4E Spanish Sweet 16

Sweet 16 (minus Super 7)

sweet, tall, sick, poor, grocery shop, short, rich, apple

Hot Seat Term 2 AP Psych

Academic Writing--"priority seats"

Sweetness/Ice/Spice

I SWEAR THIS IS THE REAL IA FLASHCARDS

Take a Seat in the Harvard MBA Case Classroom

Italian Sweet 16

Unit 1 Study Guide Review 1. Anatomy = study the structures (ex: names/locations of bones) Physiology = study the functions (ex: how bones heal) Both are needed to understand the body 2. Homeostasis = maintaining stable body  conditions; controlled using feedback systems 3. During exercise = heart rate increased After exercise = heart rate decreased Negative feedback was used to return the  heart back to its normal resting rate 4. Chemical = oxygen Cell = muscle cell Tissue = muscle tissue Organ = stomach Organ system = digestive system Organism = human 5. Frontal = divides body into front and back  Transverse = divides body into top and bottom  Midsagittal = divides body into left and right 6. Responsiveness = waking up to an alarm,  feeling hungry after smelling food Differentiation = cells are assigned a specific function Growth = children's bones increase in  length/size as they age Reproduction = having a bebé Movement = picking up a cup to take a drink Metabolism =digesting food to obtain  energy 7. The elbow is proximal to the wrist The toes are distal to the ankle The heart is medial to the lungs The ears are lateral to the nose The stomach is superior to the bladder The heart is inferior to the brain The muscle is superficial to the bones The muscle is deep to the skin The eyes are anterior to the brain The spine is posterior to the collarbone 8. Receptor =picks up info about the body  (ex: blood pressure) Control Center = decides if action is needed  (ex: lower blood pressure) Effector = takes action (ex: increases width of blood vessels to lessen  pressure) 9. Front = frontal,anterior, ventral Back = posterior, dorsal 10. Negative Feedback = reverses a change in the body; most commonly used; ex: lowering blood sugar back to normal after a meal Positive feedback = increases a change in the  body; used for emergency/special situations; ex: increasing the frequency and strength of contractions during childbirth 11.  Face upright, palms forward (supine), weight even on both feet, arms slightly away from body 12. Cephalic (head), Cervical (neck), upper limb (arm), trunk (torso), lower limb (leg) 13. Sweat (will cool the body) 14. Shiver (will warm the body) 15. More oxygen and nutrients need to be delivered to muscles quickly and carbon dioxide removed; increased heart rate allows for this 16. People with better cardiovascular health will return to resting heart rate after exercise more quickly due to conditioning and a stronger heart

Italian Sweet 16 Verbs

🏠 DOM — HOUSE / HOME * house — dom * apartment / flat — mieszkanie * room — pokój * door — drzwi * window — okno * wall — ściana * floor — podłoga * ceiling — sufit * stairs — schody * roof — dach * garden — ogród * balcony — balkon * garage — garaż * key — klucz * lock — zamek * furniture — meble * table — stół * chair — krzesło * lamp — lampa * light — światło * shelf — półka * wardrobe — szafa * mirror — lustro * carpet — dywan * curtain — zasłona 🛋️ SALON — LIVING ROOM * living room — salon * sofa / couch — kanapa * armchair — fotel * coffee table — stolik kawowy * TV — telewizor * remote control — pilot * bookshelf — regał na książki * fireplace — kominek * cushion — poduszka dekoracyjna * blanket — koc * rug — dywan * picture — obraz * decoration — dekoracja 🍳 KUCHNIA — KITCHEN * kitchen — kuchnia * fridge — lodówka * freezer — zamrażarka * oven — piekarnik * microwave — mikrofalówka * dishwasher — zmywarka * sink — zlew * tap / faucet — kran * cooker / stove — kuchenka * kettle — czajnik * frying pan — patelnia * pot — garnek * plate — talerz * bowl — miska * cup — filiżanka * mug — kubek * glass — szklanka * fork — widelec * knife — nóż * spoon — łyżka * teaspoon — łyżeczka * chopping board — deska do krojenia * bin / trash can — kosz na śmieci 🚿 ŁAZIENKA — BATHROOM * bathroom — łazienka * shower — prysznic * bathtub — wanna * toilet — toaleta * sink — umywalka * mirror — lustro * washing machine — pralka * towel — ręcznik * soap — mydło * shampoo — szampon * toothbrush — szczoteczka do zębów * toothpaste — pasta do zębów * toilet paper — papier toaletowy * hair dryer — suszarka do włosów * comb — grzebień * brush — szczotka * razor — maszynka do golenia 🍎 JEDZENIE — FOOD * food — jedzenie * bread — chleb * butter — masło * cheese — ser * ham — szynka * egg — jajko * meat — mięso * chicken — kurczak * beef — wołowina * pork — wieprzowina * fish — ryba * rice — ryż * pasta — makaron * potatoes — ziemniaki * vegetables — warzywa * fruit — owoce * apple — jabłko * banana — banan * strawberry — truskawka * tomato — pomidor * cucumber — ogórek * onion — cebula * garlic — czosnek * soup — zupa * salad — sałatka * cake — ciasto * ice cream — lody * breakfast — śniadanie * lunch — lunch / obiad * dinner — obiad / kolacja * dessert — deser 👨 WYGLĄD — APPEARANCE * appearance — wygląd * tall — wysoki * short — niski * slim — szczupły * thin — chudy * overweight — z nadwagą * muscular — umięśniony * handsome — przystojny * beautiful — piękna * pretty — ładna * attractive — atrakcyjny * young — młody * old — stary / starszy * beard — broda * moustache — wąsy * blue eyes — niebieskie oczy * green eyes — zielone oczy * brown eyes — brązowe oczy * pale skin — blada skóra * tanned — opalony 💇 WŁOSY I FRYZURY — HAIR * hair — włosy * long hair — długie włosy * short hair — krótkie włosy * medium-length hair — włosy średniej długości * straight hair — proste włosy * curly hair — kręcone włosy * wavy hair — falowane włosy * thick hair — gęste włosy * thin hair — cienkie / rzadkie włosy * blonde hair — blond włosy * dark hair — ciemne włosy * brown hair — brązowe włosy * black hair — czarne włosy * red hair — rude włosy * grey hair — siwe włosy * bald — łysy * haircut — fryzura / strzyżenie * fringe / bangs — grzywka * ponytail — kucyk * bun — kok 🧠 CHARAKTER — PERSONALITY * friendly — przyjazny * nice — miły * kind — życzliwy * funny — zabawny * happy — szczęśliwy * cheerful — pogodny * calm — spokojny * shy — nieśmiały * confident — pewny siebie * brave — odważny * honest — uczciwy / szczery * helpful — pomocny * polite — uprzejmy * patient — cierpliwy * generous — hojny * hardworking — pracowity * lazy — leniwy * nervous — nerwowy * serious — poważny * rude — niegrzeczny * selfish — samolubny * talkative — rozmowny * quiet — cichy / małomówny * stubborn — uparty * responsible — odpowiedzialny 🍽️ RESTAURACJA — RESTAURANT * restaurant — restauracja * menu — menu * table — stolik * waiter — kelner * waitress — kelnerka * customer — klient * order — zamówienie / zamawiać * bill / check — rachunek * tip — napiwek * starter — przystawka * main course — danie główne * dessert — deser * drink — napój * still water — woda niegazowana * sparkling water — woda gazowana * reservation — rezerwacja * available table — wolny stolik Przydatne zdania: * A table for two, please. — Stolik dla dwóch osób, proszę. * Can I see the menu? — Czy mogę zobaczyć menu? * I’d like to order. — Chciałbym zamówić. * Can I have the bill, please? — Czy mogę prosić rachunek? * Is service included? — Czy obsługa jest wliczona? ☕ KAWIARNIA — CAFÉ * café — kawiarnia * coffee — kawa * tea — herbata * espresso — espresso * latte — latte * cappuccino — cappuccino * sugar — cukier * milk — mleko * cake — ciasto * sandwich — kanapka * takeaway — na wynos * to go — na wynos 💊 APTEKA — PHARMACY * pharmacy — apteka * pharmacist — farmaceuta * medicine — lekarstwo * tablets / pills — tabletki * painkiller — lek przeciwbólowy * prescription — recepta * cream — krem / maść * bandage — bandaż * plaster — plaster * cough — kaszel * headache — ból głowy * sore throat — ból gardła * cold — przeziębienie * fever — gorączka 🚆 POCIĄG / DWORZEC — TRAIN / RAILWAY STATION * train — pociąg * railway station / train station — dworzec kolejowy * platform — peron * ticket — bilet * ticket office — kasa biletowa * timetable — rozkład jazdy * departure — odjazd * arrival — przyjazd * delay — opóźnienie * passenger — pasażer * seat — miejsce / siedzenie * carriage — wagon * return ticket — bilet w obie strony * one-way ticket — bilet w jedną stronę * ticket machine — biletomat * luggage — bagaż 🏙️ MIASTO — CITY * city — miasto * town — miasteczko * street — ulica * road — droga * pavement / sidewalk — chodnik * crossroads / intersection — skrzyżowanie * traffic lights — światła * pedestrian crossing / crosswalk — przejście dla pieszych * road sign — znak drogowy * traffic — ruch uliczny * city center — centrum miasta * bus stop — przystanek autobusowy * station — stacja / dworzec * shop — sklep * supermarket — supermarket * bank — bank * hospital — szpital * police station — komisariat * post office — poczta * hotel — hotel * park — park * airport — lotnisko 🧭 PYTANIE O DROGĘ — DIRECTIONS * left — lewo * right — prawo * straight ahead — prosto * turn left — skręć w lewo * turn right — skręć w prawo * go straight — idź prosto * go back — wróć * cross the street — przejdź przez ulicę * at the corner — na rogu * around the corner — za rogiem * next to — obok * opposite — naprzeciwko * between — pomiędzy * behind — za * in front of — przed * near — blisko * far — daleko * on your left — po twojej lewej stronie * on your right — po twojej prawej stronie

Japanese VERB CHEAT SHEAT

📚 LITERARY CRITICAL APPROACHES — REVIEWER 1. FORMALIST APPROACH Focus: The literary work itself. Characters – people in the story Setting – time and place Plot – events of the story Theme – main message or idea Symbols – objects that represent an idea Language/Style – how the author uses words 👉 Keyword: TEXT 2. BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH Focus: The author's life and experiences. Author's background Life experiences Beliefs Personal experiences that may influence the work 👉 Keyword: AUTHOR 3. SOCIOLOGICAL / HISTORICAL APPROACH Focus: How society and history influence a literary work. Social – relationships, social groups, and society Historical – events and conditions during the time Political – government, leadership, and power Cultural – traditions, beliefs, customs, and values 👉 Keyword: SOCIETY 4. MARXIST APPROACH Focus: Social class, power, and inequality. Rich vs. poor Upper class vs. lower class Economic inequality Power and wealth Class conflict 👉 Keyword: CLASS 5. FEMINIST APPROACH Focus: Gender and equality, especially how women are represented. Gender stereotypes – beliefs about how men/women "should" act Gender biases – unfair treatment based on gender Men vs. women – differences in power, opportunities, or treatment Women's roles and representation Gender equality 👉 Keyword: GENDER 6. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH Focus: The mind, emotions, and unconscious desires of characters. 🧠 Three parts of personality: ID Wants immediate pleasure "I want it NOW!" EGO Realistic and logical Balances the ID and SUPEREGO SUPEREGO Represents morals and rules Knows what is right and wrong Conscience Inner sense of right and wrong 👉 Keyword: MIND 📝 QUICK MEMORY GUIDE Approach Focus Keyword Formalist Text itself 📖 TEXT Biographical Author's life 👤 AUTHOR Sociological/Historical Society & history 🌍 SOCIETY Marxist Social class 💰 CLASS Feminist Gender & equality ⚖️ GENDER Psychoanalytic Mind & behavior 🧠 MIND ⭐ Easy way to remember: F-B-S-M-F-P Formalist → Biographical → Sociological → Marxist → Feminist → Psychoanalytic FIGURES OF SPEECH — FINAL REVIEWER 1. Personification ➡️ Giving human characteristics to non-human things. Example: “The flowers danced in the wind.” 🧠 Keyword: HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 2. Hyperbole ➡️ An exaggeration used to emphasize an idea. Example: “I've told you a million times.” 🧠 Keyword: EXAGGERATION 3. Synecdoche ➡️ Using a part to represent the whole, or the whole to represent a part. Example: “We need more hands to help.” → Hands = people 🧠 Keyword: PART ↔ WHOLE 4. Metonymy ➡️ Replacing something with a word that is closely associated with it. Example: “The crown made a decision.” → Crown = king/queen 🧠 Keyword: ASSOCIATION 5. Oxymoron ➡️ Combines two contradictory/opposite words. Examples: Deafening silence Bittersweet Living dead 🧠 Keyword: OPPOSITE WORDS 6. Paradox ✅ ➡️ A statement or idea that seems contradictory but contains a deeper meaning or truth. Examples: “Less is more.” “The beginning of the end.” 🧠 Keyword: CONTRADICTORY IDEA + DEEPER MEANING ⭐ DON'T MIX THESE UP! Figure Meaning Easy Keyword Personification Non-human → human traits 👤 Human Hyperbole Exaggeration 📈 Exaggerate Synecdoche Part ↔ whole 🧩 Part/Whole Metonymy Related/associated term 🔗 Association Oxymoron Opposite words together ⚡ Opposite words Paradox Opposite/contradictory idea with deeper meaning 💡 Deeper meaning 🧠 Pinakamadaling tandaan: OXymoron = WORDS ➡️ “deafening silence” PARadox = IDEA ➡️ “Less is more.” Synecdoche = PART ➡️ “hands” = people Metonymy = RELATED ➡️ “crown” = royalty Hyperbole = EXAGGERATE ➡️ “a million times” Personification = HUMAN ➡️ “flowers danced” 📚 ENGLISH REVIEWER POETRY, CONFLICT, & CHARACTER --- I. POETRY Poetry Poetry is a creative form of art that uses language in a condensed and evocative way. It aims to: Stir emotions Spark the imagination Express ideas and feelings through carefully chosen words 🧠 Keyword: EMOTIONS + IMAGINATION --- II. ELEMENTS OF POETRY According to your notes, there are 3 main elements: 1. Diction ➡️ The choice and use of words by the poet. There are two types of meaning: Denotative Literal or dictionary meaning. Example: Dove = a bird Connotative Associated, emotional, or symbolic meaning. Example: Dove = peace 🧠 Remember: Denotative = Dictionary Connotative = Connection/feeling --- 2. Images and Sense Impressions ➡️ Words used to create mental pictures and appeal to our senses. The five senses: 👁️ Sight – what you see 👂 Hearing – what you hear 👃 Smell – what you smell 👅 Taste – what you taste ✋ Touch – what you feel Example: “The warm bread smelled sweet and tasted delicious.” This appeals to touch, smell, and taste. 🧠 Keyword: SENSES --- 3. Figures of Speech ➡️ Special ways of using words to make writing more meaningful or expressive. Your figures of speech: Personification → Gives human characteristics to non-human things. “The flowers danced.” Hyperbole → Exaggeration. “I told you a million times.” Synecdoche → A part represents the whole. “We need more hands.” → hands = people Metonymy → Uses something closely associated with another thing. “The crown decided.” → crown = royalty Oxymoron → Two contradictory words together. “Deafening silence.” Paradox → A seemingly contradictory idea that has a deeper meaning. “Less is more.” --- III. CONFLICT What is Conflict? Conflict is the problem or struggle in a story. It is: The problem in the drama A force that makes the narrative move forward A struggle or tension between opposing forces Something that can reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative 🧠 Keyword: STRUGGLE / PROBLEM --- IV. GENERAL TYPES OF CONFLICT There are 2 general types: A. INTERNAL CONFLICT 🧠 ➡️ A conflict that happens within the character. It can be caused by: Morality Desires Fears Beliefs Character vs. Self The character struggles with their own thoughts, feelings, decisions, or beliefs. Example: A student wants to cheat but knows that cheating is wrong. 🧠 Internal = INSIDE THE CHARACTER --- B. EXTERNAL CONFLICT 🌎 ➡️ A struggle between a character and an outside force. Types: Character vs. Character → One character struggles against another character. Character vs. Society → A character struggles against society, rules, or social expectations. Character vs. Nature → A character struggles against nature or natural forces. 🧠 External = OUTSIDE THE CHARACTER --- V. CHARACTER Character A character is a person, animal, or being that takes part in a story. Characters help move the plot and experience conflicts. --- VI. TYPES OF MAJOR CHARACTERS 1. Protagonist ➡️ The main character of the story. The story usually focuses on their goals, struggles, and experiences. 🧠 Protagonist = MAIN CHARACTER --- 2. Antagonist ➡️ The character or force that opposes the protagonist. The antagonist creates obstacles or conflict for the protagonist. 🧠 Antagonist = OPPOSING FORCE Easy to remember: PROtagonist → PRO = main character you're following ANTagonist → ANTI = against the protagonist --- VII. CHARACTERIZATION Characterization ➡️ The way an author reveals or develops a character's personality, traits, and qualities. There are 2 ways: --- 1. DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION ➡️ The author directly tells the reader what the character is like. Example: > “Maria was kind and generous.” The author directly says that Maria is kind and generous. 🧠 Direct = AUTHOR TELLS YOU --- 2. INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION ➡️ The author shows the character's personality through their: Speech – what they say Thoughts – what they think Actions – what they do Appearance – how they look Interactions – how they treat others Example: > Maria gave her lunch to a hungry classmate. We can infer that Maria is kind even though the author didn't directly say it. 🧠 Indirect = AUTHOR SHOWS YOU --- ⭐ DIRECT VS. INDIRECT Direct Indirect Author tells Author shows Personality is stated Personality is inferred “John is honest.” John returns a lost wallet. 🧠 Super easy: DIRECT = TELL 🗣️ INDIRECT = SHOW 👀 --- 🔥 QUICK REVIEW BEFORE EXAM Poetry ➡️ Creative use of language to stir emotions and spark imagination. Elements of Poetry Diction → choice of words Images & Sense Impressions → five senses Figures of Speech → special/expressive use of language Conflict ➡️ Problem or struggle in a story. Internal → Character vs. Self External → Character vs. Character / Society / Nature Major Characters Protagonist → main character Antagonist → opposes the protagonist Characterization Direct → author TELLS Indirect → author SHOWS 🧠 ONE-LINE MEMORY GUIDE POETRY: Emotion + Imagination DICTION: Words IMAGERY: Senses CONFLICT: Struggle INTERNAL: Self EXTERNAL: Outside PROTAGONIST: Main ANTAGONIST: Against DIRECT: Tell INDIRECT: Show

5.7 sweat and sebaceous glands

SET 3B — Seat Belts, Children & Passenger Safety

Semi-sweet Study Guide

Sweet Poké Menu Test

Absolutely. Your list is very broad, so the best way to study it is not to memorize every disease. We can turn it into a high-yield nursing reviewer based on: What is it? → What will I see? → What should I assess? → What should I do? → What medications/treatments matter? → What is the priority/emergency? → What should I teach? Below is a condensed master reviewer. I’ll keep it nursing-focused and use simple language. ⸻ 🩺 MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING REVIEWER 1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Type 2 Main problem Little/no insulin Insulin resistance + progressive insulin deficiency Usually Younger onset, but can occur any age More common in adults Treatment Insulin required Lifestyle + oral/injectable meds ± insulin Major acute problems DKA HHS Signs of hyperglycemia “3 Ps” * Polyuria – urinating frequently * Polydipsia – excessive thirst * Polyphagia – excessive hunger Other: * Fatigue * Blurred vision * Slow wound healing * Recurrent infections Hypoglycemia Think FAST: * F – Feeling shaky * A – Altered behaviour/confusion * S – Sweating * T – Tachycardia Treatment if conscious: 15 g fast carbohydrate → recheck glucose in 15 min → repeat if necessary. Examples: * Glucose tablets * Juice * Regular pop If unconscious/severe: * Glucagon if appropriate * IV dextrose in a healthcare setting DKA Usually associated with Type 1. Think: Hyperglycemia + ketones + metabolic acidosis Signs: * Dehydration * Abdominal pain * Nausea/vomiting * Fruity/acetone breath * Kussmaul respirations * Altered LOC Priority treatment: 1. IV fluids 2. Insulin 3. Monitor/correct electrolytes, especially potassium 4. Monitor glucose and acid-base status HHS Usually Type 2. * Extremely high glucose * Severe dehydration * Altered LOC * Little/no significant ketoacidosis Major nursing priority: fluid replacement and monitoring. Diabetes teaching Remember: * Foot care * Inspect feet daily * Proper footwear * Don’t walk barefoot * Don’t cut corns/calluses yourself * Monitor blood glucose * Know signs of hypo/hyperglycemia * Medication adherence * Sick-day management * Regular eye/kidney/foot assessments ⸻ ❤️ 2. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Stroke Two major types: * Ischemic → blocked blood vessel * Hemorrhagic → bleeding Recognize stroke: BE FAST B – Balance loss E – Eye/vision changes F – Face drooping A – Arm weakness S – Speech difficulty T – Time to call emergency services Nursing priorities * ABCs * Determine last known well * Neurological assessment * Blood glucose * Prepare for CT/imaging * Swallow assessment before oral food/fluids/medications * Prevent aspiration * Maintain safety Do not give food or water until swallowing is assessed. ⸻ Myocardial Infarction (MI) Think: “Time = muscle.” Common symptoms: * Chest pressure/pain * Radiation to arm/jaw/back * Dyspnea * Diaphoresis * Nausea * Anxiety Some patients, especially older adults and people with diabetes, may have atypical or minimal pain. Nursing priorities * ABCs * ECG * Vital signs * Cardiac monitoring * IV access * Blood work including cardiac biomarkers * Oxygen if hypoxemic/clinically indicated * Administer prescribed medications promptly Common medications: * Aspirin * Nitroglycerin * Antiplatelet drugs * Anticoagulants * Beta blockers * Statins Nitroglycerin Can cause: * Hypotension * Headache * Dizziness Never combine nitrates with PDE-5 inhibitors because of potentially severe hypotension. ⸻ Heart Failure Left-sided Think Lungs * Dyspnea * Crackles * Orthopnea * Pulmonary edema * Pink/frothy sputum in severe pulmonary edema Right-sided Think Body * Peripheral edema * Weight gain * JVD * Hepatomegaly * Ascites Nursing priorities * Daily weight * I&O * Respiratory assessment * Edema assessment * Fluid/sodium management as ordered * Medication adherence Sudden weight gain can indicate fluid retention. Common drugs: * Diuretics * ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNI * Beta blockers * Mineralocorticoid antagonists * SGLT2 inhibitors * Digoxin in selected patients Digoxin Watch for: * Bradycardia * Nausea/vomiting * Visual disturbances * Dysrhythmias Low potassium increases risk of digoxin toxicity. ⸻ Peripheral Vascular Disease Arterial Think: “Pain + Pale + Pulseless + Cold” * Cool extremity * Weak pulses * Pale colour * Pain with activity * Poor wound healing Venous Think: “Swollen + Warm + Edema” * Edema * Warm skin * Aching * Venous ulcers often near ankles ⸻ 🩸 3. HEMATOLOGY Anemia Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Signs: * Fatigue * Pallor * Weakness * Dyspnea * Tachycardia * Dizziness Iron-deficiency anemia May see: * Low hemoglobin * Low ferritin * Microcytic/hypochromic RBCs Iron teaching: * Take as directed * Vitamin C can improve absorption * Dark stools are common * Constipation can occur * Liquid iron may stain teeth ⸻ Leukemia Cancer of blood-forming tissues. Possible findings: * Infection → abnormal WBC function * Anemia → fatigue/pallor * Bleeding → low platelets * Bone/joint pain Think: Leukemia = infection + anemia + bleeding Nursing priorities: * Infection prevention * Bleeding precautions when indicated * Monitor CBC * Oral care * Avoid unnecessary invasive procedures * Monitor treatment adverse effects ⸻ 🍽️ 4. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Crohn’s vs Colitis Crohn’s Ulcerative Colitis Can affect anywhere mouth → anus Colon/rectum “Skip lesions” Continuous inflammation Transmural Mainly mucosal Fistulas common Bloody diarrhea common Strictures possible Toxic megacolon risk Crohn’s Watch for: * Diarrhea * Abdominal pain * Weight loss * Malnutrition * Fistulas Ulcerative colitis Watch for: * Bloody diarrhea * Abdominal cramps * Urgency * Risk of toxic megacolon ⸻ Diverticulitis Inflammation/infection of diverticula. Signs: * Usually LLQ abdominal pain * Fever * Change in bowel habits During acute inflammation: * Follow prescribed bowel-rest/diet plan * Monitor pain, fever and abdominal status * Watch for perforation/peritonitis ⸻ Colorectal Cancer Red flags: * Change in bowel habits * Blood in stool * Unexplained weight loss * Iron-deficiency anemia * Abdominal discomfort Important: Screening is important even before symptoms occur. ⸻ Constipation Risk factors: * Opioids * Immobility * Low fluid intake * Low fibre * Some medications Management: * Fluids if not contraindicated * Fibre * Activity * Bowel routine * Appropriate laxatives/stool softeners ⸻ Diarrhea Priority concerns: Fluid + electrolytes + cause Assess: * Frequency * Stool characteristics * Blood * Fever * Abdominal pain * Hydration * Recent antibiotics/travel/exposure ⸻ Peptic Ulcer Disease Major complications: * Bleeding * Perforation * Gastric outlet obstruction Warning signs: * Hematemesis * Melena * Sudden severe abdominal pain * Rigid abdomen Common causes: * H. pylori * NSAIDs ⸻ Appendicitis Classic: * Pain may begin around umbilicus and migrate to RLQ * Fever * Nausea/vomiting * Rebound/guarding may occur Priority Prevent rupture. Avoid: * Laxatives * Enemas * Applying heat to abdomen ⸻ 🚰 5. RENAL SYSTEM UTI Symptoms: * Dysuria * Frequency * Urgency * Suprapubic discomfort If infection reaches kidneys: * Fever * Flank pain * Chills * Nausea/vomiting Nursing * Obtain urine specimen correctly * Culture before antibiotics when ordered/appropriate * Encourage fluids if not contraindicated * Complete antibiotics ⸻ Renal Failure Major problems: Think: * Fluid overload * Electrolyte imbalance * Acid-base imbalance * Uremia * Anemia Possible findings: * Edema * Hypertension * Fatigue * Decreased urine output * Nausea * Confusion Particularly important: Hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening dysrhythmias. ⸻ Dialysis Hemodialysis Blood is filtered through a machine. Assess: * Weight * BP * Fluid status * Access site AV fistula Remember: “Feel + Hear” * Thrill → feel it * Bruit → hear it Protect the access: * No BP on that arm * No blood draws on that arm when avoidable * Don’t compress unnecessarily ⸻ Incontinence Types: Stress → coughing/sneezing Urge → sudden strong urge Overflow → bladder doesn’t empty Functional → can’t get to toilet Mixed → combination Management depends on cause. ⸻ 🫁 6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COPD Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Common: * Dyspnea * Chronic cough * Sputum * Wheezing * Reduced exercise tolerance Nursing: * Position upright * Pursed-lip breathing * Energy conservation * Smoking cessation * Oxygen as prescribed * Inhaler technique Don’t automatically assume oxygen should be withheld from COPD patients. Oxygen is prescribed/titrated according to the patient’s clinical status and target saturation. ⸻ Asthma Usually reversible airway obstruction/inflammation. Symptoms: * Wheezing * Cough * Dyspnea * Chest tightness Rescue medication Short-acting bronchodilator, e.g. salbutamol. Controller Often: Inhaled corticosteroid Severe attack Red flags: * Difficulty speaking * Severe respiratory distress * Exhaustion * Altered LOC * Silent chest Silent chest = very serious. ⸻ Pneumonia Signs: * Fever * Cough * Sputum * Dyspnea * Crackles * Pleuritic chest pain Nursing: * Oxygen if needed * Antibiotics if bacterial/ordered * Hydration if appropriate * Mobilization * Cough/deep breathing * Monitor respiratory status ⸻ Lung Cancer Risk factors: * Smoking * Environmental/occupational exposures Symptoms: * Persistent cough * Hemoptysis * Weight loss * Dyspnea * Chest pain ⸻ Tuberculosis Classic: * Persistent cough * Fever * Night sweats * Weight loss * Possible hemoptysis Nursing priority Airborne precautions for suspected/confirmed infectious pulmonary TB according to institutional policy. ⸻ Atelectasis Collapsed alveoli, often after surgery. Prevention: * Deep breathing * Coughing * Incentive spirometry * Early mobilization * Adequate pain control ⸻ Pneumothorax Air in pleural space → lung collapse. Possible: * Sudden dyspnea * Chest pain * Decreased/absent breath sounds Tension pneumothorax Emergency. May cause: * Severe respiratory distress * Hypotension * Distended neck veins * Tracheal deviation * Cardiovascular collapse Requires immediate emergency treatment. ⸻ Hemothorax Blood in pleural space. Think: Respiratory compromise + blood loss. Chest tube may be required. ⸻ 🦴 7. MUSCULOSKELETAL Osteoporosis Loss of bone density. Risk: * Fractures * Vertebral compression * Hip fracture Prevention: * Weight-bearing activity * Calcium/vitamin D as appropriate * Fall prevention * Avoid smoking * Limit excessive alcohol ⸻ Fractures Priority: ABCs → bleeding → neurovascular status Assess the 6 Ps: * Pain * Pallor * Pulselessness * Paresthesia * Paralysis * Poikilothermia/coolness Neurovascular assessment is critical. ⸻ Arthritis Osteoarthritis Think: Wear and tear * Pain with activity * Stiffness * Often affects weight-bearing joints Rheumatoid arthritis Think: Autoimmune * Symmetrical joint involvement * Morning stiffness * Systemic effects ⸻ Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of spine. Assess: * Posture * Shoulder/hip asymmetry * Spinal curvature * Respiratory effects if severe ⸻ Multiple Sclerosis Autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting CNS. Possible: * Weakness * Fatigue * Visual disturbances * Sensory changes * Balance problems * Bladder dysfunction Important nursing concept: Fatigue and heat can worsen symptoms. ⸻ 🦠 8. INFECTION/IMMUNE SYSTEM MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Key: * Resistant to several antibiotics * Contact precautions may be required * Strict hand hygiene ⸻ VRE Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Key: * Resistant organism * Contact precautions according to facility policy * Hand hygiene * Environmental cleaning ⸻ C. difficile Often associated with antibiotic exposure. Symptoms: * Frequent watery diarrhea * Abdominal cramping * Fever VERY IMPORTANT Soap and water handwashing is preferred because alcohol-based hand sanitizer does not reliably kill C. difficile spores. Use appropriate contact/spore precautions according to facility policy. ⸻ Influenza * Fever * Cough * Myalgias * Fatigue * Headache Prevention: Annual vaccination + respiratory hygiene. ⸻ Sepsis Think: Infection + organ dysfunction Potential signs: * Fever or hypothermia * Tachycardia * Tachypnea * Altered mental status * Hypotension * Reduced urine output * Elevated lactate Nursing priority Recognize early and escalate rapidly. Expect: * Cultures * Lactate * IV fluids when indicated * Prompt antimicrobials when sepsis is suspected * Source control * Frequent reassessment ⸻ 🔬 9. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Don’t memorize only the test. For every test ask: 1. Why is it being done? 2. What does it tell me? 3. What does the nurse do before? 4. What does the nurse do after? 5. What complications should I watch for? ⸻ CT Uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images. Contrast may be used. Nursing: * Check allergies/previous contrast reactions * Assess kidney function when appropriate * Follow contrast-specific instructions ⸻ MRI Uses magnetic field. NO metal/unsafe metallic objects. Assess: * Implanted devices * Metal fragments * Claustrophobia ⸻ X-ray Useful for: * Fractures * Chest conditions * Some abdominal problems ⸻ Ultrasound Uses sound waves. Common: * Pregnancy * Abdomen * Pelvis * Blood vessels No ionizing radiation. ⸻ Mammogram Breast imaging for screening/assessment. ⸻ Endoscopy Allows direct visualization of GI tract. Nursing: * Usually NPO beforehand * Sedation may be used * Monitor airway and vital signs afterward * Ensure gag/swallow reflex has returned before oral intake when applicable ⸻ Bronchoscopy Visualizes airways. Post-procedure: * Monitor respiratory status * Watch for bleeding * Keep NPO until protective reflexes return if sedated/topical anesthetic used ⸻ Pulmonary Function Tests Measure lung function. Important for: * Asthma * COPD * Other pulmonary disorders ⸻ 🧪 10. LABORATORY VALUES For exams, know what the lab means, not just the number. CBC Hemoglobin/Hematocrit Think: oxygen-carrying capacity Low → anemia/bleeding/etc. WBC Think: infection/inflammation/immune response Platelets Think: clotting Low → bleeding risk. ⸻ INR Measures effect of warfarin therapy. Higher INR generally = increased anticoagulation and bleeding risk. Monitor for: * Bleeding * Bruising * Hematuria * Melena ⸻ Glucose Think: current blood glucose ⸻ HbA1c Think: “3-month-ish glucose picture.” Used for longer-term diabetes management. ⸻ BUN + Creatinine Think: Kidney function. Creatinine is particularly useful when evaluating renal function. ⸻ GFR Estimates kidney filtration. Lower GFR generally = worse kidney function. ⸻ Electrolytes Sodium Think: water balance + neurological function Potassium Think: heart rhythm Abnormal potassium can cause dangerous dysrhythmias. Calcium Think: bones + muscles + nerves ⸻ Cholesterol LDL “Lousy” cholesterol Higher LDL → increased cardiovascular risk. HDL “Healthy” cholesterol Generally protective. ⸻ Urinalysis Can help identify: * UTI * Protein * Blood * Glucose * Ketones * Kidney problems ⸻ Culture & Sensitivity Culture = What organism? Sensitivity = Which antibiotic is effective? ⸻ 💊 11. PHARMACOLOGY For every medication, memorize: Class → Why given → Major adverse effects → Contraindications/precautions → Nursing assessments → Patient teaching ⸻ Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Used for: * Pain * Fever Major concern: Liver toxicity with excessive dosing. ⸻ NSAIDs Examples: * Ibuprofen * Naproxen Watch for: * GI bleeding * Kidney injury * Fluid retention * Cardiovascular risks ⸻ Morphine Opioid. Watch: * Respiratory depression * Sedation * Hypotension * Constipation * Nausea Antidote for opioid-induced respiratory depression: Naloxone ⸻ Antibiotics Key nursing principle: Complete the prescribed course unless directed otherwise. Watch: * Allergic reactions * Diarrhea * Superinfection * C. difficile ⸻ Warfarin (Coumadin) Anticoagulant. Monitor: INR Major complication: Bleeding Teaching: * Consistent vitamin K intake rather than suddenly changing intake * Drug interactions matter * Report unusual bleeding ⸻ Heparin Anticoagulant. Monitor: * Bleeding * Platelets * aPTT for unfractionated heparin, depending on protocol Major complication: Bleeding Important adverse reaction: HIT – heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ⸻ Insulin Major adverse effect: HYPOGLYCEMIA Know: * Onset * Peak * Duration * Administration technique * Glucose monitoring ⸻ Nitroglycerin Used for angina. Can cause: * Headache * Hypotension * Dizziness Avoid with PDE-5 inhibitors. ⸻ Digoxin Remember: “Slow heart + low potassium = danger.” Monitor: * Apical pulse * Potassium * Signs of toxicity ⸻ Diuretics Example: Furosemide (Lasix) Causes: * Increased urine output * Decreased fluid volume Watch: * BP * Electrolytes * Dehydration * Potassium ⸻ Corticosteroids Example: Prednisone Long-term effects: * Infection risk * Hyperglycemia * Osteoporosis * Fluid retention * Skin changes * Adrenal suppression Do not abruptly stop long-term corticosteroids without medical direction. ⸻ Bronchodilators Example: Salbutamol Can cause: * Tremor * Tachycardia * Nervousness ⸻ Inhaled corticosteroids Important: Rinse mouth after use. Helps prevent oral candidiasis. ⸻ Statins Example: Atorvastatin Used to lower cholesterol. Watch: * Muscle pain/weakness * Liver-related adverse effects ⸻ Stool medications Psyllium Bulk-forming. Requires adequate fluid intake unless contraindicated. Docusate Stool softener. Stimulant laxatives Increase intestinal motility. ⸻ 🧠 12. NEUROLOGICAL Seizure During seizure: Protect, don’t restrain. * Protect from injury * Turn to side if possible * Protect airway * Remove nearby hazards * Don’t put anything in mouth * Time the seizure After: * Assess airway * Vital signs * Neurological status * Document characteristics Status epilepticus Emergency. ⸻ Increased Intracranial Pressure Think: Headache + vomiting + decreased LOC + pupil changes Late sign: Cushing’s triad * Increased BP/widened pulse pressure * Bradycardia * Irregular respirations Nursing: * Elevate head as ordered * Maintain neutral neck alignment * Avoid unnecessary stimulation * Monitor neurological status * Prevent hypoxia/hypercapnia ⸻ Parkinson’s Disease Classic: TRAP T – Tremor R – Rigidity A – Akinesia/bradykinesia P – Postural instability Nursing: * Fall prevention * Mobility support * Medication timing * Swallowing assessment * Nutrition ⸻ Spinal Cord Injury Priority: Airway + breathing + immobilization + neurological assessment Possible complications: * Neurogenic shock * Autonomic dysreflexia * Respiratory compromise * Loss of bowel/bladder control * Pressure injuries Autonomic dysreflexia Usually associated with injuries at/above T6. Signs: * Sudden severe hypertension * Headache * Flushing/sweating above injury * Bradycardia Priority: Sit patient upright and identify/remove the trigger. ⸻ 👁️ 13. SENSORY Cataracts Clouding of lens. Symptoms: * Blurred vision * Glare * Reduced visual acuity Treatment: Surgical removal when significantly affecting vision. ⸻ Glaucoma Optic nerve damage often associated with increased intraocular pressure. Key distinction: Glaucoma → pressure/optic nerve Cataract → cloudy lens Acute angle-closure glaucoma: * Severe eye pain * Headache * Halos * Nausea/vomiting * Red eye Emergency. ⸻ Hearing Loss Conductive Problem with sound transmission through outer/middle ear. Sensorineural Problem involving inner ear/auditory nerve. Communication: * Face patient * Speak clearly * Don’t shout * Reduce background noise * Verify understanding ⸻ 🔥 14. BURNS Think: Airway → Breathing → Circulation Inhalation injury Red flags: * Facial burns * Soot * Singed nasal hairs * Hoarseness * Stridor * Carbonaceous sputum Airway edema can worsen rapidly. ⸻ Burn priorities * Airway * Breathing * Circulation * Fluid resuscitation for significant burns * Pain management * Infection prevention * Temperature control * Nutrition * Wound care ⸻ 15. WOMEN’S & MEN’S HEALTH Menopause Decrease in estrogen. Common: * Hot flashes * Night sweats * Sleep problems * Vaginal dryness * Mood changes Long-term: * Bone loss * Cardiovascular considerations ⸻ Birth Control Know: * Effectiveness * How it is used * Contraindications * STI protection Most hormonal birth control does NOT protect against STIs. Condoms help reduce STI transmission. ⸻ STIs Examples: * Chlamydia * Gonorrhea * Syphilis * HPV * Herpes * HIV Nursing: * Testing * Treatment adherence * Partner notification/treatment when appropriate * Safer sex education * Prevention ⸻ Breast Cancer Warning signs: * New breast lump * Skin changes * Nipple changes/discharge * Axillary lymph node changes Know current screening recommendations and individual risk factors. ⸻ Prostate Cancer Possible: * Urinary hesitancy * Weak stream * Frequency * Hematuria Important: Early prostate cancer may have no symptoms. ⸻ 🚨 16. EMERGENCY NURSING Shock Basic concept: Tissues aren’t receiving enough oxygen/perfusion. Signs: * Tachycardia * Hypotension * Altered LOC * Cool/clammy skin in many shock states * Decreased urine output * Tachypnea Major types Hypovolemic → blood/fluid loss Cardiogenic → pump failure Distributive → vasodilation (e.g., septic/anaphylactic) Obstructive → obstruction to circulation Priority: ABCs + identify/treat cause + restore perfusion. ⸻ Hemorrhage Look for: * Tachycardia * Hypotension * Pallor * Weakness * Decreased LOC * Decreased urine output Priority: Control bleeding + support circulation + escalate. ⸻ Anaphylaxis Severe allergic reaction. Signs: * Airway swelling * Wheezing * Dyspnea * Hypotension * Hives * GI symptoms FIRST-LINE MEDICATION: IM epinephrine Do not delay epinephrine while waiting for other treatments. ⸻ 💧 17. FLUID & ELECTROLYTES Dehydration Signs: * Thirst * Dry mucous membranes * Tachycardia * Hypotension * Poor skin turgor * Decreased urine output * Weight loss ⸻ Fluid overload Signs: * Edema * Crackles * Dyspnea * Weight gain * JVD * Hypertension ⸻ Potassium Hypokalemia Think: Weak + irregular heart Causes: * Diuretics * GI losses Hyperkalemia Think: Dangerous heart rhythm Causes: * Renal failure * Tissue breakdown * Certain medications ⸻ Acid-Base Use: ROME Respiratory = Opposite Metabolic = Equal Examples: Respiratory acidosis CO₂ ↑ → pH ↓ Respiratory alkalosis CO₂ ↓ → pH ↑ Metabolic acidosis HCO₃ ↓ → pH ↓ Metabolic alkalosis HCO₃ ↑ → pH ↑ ⸻ 👶 MATERNAL-CHILD NURSING Prenatal Care Monitor: * Maternal vital signs * Weight * Blood pressure * Urine * Fetal growth * Fetal heart rate * Laboratory screening * Risk factors Important warning signs: * Vaginal bleeding * Severe headache * Visual changes * Severe abdominal pain * Fluid leakage * Decreased fetal movement * Sudden swelling/other signs of hypertensive disorders ⸻ Fetal Development High-yield concept: First trimester → organ formation Second trimester → growth and development Third trimester → maturation and preparation for birth ⸻ Labour Stage 1 Onset of true labour → complete cervical dilation. Stage 2 Complete dilation → birth of baby. Stage 3 Birth of baby → delivery of placenta. Stage 4 Immediate postpartum recovery. ⸻ Apgar At approximately 1 and 5 minutes. A P G A R A – Appearance P – Pulse G – Grimace A – Activity R – Respiration Each scored 0–2. Apgar helps assess newborn adaptation; it does not by itself diagnose asphyxia or determine long-term prognosis. ⸻ Newborn Assessment Assess: * Respiratory effort * Heart rate * Temperature * Colour * Tone * Feeding * Reflexes * Weight * Head circumference * Urine/stool ⸻ Breastfeeding Benefits: * Nutrition * Immune protection * Bonding Signs of effective feeding: * Good latch * Audible swallowing * Appropriate wet/dirty diapers * Expected weight pattern ⸻ 👶 PEDIATRIC NURSING Development General progression: Head → toe Simple → complex Large muscles → fine motor Always consider developmental stage when communicating with children. ⸻ Pediatric Safety Big priorities: * Falls * Choking * Burns * Poisoning * Drowning * Car-seat safety * Medication dosing * Safe sleep Medication principle Pediatric medications are often based on: weight (kg) Always verify calculations and concentrations. ⸻ Pediatric Asthma Same basic principles as adults: * Bronchodilator for acute symptoms * Controller medications for long-term control * Trigger avoidance * Asthma action plan ⸻ RSV Common in infants/young children. Signs: * Rhinorrhea * Cough * Wheezing * Increased work of breathing * Poor feeding Priority: Respiratory assessment and hydration. ⸻ Croup Classic: Barking cough + stridor Often worse at night. Severe respiratory distress requires urgent intervention. ⸻ Cystic Fibrosis Thick secretions affect lungs and GI system. Think: “Thick mucus + lung infections + malabsorption.” Nursing: * Airway clearance * Nutrition * Pancreatic enzymes when prescribed * High-calorie/high-protein nutrition * Infection prevention ⸻ Gastroenteritis Major concern: Dehydration. Assess: * Wet diapers/urine * Mucous membranes * Tears * Capillary refill * Weight * Activity/LOC ⸻ Pyloric Stenosis Classic: Projectile, non-bilious vomiting Often occurs in young infants. Possible: * Hunger after vomiting * Dehydration * Weight loss ⸻ ASD vs VSD ASD Hole between atria. VSD Hole between ventricles. VSD can produce: A significant murmur and increased pulmonary blood flow. ⸻ Sickle Cell Disease Problem: Abnormal hemoglobin → sickled RBCs → vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Crisis triggers: * Dehydration * Infection * Hypoxia * Stress Management: * Hydration * Oxygen if hypoxemic * Pain management * Treat infection * Rest * Disease-specific therapies ⸻ Meningitis Think: Fever + headache + stiff neck + altered mental status May also have: * Photophobia * Vomiting * Seizures Emergency. Use appropriate isolation precautions according to suspected organism and institutional policy. ⸻ Hydrocephalus Excess CSF. Infants may have: * Increasing head circumference * Bulging fontanelle * Irritability * Poor feeding * “Sunsetting” eyes Older children: * Headache * Vomiting * Visual changes * Altered LOC ⸻ 🧠 MENTAL HEALTH NURSING Therapeutic Communication DO: * Use open-ended questions * Listen * Reflect * Clarify * Validate feelings * Maintain appropriate boundaries DON’T: * Give false reassurance * Judge * Argue * Give excessive advice * Say “everything will be fine” ⸻ Depression Symptoms: * Persistent sadness * Anhedonia * Sleep changes * Appetite changes * Fatigue * Poor concentration * Feelings of worthlessness * Suicidal thoughts Nursing priority: Assess suicide risk directly. ⸻ Bipolar Disorder Mania * Elevated/irritable mood * Increased energy * Decreased need for sleep * Rapid speech * Impulsivity * Grandiosity Nursing: * Reduce stimulation * Maintain safety * Set clear limits * Encourage nutrition/hydration * Administer medications as prescribed ⸻ Schizophrenia Positive symptoms: * Hallucinations * Delusions * Disorganized speech/behaviour Negative symptoms: * Flat affect * Social withdrawal * Reduced motivation Communication Don’t argue with delusions. Instead: Acknowledge the patient’s feelings while presenting reality. ⸻ OCD Obsessions: Intrusive thoughts Compulsions: Repetitive behaviours/mental acts ⸻ Eating Disorders Watch: * Electrolytes * Cardiac rhythm * Nutrition * Weight * Refeeding complications * Psychological safety ⸻ Substance Use Priorities: * Airway/breathing/circulation * Overdose recognition * Withdrawal * Safety * Nonjudgmental communication ⸻ 🧪 HIGH-YIELD DIAGNOSTIC TEST THINKING When you see a test question, ask: “Why are they ordering this?” Examples: CT head after sudden neurological deficit → looking for bleeding/structural abnormalities. MRI → detailed soft tissue/neurological/musculoskeletal imaging. ECG → electrical activity/ischemia/dysrhythmia. Troponin → myocardial injury. HbA1c → long-term glucose control. Creatinine/GFR → kidney function. INR → warfarin effect. Culture and sensitivity → organism + effective antimicrobial. Pulmonary function test → lung function/obstruction/restriction. ⸻ 💊 PHARMACOLOGY MASTER MEMORY MAP Instead of memorizing 100 medications individually, memorize the danger associated with each class: Drug/Class Think Insulin Hypoglycemia Opioids Respiratory depression Warfarin Bleeding + INR Heparin Bleeding + HIT Furosemide Fluid/electrolyte loss Digoxin Bradycardia/toxicity ACE inhibitors Hyperkalemia + cough/angioedema Beta blockers Bradycardia/hypotension Steroids Hyperglycemia + infection NSAIDs GI bleeding + kidney injury Statins Muscle/liver effects Bronchodilators Tachycardia/tremor Inhaled steroids Oral candidiasis Antibiotics Allergy + C. diff ⸻ 🚨 THE “PRIORITY QUESTION” METHOD When you’re stuck on an exam question, ask: 1. Is the airway threatened? If yes → AIRWAY 2. Is breathing compromised? If yes → BREATHING 3. Is circulation/perfusion compromised? If yes → CIRCULATION 4. Is there an acute neurological deterioration? Think neurological emergency. 5. Is there a safety risk? Falls, suicide, aspiration, seizures, etc. 6. Which patient is deteriorating? Unstable beats stable. ⸻ ⭐ TOP THINGS I WOULD MEMORIZE FIRST If you have limited study time, prioritize these: 🚨 Emergencies * Anaphylaxis → IM epinephrine * Stroke → BE FAST + last known well * MI → ECG + rapid intervention * Sepsis → early recognition + rapid treatment * Tension pneumothorax → emergency * Severe hypoglycemia → rapid glucose treatment * Status epilepticus → emergency * Increased ICP → neurological deterioration * Hemorrhage → control bleeding + perfusion * Severe burns → ABCs 💊 Medications * Insulin → hypoglycemia * Morphine → respiratory depression * Warfarin → INR/bleeding * Heparin → bleeding/HIT * Digoxin → pulse/potassium/toxicity * Furosemide → fluid/electrolytes * Nitroglycerin → hypotension + PDE-5 interaction * Steroids → infection/hyperglycemia * Antibiotics → allergy/C. diff * Inhaled steroids → rinse mouth 🧪 Labs * Hb → oxygen carrying * WBC → infection/immune response * Platelets → bleeding/clotting * INR → warfarin * Glucose → current sugar * HbA1c → long-term glucose * Creatinine/GFR → kidney * K⁺ → heart rhythm * Na⁺ → neurological/fluid balance * Culture → organism * Sensitivity → antibiotic choice 🩺 Nursing skills * Infection control * Medication administration * IVs * Oxygen * Suction * Tracheostomy * Chest tubes * Urinary catheter * Wound care * Ostomy care * Vital signs * Neurovascular assessment * Respiratory assessment ⸻ 📚 How I’d recommend studying this huge syllabus Don’t try to study all of these diseases in one sitting. Use system blocks: Day 1: Diabetes + cardiovascular Day 2: Respiratory + renal Day 3: GI + liver Day 4: Hematology + immune/infection Day 5: Neuro + musculoskeletal Day 6: Maternal/newborn Day 7: Pediatrics Day 8: Mental health Day 9: Pharmacology Day 10: Labs + diagnostics + clinical skills Day 11: Emergency/priority questions Day 12: Full mixed practice exam + review weak areas For each condition, make yourself answer only 5 questions: 1. What is happening? 2. What will I assess? 3. What is the biggest complication? 4. What will I do first? 5. What do I teach the patient? That approach will help you think like a nurse rather than memorize isolated facts, which matches the study framework you were given.

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Vocabulary Flashcards