Results for "Teachings"

Definition: The Latin-speaking half of the Roman Empire, centered in Rome. Flashcard #2 
Term: Eastern Roman Empire 
Definition: The Greek-speaking half of the Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople. Flashcard #3 
Term: Catacombs 
Definition: Underground burial chambers where early Christians worshipped privately due to persecution. Flashcard #4 
Term: Appropriation 
Definition: Using existing imagery or symbols in a new context, a common practice in early Christianity. Flashcard #5 
Term: Orant figure 
Definition: A standing figure with arms raised in prayer, derived from Roman gestures of duty. Flashcard #6 
Term: Ichthys (fish) 
Definition: A Christian symbol for Jesus Christ, Son of God. Flashcard #7 
Term: Good Shepherd 
Definition: A depiction of Jesus as a caring, protective, and pastoral caretaker, adapted from Roman pastoral scenes. Flashcard #8 
Term: Cubicula 
Definition: Mortuary chapels or rooms within catacombs used for small services. Flashcard #9 
Term: Loculi 
Definition: Shelves carved into catacomb walls for individual burials. Flashcard #10 
Term: Wet plaster fresco (fresco buon) 
Definition: A painting technique where pigment is applied to wet plaster. Flashcard #11 
Term: Domus (community house) 
Definition: Private homes converted for use as early Christian worship spaces. Flashcard #12 
Term: Familia 
Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing family loyalty. Flashcard #13 
Term: Pietas 
Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing duty to the state and gods. Flashcard #14 
Term: Contra-posto 
Definition: A naturalistic standing pose used in Roman art, where the body's weight is shifted to one leg. Flashcard #15 
Term: Prefiguration 
Definition: An Old Testament story or figure that foreshadows a New Testament event or figure. Flashcard #16 
Term: Constantine 
Definition: Roman Emperor (reigned 312–337 CE) who legalized Christianity and initiated widespread Christian architectural patronage. Flashcard #17 
Term: Old St. Peter’s Basilica 
Definition: An early Christian basilica built in Rome under Constantine over St. Peter’s tomb, serving as a pilgrimage site. Flashcard #18 
Term: Basilican/Cross Plan 
Definition: A Western church architectural plan characterized by a long nave, side aisles, transept forming a cross, and an apse. Flashcard #19 
Term: Santa Sabina 
Definition: A smaller, well-preserved example of a Western early Christian basilica in Rome. Flashcard #20 
Term: Santa Costanza 
Definition: Originally a royal mausoleum, later converted into a central-plan church, circular with a dome and ambulatory, showing Eastern influence in the West. Flashcard #21 
Term: Atrium (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The open courtyard leading into the narthex of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #22 
Term: Narthex (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The entrance hall or porch leading to the nave of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #23 
Term: Nave (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The central, main aisle of Old St. Peter's Basilica, accommodating the congregation. Flashcard #24 
Term: Transept (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The arm of the church that projects at right angles to the nave, forming the 'cross' in a cruciform plan, providing space for clergy. Flashcard #25 
Term: Apse (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: A semicircular recession at the eastern end of the church, containing the altar. Flashcard #26 
Term: Justinian I 
Definition: Byzantine Emperor (527–565 CE) who expanded the empire, promoted Christianity, and commissioned major churches like Hagia Sophia and San Vitale. Flashcard #27 
Term: Trinity 
Definition: The Christian concept of God as Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit. Flashcard #28 
Term: Nimubs 
Definition: A halo around the head of a holy figure in art. Flashcard #29 
Term: Mandorla 
Definition: An almond-shaped aura surrounding the full-body depiction of Christ or other sacred figures, signifying divinity. Flashcard #30 
Term: Icon 
Definition: A religious image, often painted on wood, used in devotion, particularly in Eastern Christianity. Flashcard #31 
Term: Iconoclasm 
Definition: The deliberate destruction of religious images, notably during the Byzantine controversy of 726+ CE. Flashcard #32 
Term: Dematerialization (Byzantine art) 
Definition: An artistic and architectural goal in Byzantine art to create a divine space that transcends material reality, often achieved with light and shimmering mosaics. Flashcard #33 
Term: Tesserae 
Definition: Small pieces of glass, stone, or other material used to create a mosaic. Flashcard #34 
Term: Hagia Sophia 
Definition: Meaning 'Holy Wisdom,' a monumental Byzantine church in Istanbul built by Justinian (532–537 CE), known for synthesizing basilican and central plans with its massive dome. Flashcard #35 
Term: Pendentives 
Definition: Spherical triangular sections that transfer the weight of a circular dome to four piers or columns, allowing for a large, open space below. Flashcard #36 
Term: San Vitale 
Definition: An octagonal, central-plan Byzantine church in Ravenna, famous for its lavish mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Flashcard #37 
Term: Muhammad 
Definition: The prophet of Islam (571–632 CE) who received revelations from Allah, forming the basis of the Qur’an. Flashcard #38 
Term: Qur’an 
Definition: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God (Allah) revealed to Muhammad. Flashcard #39 
Term: Calligraphy (Islam) 
Definition: The art of beautiful writing, highly esteemed in Islamic culture as a manifestation of Allah's word. Flashcard #40 
Term: Five Pillars of Islam 
Definition: The fundamental practices of Islam: Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity), Hajj (pilgrimage). Flashcard #41 
Term: Geometric abstraction (Islamic art) 
Definition: Complex patterns based on numbers and mathematics, developed in Islamic art due to the general avoidance of sentient figural imagery in religious contexts. Flashcard #42 
Term: Tessellation 
Definition: The repeating of geometric units to form an intricate pattern without gaps or overlaps, common in Islamic art to suggest eternity. Flashcard #43 
Term: Symmetry (Islamic art) 
Definition: The use of balanced proportions (e.g., fourfold, fivefold, sixfold) in geometric patterns to create visual harmony. Flashcard #44 
Term: Masjid 
Definition: An Arabic term meaning 'place of prostration,' referring to a mosque. Flashcard #45 
Term: Minaret 
Definition: A tall, slender tower, typically part of a mosque, from which the call to prayer (adhan) is issued. Flashcard #46 
Term: Qibla wall 
Definition: The wall in a mosque that faces the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. Flashcard #47 
Term: Mihrab 
Definition: A niche or recess in the qibla wall of a mosque, indicating the direction of prayer. Flashcard #48 
Term: Dome of the Rock 
Definition: Built 687–692 CE in Jerusalem, it is one of the earliest major Islamic monuments, an octagonal central-plan building sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Flashcard #49 
Term: Horror vacui (Islamic art) 
Definition: A design principle characterized by the filling of an entire surface with details and decoration, often seen in the Dome of the Rock's exterior. Flashcard #50 
Term: Great Mosque of Córdoba 
Definition: A significant example of Islamic architecture in Spain, featuring a massive hypostyle prayer hall with reused Roman columns and a distinctive double-arched system. Flashcard #51 
Term: Siddhartha Gautama 
Definition: The historical Buddha (5th century BCE) who founded Buddhism after renouncing luxury to seek an end to human suffering. Flashcard #52 
Term: Four Noble Truths 
Definition: The core teachings of Buddhism: 1. Life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire and ignorance. 3. Ending desire ends suffering. 4. The way to end suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path. Flashcard #53 
Term: Eightfold Path 
Definition: The Buddhist path to liberation from suffering, comprising right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Flashcard #54 
Term: Stupa 
Definition: A hemispherical mound or reliquary housing Buddha's relics, symbolizing the cosmos (mandala), used as a pilgrimage site for circumambulation. Flashcard #55 
Term: Circumambulation 
Definition: The ritual act of walking around a sacred object, such as a stupa or shrine, in a clockwise direction as a form of devotion. Flashcard #56 
Term: Toranas 
Definition: Elaborately carved gateways at the entrances to a stupa, decorated with narrative scenes and symbolic representations of the Buddha. Flashcard #57 
Term: Yakshi Figures 
Definition: Female nature spirits associated with fertility, abundance, and life force, often shown in a sensuous tribhanga pose at stupa gateways. Flashcard #58 
Term: Tribhanga pose 
Definition: A triple-bent pose (at the neck, waist, and knee) often used in ancient Indian sculpture, especially for female figures like Yakshi. Flashcard #59 
Term: Chaitya Halls 
Definition: Rock-cut sanctuaries and congregation halls in Buddhist cave architecture, often containing stupa replicas, used for worship and by monks during monsoons. Flashcard #60 
Term: Mudras 
Definition: Symbolic hand gestures of the Buddha that convey specific meanings or states of mind in Buddhist iconography. Flashcard #61 
Term: Mandala (Tibetan Buddhism) 
Definition: A diagram of the universe, often intricately designed, used as a tool for meditation and ritual in Tibetan Buddhism. Flashcard #62 
Term: Ottonian Period 
Definition: A period in European art and architecture from c. 950–1050 CE, primarily in present-day Germany, marked by a continuation of Carolingian ideals and increased church building. Flashcard #63 
Term: St. Michael’s, Hildesheim 
Definition: A key Ottonian basilica plan church known for its double transept, strong symmetry, and wooden roof which posed a fire risk. Flashcard #64 
Term: Codex 
Definition: The modern book form, consisting of folded and bound pages, which replaced scrolls by the 5th–6th century CE and allowed for easier navigation of texts. Flashcard #65 
Term: Migration Period 
Definition: A period in Western Europe (c. 500–700 CE), formerly called the 'Dark Ages,' characterized by political decentralization, nomadic societies, and art primarily consisting of small, portable luxury objects. Flashcard #66 
Term: Zoomorphic motifs 
Definition: Stylized animal forms and designs, common in the metalwork and art of the Migration Period. Flashcard #67 
Term: Cloisonné technique 
Definition: An enameling technique where colored glass, enamel, or gemstones are separated by thin metal strips (cloisons) on a metal backing, seen in Migration Period jewelry. Flashcard #68 
Term: Monasteries (Early Middle Ages) 
Definition: Centers of learning, economic activity, and safe havens during the instability of the Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #69 
Term: Illuminated Manuscripts 
Definition: Hand-copied books, often religious texts, adorned with intricate decorations, illustrations, and ornamental initials by monks in scriptoria. Flashcard #70 
Term: Vellum 
Definition: A fine parchment made from calf or sheep skin, commonly used as pages for illuminated manuscripts. Flashcard #71 
Term: Carpet pages 
Definition: Purely decorative pages in illuminated manuscripts, often resembling textiles, used for meditation before reading the text (e.g., Lindisfarne Gospels). Flashcard #72 
Term: Romanesque Period 
Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1050–1200 CE) meaning 'Roman-like,' characterized by a revival of large-scale stone construction, round arches, and barrel/groin vaults. Flashcard #73 
Term: Crusades 
Definition: A series of religious wars (1096–1204 CE) promoted by Pope Urban II, which led to increased East-West interaction and the recovery of ancient Roman knowledge in Western Europe. Flashcard #74 
Term: Pilgrimage (Romanesque) 
Definition: An act of devotion, healing, or penance involving travel to sacred sites like Santiago de Compostela, a driving force behind Romanesque church construction. Flashcard #75 
Term: Relics 
Definition: Body parts, clothing, or other objects associated with saints, believed to possess healing or miraculous powers, central to Romanesque pilgrimage. Flashcard #76 
Term: Reliquaries 
Definition: Elaborately crafted containers, often made of precious materials, designed to house and display relics. Flashcard #77 
Term: Church of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse 
Definition: An important Romanesque pilgrimage church (c. 1070–1120) known for its early stone vaulting and plan designed to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims. Flashcard #78 
Term: Crossing square 
Definition: The square space at the intersection of the nave and transept in a Romanesque church, which often served as the basic geometric unit for the church's proportions. Flashcard #79 
Term: Ambulatory (Romanesque) 
Definition: A walkway or aisle around the apse and altar of a Romanesque church, allowing pilgrims to circulate and visit radiating chapels without disturbing services. Flashcard #80 
Term: Radiating chapels 
Definition: Small chapels projecting outward from the ambulatory of a Romanesque church, designed to house relics. Flashcard #81 
Term: Chevet (Romanesque) 
Definition: The extended eastern end of a Romanesque church, comprising the apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels. Flashcard #82 
Term: Barrel-vaulted nave 
Definition: A long, continuous semicircular vaulted ceiling over the nave, characteristic of many Romanesque churches. Flashcard #83 
Term: Transverse arches 
Definition: Arches that span the nave at regular intervals, reinforcing the barrel vaulting and dividing the nave into bays. Flashcard #84 
Term: Massive stone piers 
Definition: Large, solid columns or supports used in Romanesque architecture to bear the heavy weight of stone vaults. Flashcard #85 
Term: Nave arcade (Romanesque) 
Definition: The series of arches supported by columns or piers that separate the nave from the side aisles in a Romanesque church. Flashcard #86 
Term: Gallery (Romanesque) 
Definition: A second story built over the side aisles of a Romanesque church, opening onto the nave. Flashcard #87 
Term: Westwork 
Definition: A monumental, multi-storied stone façade located at the western end of a Romanesque church, often featuring towers and multiple portals. Flashcard #88 
Term: Tympanum 
Definition: The semicircular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, often filled with relief sculpture in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #89 
Term: Lintel 
Definition: A horizontal architectural support spanning the top of a door or window opening, often sculpted in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #90 
Term: Trumeau 
Definition: The central column or post supporting the lintel and tympanum of a large portal, often carved with a figure. Flashcard #91 
Term: Jambs 
Definition: The side posts or vertical elements of a doorway or window frame, often adorned with sculpted figures in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #92 
Term: Voussoirs 
Definition: Wedge-shaped stones that form an arch, found in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #93 
Term: Historiated Capitals 
Definition: Sculpted capitals on columns or piers that depict narrative scenes, biblical stories, or fantastic beasts, common in Romanesque interiors. Flashcard #94 
Term: Last Judgment Portal — Autun Cathedral 
Definition: A famous Romanesque tympanum sculpture at the Church of Saint-Lazare in Autun, France, depicting Christ in Majesty presiding over the Last Judgment, designed to inspire fear and moral instruction. Flashcard #95 
Term: Christ in Majesty 
Definition: An iconic depiction of Christ enthroned within a mandorla, often flanked by the symbols of the four Evangelists, symbolizing his divine authority. Flashcard #96 
Term: Evangelist symbols 
Definition: Representations of the four Evangelists: Matthew (man or angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle), often surrounding Christ in Majesty. Flashcard #97 
Term: Charlemagne 
Definition: Frankish king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, who initiated the Carolingian Renaissance, reviving Roman art, architecture, and learning. Flashcard #98 
Term: Carolingian Renaissance 
Definition: A period of intellectual, cultural, and artistic revival in the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, marked by a conscious effort to restore Roman imperial glory. Flashcard #99 
Term: Coronation Gospels 
Definition: An example of Carolingian manuscript art known for its naturalistic figures, gold text on purple vellum, reflecting imperial power and Roman influence. Flashcard #100 
Term: Palatine Chapel, Aachen 
Definition: Charlemagne's personal chapel, inspired by San Vitale, representing the first vaulted stone building north of the Alps since Rome and fusing Roman, Byzantine, and Christian symbolism. Flashcard #101 
Term: Gothic Art & Architecture 
Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1140–1400) originating in the Paris region, characterized by unprecedented height, abundant light, and a sense of dematerialization. Flashcard #102 
Term: Abbot Suger 
Definition: The Abbot of Saint-Denis and advisor to French kings, credited with conceptually inventing Gothic architecture through his renovation of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis. Flashcard #103 
Term: Saint-Denis (Gothic) 
Definition: The burial church of French kings and the birthplace of Gothic architecture, renovated by Abbot Suger to embody his vision of Lux Nova and anagogy. Flashcard #104 
Term: Pseudo-Dionysius 
Definition: A 6th-century Byzantine mystic whose Neoplatonic texts, mistakenly attributed to Saint Denis, profoundly influenced Abbot Suger's ideas about the symbolism of light in architecture. Flashcard #105 
Term: Lux Nova 
Definition: 'New Light,' Abbot Suger’s key theological concept, referring to the divine, spiritual light that filled Gothic churches through stained glass, facilitating anagogical ascent. Flashcard #106 
Term: Anagogy 
Definition: A spiritual ascent from the material to the immaterial, a key concept for Abbot Suger, who believed architecture could lift the soul toward God through physical beauty. Flashcard #107 
Term: Pointed arch 
Definition: A key Gothic structural innovation that directs weight more vertically downwards than a round arch, allowing for taller structures and lighter walls. Flashcard #108 
Term: Ribbed cross vault 
Definition: A Gothic vaulting technique where stone ribs form a skeletal framework, reducing the weight of the vault and allowing lighter materials to fill the spaces between. Flashcard #109 
Term: Slender columns 
Definition: A Gothic innovation where massive Romanesque piers are replaced by more delicate columns, directing weight vertically and contributing to a sense of openness. Flashcard #110 
Term: Flying buttresses 
Definition: Exterior skeletal supports, characteristic of Gothic architecture, that transfer the outward thrust of the nave vaults across the side aisles to piers, allowing for thinner walls and larger windows. Flashcard #111 
Term: Tripartite Nave Elevation 
Definition: The three-story vertical division of the Gothic nave interior, consisting of the nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory. Flashcard #112 
Term: Nave arcade 
Definition: The lowest level of the Gothic nave elevation, composed of a series of arches supported by columns or piers separating the nave from the side aisles. Flashcard #113 
Term: Triforium 
Definition: The middle level of the Gothic nave elevation, often a narrow passageway or decorative arcade below the clerestory. Flashcard #114 
Term: Clerestory 
Definition: The uppermost level of the Gothic nave elevation, featuring large stained-glass windows that flood the interior with light. Flashcard #115 
Term: Chartres Cathedral 
Definition: A prominent High Gothic cathedral in France, largely rebuilt after a fire in 1194, known for its unified design, extensive stained glass (including rose and lancet windows), and preservation of the Virgin Mary's tunic. Flashcard #116 
Term: Sainte-Chapelle 
Definition: A royal chapel in Paris, considered the ultimate realization of the Gothic Lux Nova concept, with walls almost entirely composed of stained glass, creating an overwhelming ethereal light. Flashcard #117 
Term: 3rd–4th century CE 
Definition: Development of early Christian art. Flashcard #118 
Term: 270 CE 
Definition: Date of the Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus. Flashcard #119 
Term: 70 CE 
Definition: Destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans, leading to the split of Judaism and the emergence of Christianity. Flashcard #120 
Term: 571–632 CE 
Definition: Life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Flashcard #121 
Term: 622 CE 
Definition: The Hijra, when Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Flashcard #122 
Term: 687–692 CE 
Definition: Construction period of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Flashcard #123 
Term: 5th century BCE 
Definition: Approximate time when Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. Flashcard #124 
Term: 250 BCE 
Definition: Approximate date of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, built by Emperor Ashoka. Flashcard #125 
Term: c. 950–1050 CE 
Definition: The Ottonian Period in European art and architecture. Flashcard #126 
Term: 476 CE 
Definition: Traditional date for the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Flashcard #127 
Term: c. 500–900 CE 
Definition: The Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #128 
Term: c. 500–700 CE 
Definition: The Migration Period (formerly 'Dark Ages'). Flashcard #129 
Term: 742 CE 
Definition: Birth of Charlemagne. Flashcard #130 
Term: 800 CE 
Definition: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Flashcard #131 
Term: c. 1050–1200 CE 
Definition: The Romanesque Period. Flashcard #132 
Term: 1096–1204 CE 
Definition: The period encompassing the Four Official Crusades. Flashcard #133 
Term: c. 1070–1120 CE 
Definition: Construction period of the Church of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse. Flashcard #134 
Term: c. 1140–1400 CE 
Definition: The period of Gothic Art & Architecture. Flashcard #135 
Term: 1194 CE 
Definition: Date of the devastating fire at Chartres Cathedral, which led to its High Gothic rebuilding. Flashcard #136 
Term: 532–537 CE 
Definition: Construction period of Hagia Sophia under Emperor Justinian. Flashcard #137 
Term: 527–565 CE 
Definition: Reign of Emperor Justinian I. Flashcard #138 
Term: 312–337 CE 
Definition: Reign of Emperor Constantine, during which Christianity was legalized

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Life & Teachings of Jesus final

Life & Teachings of Jesus final

REDO: catholic beliefs and teachings

Key Concepts of Religion and New Testament Teachings

Catholic Social Teachings

TP - Christian beliefs and teachings

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The Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ Semester 1 Final

Christian Beliefs and Teachings Paper 1

Morality, Happiness, and Christian Teachings: Key Concepts and Figures

Jesus' Life, Teachings, and Parables: A Study Guide for Religious Education

Buddhist Teachings

Buddhism: Beliefs and Teachings

Bible Teachings

RELGION It is known more through legend than through fact. Full accounts of the Buddha’s life were not written down until hundreds of years after his death. What are the Three Jewels? The Sangha: community of monks and nuns (monastic) The Dharma: the teachings of the Buddha The Buddha Who do Mahayanists offer devotion to? They devote themselves to meditation full-time. Why is the koan practiced? It is used to break down thought patterns; it’s a verbal puzzle or riddle that’s not meant to be solved. Which sect of Zen Buddhism believes that enlightenment (satori) is instantaneous? The Rinzai believe that enlightenment is instantaneous. What are the two sects of Zen Buddhism? Rinzai: believes that enlightenment is instantaneous and that Zen training begins after one’s first enlightenment (satori) Soto: believe that enlightenment is a more gradual process. What are the Three sects of Buddhism that we learned about in class? Theravada: The Way of the Elders, original sect, “the Lesser Vehicle,” emphasis on meditation to attain enlightenment, found in southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. Mahayana: The “Greater Vehicle,” achieves enlightenment through meditation, central belief that Buddha would not pass completely into Nirvana until every person, every blade of grass had also reached enlightenment. Can also receive enlightenment like a gift from the Buddha. Offer devotion to Bodhisattvas (others who achieved enlightenment), also include the Zen tradition. Buddha-hood is more important than achieving Nirvana according to a Mahayanist Vajrayana: The “diamond vehicle,” found in Tibet, influenced by the Bon religion native to Tibet, seeks to acquire and channel energy to cut apart what binds us to this world (known as tantra). Which sect is the original Buddhism? Theravada is the original sect of Buddhism. Which sect uses tantras to harness and channel energy? Vajrayana uses tantras to harness and channel energy. What are the three tantras? These practices to utilize energy include: Mandalas (art), Mudras (hand gestures), and Mantras (chanted syllables or prayers) In Zen Buddhism, is satori permanent? No, it can be lost once it has been achieved, you have to keep working for it once you have it. What does dharma mean in Buddhism? Dharma is the teachings of the Buddha and is one of the three jewels. Is dharma the same in Buddhism as it is in Hinduism? No, in Hinduism its one’s righteous duty while in Buddhism its the teachings of the Buddha. Is Buddha a god? No, Buddha is a regular man. Is enlightenment a solitary process, not dependent on the divine? Yes, it is a solitary process; Buddhism does not depend on a revelation from the divine for its truths. What is the Sangha? The first Buddhist monastic community, both men and women. To be part of the Sangha one must understand that everything depends on something else. Everything is interconnected. Which sect is the Diamond Vehicle? Vajrayana is the diamond vehicle. Which sect is the Lesser Vehicle? Theravada is the lesser vehicle. Which sect is the Greater Vehicle? Mahayana is the the greater vehicle. Who practices the first five Precepts of Buddhism? All Buddhists must follow the first five Precepts of Buddhism. What are the four passing sights, which one gave Gautama hope? He meets a decrepit old man—had never seen old age, everyone gets old He sees a diseased man, “How can life be enjoyed, if disease is all around?” Encounters a corpse, witnessing death for the first time, “How do you continue to go on living if it only ends in death?” Finally he meets an ascetic, a religious man who chose to be homeless living a life of solitude and self-denial. This was the sight that gave him hope. Which class and status was Gautama born into? He was born a prince (Luxury; warriors) When (what did he discover) did Gautama gain enlightenment? He discovered the four noble truths To live is to suffer (Dukkha–means suffering) Suffering is caused by desire (Tanha in Pali) Suffering can be ended, brought about by the cessation of desire. End desire, end suffering. Have there been other Buddhas and will there be more? Yes How does a Buddhist attain salvation? Following the noble eight fold path. What did Gautama find when he looked deep inside himself? He became aware of his own previous lifetimes, seeing his death and rebirths and constant suffering. What are the Three Marks of Existence, and what do they summarize? Anatta: no self, no ultimate reality within Anicca: means impermanence/change, all things are changing, things always fleeting—person always unsatisfied Dukkha: means suffering, only real inevitability in life. What does taking refuge in the Three Jewels mean? Involves repeating a ritual formula 3 times. Amounting to a formal acknowledgement of the authority of the three Jewels and indicates a definite commitment to being a Buddhist The easiest way to describe the Noble Eightfold Path would be to say that it promotes a life of moderation which entails ongoing practices. How one frees oneself from desire What is NOT a part of the Noble Eightfold Path? Which sect of Buddhism comes from the Indian dhyana tradition which means meditation? Zen Buddhism What is the largest division of Buddhism? Mahayana Which sect is also known as Tibetan Buddhism? Vajrayana What is the Awakened One? The Buddha Which sect is known as the school of Sudden Awakening? Zen Buddhism (rinzai) Eternal Bliss in Buddhism is called? Nirvana Who is the Head of the Vajrayana Buddhist clergy? Dalai Lama What are choreographed hand movements in Buddhism called? Mudras What is zazen? Posture; lotus position with half opened eyes directed downward What is the Dokusan? Monks meet with their teachers who pose a koan to them. What is a mantra? Chanted syllables or prayers (oommmmmm) What is a koan? Special riddle which is meant to free the person from the confines of logic. What are mandalas? Elaborate sand paintings created in a state of utter mindfulness What are the Four Noble Truths and what is the significance of these truths? To live is to suffer. The basic reality of life: Life is suffering (Dukkha–means suffering) Suffering is caused by desire. It is called “tanha” in Pali. Suffering can be brought to cessation, to an end. The cessation of suffering is brought about by the cessation of desire. End desire, end suffering. The solution for suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path. This is the remedy to cure suffering. Why does the Buddha condemn attachments, even between family members? Clinging to them is a source of suffering s

“The teachings about dana and punna are the most important Buddhist teachings” Evaluate this view (15)