amygdala hippocampus

. What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation and storage?
✅ Correct – It is responsible for the formation of long-term memories, especially declarative (explicit) memories like facts and events.

2. Where is the hippocampus located in the brain?
❌ Correction – The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe, not the midbrain.

3. How does the hippocampus convert short-term memories into long-term memories?
✅ The hippocampus consolidates short-term memories by organizing and transferring them to other parts of the brain for long-term storage.

4. What other function does the hippocampus serve besides memory organization?
✅ It also plays a role in spatial navigation and contextual learning (e.g., remembering the layout of a room or route).

5. How does the hippocampus decide which memories are important enough to be stored as long-term memories?
✅ Rehearsal helps, but also emotional significance, novelty, and repetition influence which memories are stored.

6. Once the hippocampus has selected memories for storage, where does it send the information?
✅ It sends memories to different parts of the cerebral cortex for long-term storage, depending on memory type.

7. Who is Henry Molaison (H.M.) and why is he a famous case in psychology?
✅ Correct – His case gave insight into the role of the hippocampus in memory. After removal, he could not form new long-term memories.

8. What surgical procedure did H.M. undergo, and what were the consequences for his memory?
✅ He had his hippocampus and parts of the medial temporal lobe removed, which led to anterograde amnesia (inability to form new long-term memories).

9. What types of memories did H.M. lose as a result of the surgery?
❌ Correction – He lost the ability to form new declarative (explicit) memories. His short-term memory and procedural memory remained intact.

10. How did the case of H.M. contribute to our understanding of memory in the brain?
✅ It demonstrated that the hippocampus is crucial for the formation of long-term declarative memory, but not for procedural memory.

11. What led to Henry Molaison's decision to undergo brain surgery?
✅ Severe epilepsy that couldn’t be controlled with medication.

12. What was the outcome of the surgery in terms of H.M.'s seizures?
✅ His seizures reduced significantly.

13. Where is the cerebellum located in the brain, and what is its role in memory formation?
✅ Located in the hindbrain, it is involved in procedural and motor learning, not declarative memory.

14. What are implicit memories, and how are they formed?
❌ Correction – Implicit memories are unconscious memories (e.g., skills, habits), formed without deliberate effort, often through repetition and practice.

15. How does the cerebellum contribute to motor learning?
✅ It helps in fine-tuning motor skills and coordinating movement, storing how to perform tasks.

16. What are procedural memories, and how are they stored in the cerebellum?
✅ Procedural memories are skills like riding a bike or tying a shoelace, stored in the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

17. What happens when there is damage to the cerebellum in terms of motor learning and procedural memories?
✅ Correct – It can cause loss of coordination and difficulty performing learned movements.

18. What role does the amygdala play in memory formation?
❌ Correction – The amygdala is involved in emotional memory, not procedural memory. It assigns emotional significance to memories.

19. How does the amygdala work in conjunction with the hippocampus in memory formation?
✅ It tags emotional significance to events, which helps the hippocampus decide what to store more strongly.

20. How does the amygdala contribute to the memorability of emotional memories?
✅ Emotional arousal strengthens memory consolidation, making those memories more vivid and easier to recall.

21. What types of memories are stored in the amygdala?
✅ Emotional memories, especially fear-related memories and responses.

22. How can the amygdala be detrimental in the case of highly emotional memories or traumas?
✅ It can lead to traumatic memory formation, PTSD, and heightened emotional responses.

23. Where are emotional memories believed to be stored in the brain?
✅ In the amygdala, but also interconnected with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

24. Which type of memories are thought to be regulated by the amygdala?
✅ Emotional, fear-based, and survival-related memories.