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perineum

in females, the area between the anus and the vagina. in males, the area between the anus and the scrotum. between pubic symphysis and coccyx

scrotum

a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production in testes (after production, moves into epididymis, then vas deferens)

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle, each contains a vas deferens

motile

capable of spontaneous movement

glans penis

head of penis

foreskin (prepuce)

the loose skin that partially or completely covers the glans in males who have not been circumcised. mucous membrane

vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

seminal vesicles

secrete thick, yellow substance to nourish sperm cells. located at base of urinary bladder.

ejaculatory duct

small duct that connects the vas deferens to the urethra. during ejaculation, reflex action caused by these glands causes cum to shoot up

prostate gland

surrounds end of urethra, secretes thick, alkaline fluid helping motility of sperm

bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate. Produce precum prior to ejaculation that flushes out urine/foreign matter in urethra. can contain sperm.

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis so it cannot be retracted to expose glans penis

Peyronie's disease

also known as penile curvature, is a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

priapism

a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement

andropause/ADAM (Androgen Decline in the Aging Male)

decrease of testosterone in males, usually begins around age 40

cryptorchidism

developmental defect, one/both testicles fail to descend into their normal position

spermatocele

a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

testicular torsion

a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

varicocele

a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

azoospermia

absence of sperm in the semen

oligospermia

low sperm count

orchiopexy

fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum (fixates undescended teste into place)

vasectomy

surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens. prevents sperm from entering ejaculate, but does not change volume of semen produced by body.

vasovasectomy

vasectomy reversal

chlamydia symptoms

in females: damages reproductive organs. in males: urethritis

bacterial vaginosis (BV) symptoms

discharge, odour, pain, itching, burning

genital herpes symptoms

itching, burning, lesions on genitals/rectum

gonorrhea symptoms

dysuria, discharge, affects cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes

trichomoniasis

caused by parasite trichomonas vaginalis, causes thin, frothy, yellow-green discharge

mons pubis

a rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis

vulva

labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, vaginal orifice

Bartholin's glands

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina, located on either side of the vaginal orifice.

hymen

mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

follicle

fluid-filled sacs in ovaries containing a single ovum each

infundibulum

the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary

fimbriae

finger-like projections that accept the egg from the ovary to the Fallopian tubes

uterus location

between urinary bladder and rectum and midway between sacrum and pubic bone

anteflexion

the normal position of the uterus, where the body of the uterus is bent forward

fundus

bulging rounded upper portion of the uterus above entrance of fallopian tubes

corpus

large central portion of the uterus

menarche

beginning of menstrual function (first period)

perimenopause

the term used to designate the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

process of ovulation

ovum caught by fimbriae, peristalsis moves ovum through fallopian tube to uterus (fertilization would occur here)

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell. maintains growth of uterine lining in preparation for fertilized egg

what happens to corpus luteum if ovum is fertilized/not fertilized

not fertilized: dies. fertilized: continues to secrete pregnancy hormones

coitus

sexual intercourse

conception vs implantation

conception: sperm penetrates ovum. implantation: zygote becomes embedded into uterine lining

embryo vs fetus

embryo: 0-8 weeks. fetus: 9th week-delivery

fraternal twins

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

chorion

outermost layer of the fetal membrane. contributes to formation of placenta

placenta

a temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix

amniotic sac

a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects a developing embryo and fetus in the uterus. innermost membrane surrounding fetus.

umbilical cord

tube carrying blood, oxygen, nutrients from placenta to developing child

gestation

growth process from conception to birth

quickening

the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother

Braxton Hicks contractions

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses

antepartum

final stage of pregnancy before childbirth (reference to the mother)

nulligravida

a woman who has never been pregnant

nullipara

a woman who has never borne a viable child

primigravida

a woman who is pregnant for the first time

primipara

a woman who has borne one viable child

multiparous

a woman who has given birth two or more times

puerperium

period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal

lochia

the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth

uterine involution

the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery

colostrum

a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest. produced in late pregnancy and first few days after giving birth.

vernix

a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth

meconium

the first bowel movement of the newborn, greenish material

Apgar score

a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

obstetrician

a physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

ovariorrhexis

rupture of an ovary

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles

pyosalpinx

pus in the fallopian tube

endometriosis

patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

metrorrhea

an abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus, from the uterus

uterine fibroid

a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

uterine prolapse

the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

cervical dysplasia

the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix

colporrhexis

tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

dyspareunia

painful sexual intercourse

leukorrhea

a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

vaginal candidiasis

yeast infection

mastitis

bacterial breast infection most frequently occuring during breastfeeding

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes

hypermenorrhea (menorrhagia)

excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

menometrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding)

excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

polymenorrhea

the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

spontaneous abortion

miscarriage

induced abortion

intentional termination of pregnancy

theraputic abortion

termination of a pregnancy for the health of the mother or another medical reason

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension) (toxemia)

complication of pregnancy; proteinuria, hypertension, edema

abruptio placentae

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

breech presentation

birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first

pregnancy test

measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone in blood and urine that indicates pregnancy

tubal ligation

blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

conization

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix