: What is the common name for the clavicle?
A: Collarbone
Q: What is the common name for the scapula?
A: Shoulder blade
Q: What bone is located in the upper arm?
A: Humerus
Q: Which forearm bone is lateral (thumb side)?
A: Radius
Q: Which forearm bone is medial (pinky side)?
A: Ulna
Q: What structure forms the point of the elbow?
A: Olecranon process of the ulna
Q: What fossa does the olecranon process fit into?
A: Olecranon fossa
Carpal Bones
Q: How many carpal bones are there?
A: 8
Q: Name the proximal row of carpal bones.
A: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Q: Name the distal row of carpal bones.
A: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Q: What mnemonic helps remember the carpal bones?
A: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Hand Bones
Q: What are the hand bones called?
A: Metacarpals
Q: What are the three parts of a metacarpal?
A: Base, Shaft, Head
Q: How many phalanges does the thumb have?
A: 2 (Proximal and Distal)
Q: How many phalanges do the other fingers have?
A: 3 (Proximal, Middle, Distal)
Pelvis & Lower Extremity
Q: What is the superior portion of the pelvis?
A: Ilium
Q: What is the anterior pelvic bone?
A: Pubis
Q: What is the posterior-inferior pelvic bone?
A: Ischium
Q: What is the large opening in the pelvis called?
A: Obturator foramen
Q: What is the thigh bone?
A: Femur
Q: What is the medial lower leg bone?
A: Tibia
Q: What is the lateral lower leg bone?
A: Fibula
Q: What is the distal tibia called?
A: Medial malleolus
Q: What is the distal fibula called?
A: Lateral malleolus
Q: What ankle bone articulates with both malleoli?
A: Talus
Q: What is the heel bone called?
A: Calcaneus
Anatomy Terms
Q: What is osteology?
A: Study of bones
Q: What is arthrology?
A: Study of joints
Q: What is kinesiology?
A: Study of body movement
Q: What is another name for a joint?
A: Articulation
Joints
Q: What is a synarthrosis?
A: Nonmovable joint
Q: Give an example of a synarthrosis.
A: Skull suture
Q: What type of joint is a tooth?
A: Gomphosis
Q: What is an amphiarthrosis?
A: Slightly movable joint
Q: Give an example of an amphiarthrosis.
A: Pubic symphysis
Q: What is a diarthrosis?
A: Freely movable joint
Q: What fluid is found inside synovial joints?
A: Synovial fluid
Q: What type of joint is the shoulder?
A: Ball-and-socket
Q: What type of joint is the hip?
A: Ball-and-socket
Q: What type of joint is the elbow?
A: Hinge joint
Q: What type of joint is the knee?
A: Hinge joint
Q: What type of joint is the wrist?
A: Condyloid joint
Q: What type of joint is the thumb?
A: Saddle joint
Q: What type of joint is found between tarsal bones?
A: Gliding joint
Ligaments
Q: What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?
A: Ulnar collateral ligament
Q: What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?
A: Radial collateral ligament
Q: What does ACL stand for?
A: Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Q: What does PCL stand for?
A: Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Muscle Tissue
Q: What is the muscle cell membrane called?
A: Sarcolemma
Q: What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?
A: Sarcoplasm
Q: What are the contractile organelles called?
A: Myofibrils
Q: What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?
A: Sarcomere
Q: What is the thick filament?
A: Myosin
Q: What is the thin filament?
A: Actin
Q: What regulatory proteins control contraction?
A: Troponin and Tropomyosin
Connective Tissue Coverings
Q: What surrounds an individual muscle fiber?
A: Endomysium
Q: What surrounds a fascicle?
A: Perimysium
Q: What surrounds the entire muscle?
A: Epimysium
Q: What surrounds groups of muscles?
A: Fascia
Facial Muscles
Q: What muscle closes the eye?
A: Orbicularis oculi
Q: What muscle opens the eye?
A: Levator palpebrae superioris
Q: What muscle wrinkles the nose?
A: Nasalis
Q: What muscle closes the lips?
A: Orbicularis oris
Q: What muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"?
A: Buccinator
Q: What muscle causes smiling?
A: Zygomaticus major and minor
Q: What muscle causes pouting?
A: Mentalis
Muscle Actions
Q: What are muscles that work together called?
A: Synergists
Q: What are muscles that oppose each other called?
A: Antagonists
Q: What are muscles that stabilize joints called?
A: Fixators (Stabilizers)
Q: What is the main muscle performing an action called?
A: Prime mover
Q: Where does a muscle begin?
A: Origin
Q: Where does a muscle attach?
A: Insertion
Q: What is the thick middle portion of a muscle?
A: Belly
Mastication (Chewing) Muscles
Q: What mnemonic helps remember the muscles of mastication?
A: TIME
Q: What does T stand for in TIME?
A: Temporalis
Q: What does M stand for in TIME?
A: Masseter
Q: What does I stand for in TIME?
A: Internal (Medial) Pterygoid
Q: What does E stand for in TIME?
A: External (Lateral) Pterygoid
Tongue Muscles
Q: What muscle sticks the tongue out?
A: Genioglossus
Q: What muscle pulls the tongue in?
A: Styloglossus
Q: What muscle elevates the tongue?
A: Palatoglossus
Q: What muscle depresses the tongue?
A: Hyoglossus
Rotator Cuff
Q: What mnemonic helps remember the rotator cuff muscles?
A: SITS
Q: What does S stand for?
A: Supraspinatus
Q: What does I stand for?
A: Infraspinatus
Q: What does T stand for?
A: Teres Minor
Q: What does the second S stand for?
A: Subscapularis
Q: Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?
A: Supraspinatus
Lower Limb Muscles
Q: What muscle extends the thigh at the hip?
A: Gluteus maximus
Q: What muscles flex the thigh at the hip?
A: Iliacus and Psoas muscles
Q: What muscles abduct the thigh?
A: Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus
Q: What muscles adduct the thigh?
A: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus
Quadriceps
Q: What is the function of the quadriceps?
A: Extend the knee
Q: Name the four quadriceps muscles.
A: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis
Hamstrings
Q: What is the function of the hamstrings?
A: Flex the knee
Q: Name the hamstring muscles.
A: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
Lower Leg
Q: What muscle dorsiflexes the foot?
A: Tibialis anterior
Q: What muscles plantar flex the foot?
A: Gastrocnemius and Soleus
Q: What tendon is formed by gastrocnemius and soleus?
A: Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon
Trunk & Breathing
Q: What muscle flexes the trunk?
A: Rectus abdominis
Q: What muscle extends the trunk?
A: Quadratus lumborum
Q: What is the primary muscle of breathing?
A: Diaphragm
Q: What muscles help with inhalation?
A: External intercostals
Q: What muscles help with exhalation?
A: Internal intercostals
Muscle Fiber Types
Q: Which muscle fibers are best for posture?
A: Slow-twitch fibers
Q: Which muscle fibers resist fatigue?
A: Slow-twitch fibers
Q: Which muscle fibers are best for sprinting?
A: Fast-twitch A fibers
Q: Which muscle fibers contract the fastest?
A: Fast-twitch B fibers
Blood
Q: What is the study of blood called?
A: Hematology
Q: What is the normal blood pH?
A: 7.35–7.45
Q: What percentage of blood is plasma?
A: 55%
Q: What percentage of blood is formed elements?
A: 45%
Q: What are red blood cells called?
A: Erythrocytes
Q: What is the function of red blood cells?
A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Q: How long do red blood cells live?
A: 120 days
Q: What are white blood cells called?
A: Leukocytes
Q: What is the function of white blood cells?
A: Fight infection
Q: What are platelets also called?
A: Thrombocytes
Q: What is the function of platelets?
A: Blood clotting
Q: How long do platelets live?
A: 5–9 days
Blood Clotting
Q: What is hemostasis?
A: Stoppage of blood loss
Q: What is a thrombus?
A: A blood clot
Q: What is thrombosis?
A: Formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel
Q: What is an embolus?
A: A traveling clot
Q: What is an embolism?
A: Blockage caused by an embolus
Blood Types
Q: What antigens are found on Type A blood?
A: A antigens
Q: What antibodies are found in Type A blood?
A: Anti-B antibodies
Q: What antigens are found on Type B blood?
A: B antigens
Q: What antibodies are found in Type B blood?
A: Anti-A antibodies
Q: What antigens are found on Type AB blood?
A: A and B antigens
Q: What antibodies are found in Type AB blood?
A: None
Q: What antigens are found on Type O blood?
A: None
Q: What antibodies are found in Type O blood?
A: Anti-A and Anti-B
Q: What is the universal donor?
A: O Negative
Q: What is the universal receiver?
A: AB Positive
Last-Minute Memorization Set
Q: Radius = ?
A: Thumb side
Q: Ulna = ?
A: Pinky side
Q: Heel bone = ?
A: Calcaneus
Q: Study of bones = ?
A: Osteology
Q: Study of joints = ?
A: Arthrology
Q: Study of movement = ?
A: Kinesiology
Q: Rotator cuff mnemonic = ?
A: SITS
Q: Chewing muscles mnemonic = ?
A: TIME
Q: Universal donor = ?
A: O-
Q: Universal receiver = ?
A: AB+
Q: Blood pH = ?
A: 7.35–7.45
Q: RBC lifespan = ?
A: 120 days
Q: Platelet lifespan = ?
A: 5–9 days
Q: Main breathing muscle = ?
A: Diaphragm
Q: Knee extensors = ?
A: Quadriceps
Q: Knee flexors = ?
A: Hamstrings
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