellness= bien être palate= palais(bouche) wisdom teeth= dents de sagesse to be set appart calvitie= hair loss machine gun saucer = soucoupe enable drain to file= limer bump= une bosse strips= rayures scratches = rayures griffes= claw howl= hurler to rear= se cabrer to bolt= se ruer abhorred= abhorré, détester bespeak= temoigner de anguish= angoisse unearthly= unnatural uncanny = étrange, troublant begone= va t en scarcely = a peine, rarement to sport= wear (proudly) annihilation= anéantissement spurn= rejeter misdeed= méfait fiend= demon bliss= bonheur, beatitude bestowed= accorder, donner, conférer maw= gueule animal deck= pont terrasse= terrace ordonnance= prescription raccrocher= hang up≠ pick up= décroché fuguer = run away warehouse= entrepôt talon= heel 🤦‍♀️ foie=liver baver, bave= drool run off= ruissellement, fuite cleavage= décolleté public transport figurine= figurine tie (up)= attach flow= ecouler/ment,flux hem= ourlet shackles lumberjack= bucheron salopette = overall to mend= raccommoder, réparer grated(to grate)=râpés, râper a grater= une râpe heckling= chahut, interpellation a mop= une serpillière out of whack= détraqué, hors de contrôle, chamboulé=doesnt work normally wracked= ravagé, déchiré to follow suit= faire de même, emboiter le pas take over= prendre le contrôle gear= engrenage ⚙️ boiler = chaudière foolhardy= téméraire meddlesome= indiscrète shimmer= scintiller, briller glimmer= lueur, étincelle trout= truite le hoquet= hiccups groundhog= marmot= marmotte a mole= une taupe squeaky= grinçant squeaky clean= irreproachable, blanc comme neige, clean turmoil flip-flops= claquettes tongs 🩴 calf= mollet/ veau harvest= recolter collect sort out= trier play pretend= jouer a faire semblant cumbersome= bulky = encombrant païens= pagans ferrets= furets drowsy load upload flashy platypus =ornithorynque egerie first off= firstly loathsome stick out your tongue = tirer la langue 😛 butchery= boucherie pharmacy chemist chimiste bookstore= librairie red trail = piste rouge stoop= se baisser/ perron restraint= restriction/ contrainte vb= restrain windowpane= vitre/ carreau pane= vitre windpipe = trachea (trekia) huffing= souffler/ sniffer/ raler spew= cracher, degueler graft= greffe/er slot= fente spill the beans = cracher le morceau snog= rouler une pelle courbatures= muscle soreness écœurant= cloying cul sec= bottoms up/ down in one cul de sac= dead end receipt= reçu/ facture short attention span = faible capacité d'attention wreckage= epave/ debris gut= intestin boyaux bladder=vessie plump= repulpant, charnu dodu yawn 🥱 pue= pus cloques = blisters cataplasme= cataplasm to gag= relent, reflexe vomitif plaster= le plâtre cast= un platre (jambe cassée ) tampon/ner = stamp (to stamp) timbre= stamp sauvegarder = save, safeguard, back up etre pressé= be in a rush/hurry lianes = liana sangsues = leeches litchi= lychee deed= acte (ex de propriété) chocolate milk= chocolat au lait off my face insure un coffre caveman = homme de cromagnon too little to late salt shaker tap dance = claquette subtle (sutle) a demonstration= manif sole=semelle attic= grenier l taky= ringard, vulgaire a peak= un coup d'oeil whacked = frappe ou épuisé deeds=actes blast=explosion