Results for "Reuse"

Definition: The Latin-speaking half of the Roman Empire, centered in Rome. Flashcard #2 
Term: Eastern Roman Empire 
Definition: The Greek-speaking half of the Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople. Flashcard #3 
Term: Catacombs 
Definition: Underground burial chambers where early Christians worshipped privately due to persecution. Flashcard #4 
Term: Appropriation 
Definition: Using existing imagery or symbols in a new context, a common practice in early Christianity. Flashcard #5 
Term: Orant figure 
Definition: A standing figure with arms raised in prayer, derived from Roman gestures of duty. Flashcard #6 
Term: Ichthys (fish) 
Definition: A Christian symbol for Jesus Christ, Son of God. Flashcard #7 
Term: Good Shepherd 
Definition: A depiction of Jesus as a caring, protective, and pastoral caretaker, adapted from Roman pastoral scenes. Flashcard #8 
Term: Cubicula 
Definition: Mortuary chapels or rooms within catacombs used for small services. Flashcard #9 
Term: Loculi 
Definition: Shelves carved into catacomb walls for individual burials. Flashcard #10 
Term: Wet plaster fresco (fresco buon) 
Definition: A painting technique where pigment is applied to wet plaster. Flashcard #11 
Term: Domus (community house) 
Definition: Private homes converted for use as early Christian worship spaces. Flashcard #12 
Term: Familia 
Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing family loyalty. Flashcard #13 
Term: Pietas 
Definition: A Roman core value emphasizing duty to the state and gods. Flashcard #14 
Term: Contra-posto 
Definition: A naturalistic standing pose used in Roman art, where the body's weight is shifted to one leg. Flashcard #15 
Term: Prefiguration 
Definition: An Old Testament story or figure that foreshadows a New Testament event or figure. Flashcard #16 
Term: Constantine 
Definition: Roman Emperor (reigned 312–337 CE) who legalized Christianity and initiated widespread Christian architectural patronage. Flashcard #17 
Term: Old St. Peter’s Basilica 
Definition: An early Christian basilica built in Rome under Constantine over St. Peter’s tomb, serving as a pilgrimage site. Flashcard #18 
Term: Basilican/Cross Plan 
Definition: A Western church architectural plan characterized by a long nave, side aisles, transept forming a cross, and an apse. Flashcard #19 
Term: Santa Sabina 
Definition: A smaller, well-preserved example of a Western early Christian basilica in Rome. Flashcard #20 
Term: Santa Costanza 
Definition: Originally a royal mausoleum, later converted into a central-plan church, circular with a dome and ambulatory, showing Eastern influence in the West. Flashcard #21 
Term: Atrium (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The open courtyard leading into the narthex of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #22 
Term: Narthex (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The entrance hall or porch leading to the nave of Old St. Peter’s Basilica. Flashcard #23 
Term: Nave (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The central, main aisle of Old St. Peter's Basilica, accommodating the congregation. Flashcard #24 
Term: Transept (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: The arm of the church that projects at right angles to the nave, forming the 'cross' in a cruciform plan, providing space for clergy. Flashcard #25 
Term: Apse (Old St. Peter's) 
Definition: A semicircular recession at the eastern end of the church, containing the altar. Flashcard #26 
Term: Justinian I 
Definition: Byzantine Emperor (527–565 CE) who expanded the empire, promoted Christianity, and commissioned major churches like Hagia Sophia and San Vitale. Flashcard #27 
Term: Trinity 
Definition: The Christian concept of God as Father, Son (Jesus), and Holy Spirit. Flashcard #28 
Term: Nimubs 
Definition: A halo around the head of a holy figure in art. Flashcard #29 
Term: Mandorla 
Definition: An almond-shaped aura surrounding the full-body depiction of Christ or other sacred figures, signifying divinity. Flashcard #30 
Term: Icon 
Definition: A religious image, often painted on wood, used in devotion, particularly in Eastern Christianity. Flashcard #31 
Term: Iconoclasm 
Definition: The deliberate destruction of religious images, notably during the Byzantine controversy of 726+ CE. Flashcard #32 
Term: Dematerialization (Byzantine art) 
Definition: An artistic and architectural goal in Byzantine art to create a divine space that transcends material reality, often achieved with light and shimmering mosaics. Flashcard #33 
Term: Tesserae 
Definition: Small pieces of glass, stone, or other material used to create a mosaic. Flashcard #34 
Term: Hagia Sophia 
Definition: Meaning 'Holy Wisdom,' a monumental Byzantine church in Istanbul built by Justinian (532–537 CE), known for synthesizing basilican and central plans with its massive dome. Flashcard #35 
Term: Pendentives 
Definition: Spherical triangular sections that transfer the weight of a circular dome to four piers or columns, allowing for a large, open space below. Flashcard #36 
Term: San Vitale 
Definition: An octagonal, central-plan Byzantine church in Ravenna, famous for its lavish mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora. Flashcard #37 
Term: Muhammad 
Definition: The prophet of Islam (571–632 CE) who received revelations from Allah, forming the basis of the Qur’an. Flashcard #38 
Term: Qur’an 
Definition: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God (Allah) revealed to Muhammad. Flashcard #39 
Term: Calligraphy (Islam) 
Definition: The art of beautiful writing, highly esteemed in Islamic culture as a manifestation of Allah's word. Flashcard #40 
Term: Five Pillars of Islam 
Definition: The fundamental practices of Islam: Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity), Hajj (pilgrimage). Flashcard #41 
Term: Geometric abstraction (Islamic art) 
Definition: Complex patterns based on numbers and mathematics, developed in Islamic art due to the general avoidance of sentient figural imagery in religious contexts. Flashcard #42 
Term: Tessellation 
Definition: The repeating of geometric units to form an intricate pattern without gaps or overlaps, common in Islamic art to suggest eternity. Flashcard #43 
Term: Symmetry (Islamic art) 
Definition: The use of balanced proportions (e.g., fourfold, fivefold, sixfold) in geometric patterns to create visual harmony. Flashcard #44 
Term: Masjid 
Definition: An Arabic term meaning 'place of prostration,' referring to a mosque. Flashcard #45 
Term: Minaret 
Definition: A tall, slender tower, typically part of a mosque, from which the call to prayer (adhan) is issued. Flashcard #46 
Term: Qibla wall 
Definition: The wall in a mosque that faces the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. Flashcard #47 
Term: Mihrab 
Definition: A niche or recess in the qibla wall of a mosque, indicating the direction of prayer. Flashcard #48 
Term: Dome of the Rock 
Definition: Built 687–692 CE in Jerusalem, it is one of the earliest major Islamic monuments, an octagonal central-plan building sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Flashcard #49 
Term: Horror vacui (Islamic art) 
Definition: A design principle characterized by the filling of an entire surface with details and decoration, often seen in the Dome of the Rock's exterior. Flashcard #50 
Term: Great Mosque of Córdoba 
Definition: A significant example of Islamic architecture in Spain, featuring a massive hypostyle prayer hall with reused Roman columns and a distinctive double-arched system. Flashcard #51 
Term: Siddhartha Gautama 
Definition: The historical Buddha (5th century BCE) who founded Buddhism after renouncing luxury to seek an end to human suffering. Flashcard #52 
Term: Four Noble Truths 
Definition: The core teachings of Buddhism: 1. Life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire and ignorance. 3. Ending desire ends suffering. 4. The way to end suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path. Flashcard #53 
Term: Eightfold Path 
Definition: The Buddhist path to liberation from suffering, comprising right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Flashcard #54 
Term: Stupa 
Definition: A hemispherical mound or reliquary housing Buddha's relics, symbolizing the cosmos (mandala), used as a pilgrimage site for circumambulation. Flashcard #55 
Term: Circumambulation 
Definition: The ritual act of walking around a sacred object, such as a stupa or shrine, in a clockwise direction as a form of devotion. Flashcard #56 
Term: Toranas 
Definition: Elaborately carved gateways at the entrances to a stupa, decorated with narrative scenes and symbolic representations of the Buddha. Flashcard #57 
Term: Yakshi Figures 
Definition: Female nature spirits associated with fertility, abundance, and life force, often shown in a sensuous tribhanga pose at stupa gateways. Flashcard #58 
Term: Tribhanga pose 
Definition: A triple-bent pose (at the neck, waist, and knee) often used in ancient Indian sculpture, especially for female figures like Yakshi. Flashcard #59 
Term: Chaitya Halls 
Definition: Rock-cut sanctuaries and congregation halls in Buddhist cave architecture, often containing stupa replicas, used for worship and by monks during monsoons. Flashcard #60 
Term: Mudras 
Definition: Symbolic hand gestures of the Buddha that convey specific meanings or states of mind in Buddhist iconography. Flashcard #61 
Term: Mandala (Tibetan Buddhism) 
Definition: A diagram of the universe, often intricately designed, used as a tool for meditation and ritual in Tibetan Buddhism. Flashcard #62 
Term: Ottonian Period 
Definition: A period in European art and architecture from c. 950–1050 CE, primarily in present-day Germany, marked by a continuation of Carolingian ideals and increased church building. Flashcard #63 
Term: St. Michael’s, Hildesheim 
Definition: A key Ottonian basilica plan church known for its double transept, strong symmetry, and wooden roof which posed a fire risk. Flashcard #64 
Term: Codex 
Definition: The modern book form, consisting of folded and bound pages, which replaced scrolls by the 5th–6th century CE and allowed for easier navigation of texts. Flashcard #65 
Term: Migration Period 
Definition: A period in Western Europe (c. 500–700 CE), formerly called the 'Dark Ages,' characterized by political decentralization, nomadic societies, and art primarily consisting of small, portable luxury objects. Flashcard #66 
Term: Zoomorphic motifs 
Definition: Stylized animal forms and designs, common in the metalwork and art of the Migration Period. Flashcard #67 
Term: Cloisonné technique 
Definition: An enameling technique where colored glass, enamel, or gemstones are separated by thin metal strips (cloisons) on a metal backing, seen in Migration Period jewelry. Flashcard #68 
Term: Monasteries (Early Middle Ages) 
Definition: Centers of learning, economic activity, and safe havens during the instability of the Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #69 
Term: Illuminated Manuscripts 
Definition: Hand-copied books, often religious texts, adorned with intricate decorations, illustrations, and ornamental initials by monks in scriptoria. Flashcard #70 
Term: Vellum 
Definition: A fine parchment made from calf or sheep skin, commonly used as pages for illuminated manuscripts. Flashcard #71 
Term: Carpet pages 
Definition: Purely decorative pages in illuminated manuscripts, often resembling textiles, used for meditation before reading the text (e.g., Lindisfarne Gospels). Flashcard #72 
Term: Romanesque Period 
Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1050–1200 CE) meaning 'Roman-like,' characterized by a revival of large-scale stone construction, round arches, and barrel/groin vaults. Flashcard #73 
Term: Crusades 
Definition: A series of religious wars (1096–1204 CE) promoted by Pope Urban II, which led to increased East-West interaction and the recovery of ancient Roman knowledge in Western Europe. Flashcard #74 
Term: Pilgrimage (Romanesque) 
Definition: An act of devotion, healing, or penance involving travel to sacred sites like Santiago de Compostela, a driving force behind Romanesque church construction. Flashcard #75 
Term: Relics 
Definition: Body parts, clothing, or other objects associated with saints, believed to possess healing or miraculous powers, central to Romanesque pilgrimage. Flashcard #76 
Term: Reliquaries 
Definition: Elaborately crafted containers, often made of precious materials, designed to house and display relics. Flashcard #77 
Term: Church of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse 
Definition: An important Romanesque pilgrimage church (c. 1070–1120) known for its early stone vaulting and plan designed to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims. Flashcard #78 
Term: Crossing square 
Definition: The square space at the intersection of the nave and transept in a Romanesque church, which often served as the basic geometric unit for the church's proportions. Flashcard #79 
Term: Ambulatory (Romanesque) 
Definition: A walkway or aisle around the apse and altar of a Romanesque church, allowing pilgrims to circulate and visit radiating chapels without disturbing services. Flashcard #80 
Term: Radiating chapels 
Definition: Small chapels projecting outward from the ambulatory of a Romanesque church, designed to house relics. Flashcard #81 
Term: Chevet (Romanesque) 
Definition: The extended eastern end of a Romanesque church, comprising the apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels. Flashcard #82 
Term: Barrel-vaulted nave 
Definition: A long, continuous semicircular vaulted ceiling over the nave, characteristic of many Romanesque churches. Flashcard #83 
Term: Transverse arches 
Definition: Arches that span the nave at regular intervals, reinforcing the barrel vaulting and dividing the nave into bays. Flashcard #84 
Term: Massive stone piers 
Definition: Large, solid columns or supports used in Romanesque architecture to bear the heavy weight of stone vaults. Flashcard #85 
Term: Nave arcade (Romanesque) 
Definition: The series of arches supported by columns or piers that separate the nave from the side aisles in a Romanesque church. Flashcard #86 
Term: Gallery (Romanesque) 
Definition: A second story built over the side aisles of a Romanesque church, opening onto the nave. Flashcard #87 
Term: Westwork 
Definition: A monumental, multi-storied stone façade located at the western end of a Romanesque church, often featuring towers and multiple portals. Flashcard #88 
Term: Tympanum 
Definition: The semicircular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, often filled with relief sculpture in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #89 
Term: Lintel 
Definition: A horizontal architectural support spanning the top of a door or window opening, often sculpted in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #90 
Term: Trumeau 
Definition: The central column or post supporting the lintel and tympanum of a large portal, often carved with a figure. Flashcard #91 
Term: Jambs 
Definition: The side posts or vertical elements of a doorway or window frame, often adorned with sculpted figures in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Flashcard #92 
Term: Voussoirs 
Definition: Wedge-shaped stones that form an arch, found in Romanesque portals. Flashcard #93 
Term: Historiated Capitals 
Definition: Sculpted capitals on columns or piers that depict narrative scenes, biblical stories, or fantastic beasts, common in Romanesque interiors. Flashcard #94 
Term: Last Judgment Portal — Autun Cathedral 
Definition: A famous Romanesque tympanum sculpture at the Church of Saint-Lazare in Autun, France, depicting Christ in Majesty presiding over the Last Judgment, designed to inspire fear and moral instruction. Flashcard #95 
Term: Christ in Majesty 
Definition: An iconic depiction of Christ enthroned within a mandorla, often flanked by the symbols of the four Evangelists, symbolizing his divine authority. Flashcard #96 
Term: Evangelist symbols 
Definition: Representations of the four Evangelists: Matthew (man or angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle), often surrounding Christ in Majesty. Flashcard #97 
Term: Charlemagne 
Definition: Frankish king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE, who initiated the Carolingian Renaissance, reviving Roman art, architecture, and learning. Flashcard #98 
Term: Carolingian Renaissance 
Definition: A period of intellectual, cultural, and artistic revival in the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne, marked by a conscious effort to restore Roman imperial glory. Flashcard #99 
Term: Coronation Gospels 
Definition: An example of Carolingian manuscript art known for its naturalistic figures, gold text on purple vellum, reflecting imperial power and Roman influence. Flashcard #100 
Term: Palatine Chapel, Aachen 
Definition: Charlemagne's personal chapel, inspired by San Vitale, representing the first vaulted stone building north of the Alps since Rome and fusing Roman, Byzantine, and Christian symbolism. Flashcard #101 
Term: Gothic Art & Architecture 
Definition: An architectural and artistic style (c. 1140–1400) originating in the Paris region, characterized by unprecedented height, abundant light, and a sense of dematerialization. Flashcard #102 
Term: Abbot Suger 
Definition: The Abbot of Saint-Denis and advisor to French kings, credited with conceptually inventing Gothic architecture through his renovation of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis. Flashcard #103 
Term: Saint-Denis (Gothic) 
Definition: The burial church of French kings and the birthplace of Gothic architecture, renovated by Abbot Suger to embody his vision of Lux Nova and anagogy. Flashcard #104 
Term: Pseudo-Dionysius 
Definition: A 6th-century Byzantine mystic whose Neoplatonic texts, mistakenly attributed to Saint Denis, profoundly influenced Abbot Suger's ideas about the symbolism of light in architecture. Flashcard #105 
Term: Lux Nova 
Definition: 'New Light,' Abbot Suger’s key theological concept, referring to the divine, spiritual light that filled Gothic churches through stained glass, facilitating anagogical ascent. Flashcard #106 
Term: Anagogy 
Definition: A spiritual ascent from the material to the immaterial, a key concept for Abbot Suger, who believed architecture could lift the soul toward God through physical beauty. Flashcard #107 
Term: Pointed arch 
Definition: A key Gothic structural innovation that directs weight more vertically downwards than a round arch, allowing for taller structures and lighter walls. Flashcard #108 
Term: Ribbed cross vault 
Definition: A Gothic vaulting technique where stone ribs form a skeletal framework, reducing the weight of the vault and allowing lighter materials to fill the spaces between. Flashcard #109 
Term: Slender columns 
Definition: A Gothic innovation where massive Romanesque piers are replaced by more delicate columns, directing weight vertically and contributing to a sense of openness. Flashcard #110 
Term: Flying buttresses 
Definition: Exterior skeletal supports, characteristic of Gothic architecture, that transfer the outward thrust of the nave vaults across the side aisles to piers, allowing for thinner walls and larger windows. Flashcard #111 
Term: Tripartite Nave Elevation 
Definition: The three-story vertical division of the Gothic nave interior, consisting of the nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory. Flashcard #112 
Term: Nave arcade 
Definition: The lowest level of the Gothic nave elevation, composed of a series of arches supported by columns or piers separating the nave from the side aisles. Flashcard #113 
Term: Triforium 
Definition: The middle level of the Gothic nave elevation, often a narrow passageway or decorative arcade below the clerestory. Flashcard #114 
Term: Clerestory 
Definition: The uppermost level of the Gothic nave elevation, featuring large stained-glass windows that flood the interior with light. Flashcard #115 
Term: Chartres Cathedral 
Definition: A prominent High Gothic cathedral in France, largely rebuilt after a fire in 1194, known for its unified design, extensive stained glass (including rose and lancet windows), and preservation of the Virgin Mary's tunic. Flashcard #116 
Term: Sainte-Chapelle 
Definition: A royal chapel in Paris, considered the ultimate realization of the Gothic Lux Nova concept, with walls almost entirely composed of stained glass, creating an overwhelming ethereal light. Flashcard #117 
Term: 3rd–4th century CE 
Definition: Development of early Christian art. Flashcard #118 
Term: 270 CE 
Definition: Date of the Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus. Flashcard #119 
Term: 70 CE 
Definition: Destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans, leading to the split of Judaism and the emergence of Christianity. Flashcard #120 
Term: 571–632 CE 
Definition: Life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Flashcard #121 
Term: 622 CE 
Definition: The Hijra, when Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Flashcard #122 
Term: 687–692 CE 
Definition: Construction period of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Flashcard #123 
Term: 5th century BCE 
Definition: Approximate time when Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. Flashcard #124 
Term: 250 BCE 
Definition: Approximate date of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, built by Emperor Ashoka. Flashcard #125 
Term: c. 950–1050 CE 
Definition: The Ottonian Period in European art and architecture. Flashcard #126 
Term: 476 CE 
Definition: Traditional date for the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Flashcard #127 
Term: c. 500–900 CE 
Definition: The Early Middle Ages. Flashcard #128 
Term: c. 500–700 CE 
Definition: The Migration Period (formerly 'Dark Ages'). Flashcard #129 
Term: 742 CE 
Definition: Birth of Charlemagne. Flashcard #130 
Term: 800 CE 
Definition: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Flashcard #131 
Term: c. 1050–1200 CE 
Definition: The Romanesque Period. Flashcard #132 
Term: 1096–1204 CE 
Definition: The period encompassing the Four Official Crusades. Flashcard #133 
Term: c. 1070–1120 CE 
Definition: Construction period of the Church of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse. Flashcard #134 
Term: c. 1140–1400 CE 
Definition: The period of Gothic Art & Architecture. Flashcard #135 
Term: 1194 CE 
Definition: Date of the devastating fire at Chartres Cathedral, which led to its High Gothic rebuilding. Flashcard #136 
Term: 532–537 CE 
Definition: Construction period of Hagia Sophia under Emperor Justinian. Flashcard #137 
Term: 527–565 CE 
Definition: Reign of Emperor Justinian I. Flashcard #138 
Term: 312–337 CE 
Definition: Reign of Emperor Constantine, during which Christianity was legalized

Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

Unit 10 – Drugs for Central Nervous System (CNS) Problems (Comprehensive Study Guide – Nursing Pharmacology) ⸻ 🧩 Central Nervous System (CNS) Overview • CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord • Controls body movement, behavior, and cognitive function. • Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. • Excitatory: Acetylcholine (ACh), epinephrine, norepinephrine • Inhibitory: Dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ⚖️ Balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for smooth movement. An imbalance leads to disorders like Parkinson’s Disease. ⸻ 🧍‍♂️ Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Cause • Progressive CNS disorder due to low dopamine production in the substantia nigra. • Too little dopamine → too much acetylcholine, causing impaired motor control. Key Symptoms Motor: • Tremors (“pill-rolling”) • Bradykinesia (slow movements) • Muscle rigidity, stiffness • Stooped posture, shuffling gait • Difficulty rising, “freezing in place” • Masklike facial expression Nonmotor: • Constipation, urinary frequency • Depression, anxiety, hallucinations • Sleep issues, fatigue • Memory problems ⸻ Drug Classes for PD Goal: Restore balance between dopamine and acetylcholine. 1️⃣ Dopamine Agonists Action: Mimic or increase dopamine. Improve movement, coordination, and muscle control. Examples: • carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet, Rytary) • pramipexole (Mirapex ER) • ropinirole (Requip) • rotigotine (Neupro patch) Nursing Implications & Teaching: • Give 30–60 min before meals (empty stomach). • Avoid protein-rich foods (reduces absorption). • Monitor for orthostatic hypotension — rise slowly. • Don’t crush extended-release tablets. • Neupro patch: rotate sites, don’t reuse within 14 days. • Avoid vitamin B6 unless taken with carbidopa. • Takes 2–3 weeks for full effect. Side Effects: • Hypotension, headache, nausea, insomnia • Dyskinesia (abnormal movements) • “On/off effect” – medication wears off quickly • Long-term use → hallucinations, impulse control problems Adverse Effects: • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: fever, rigidity, confusion • Psychosis, severe hypotension ⸻ 2️⃣ COMT Inhibitors Action: Block COMT enzyme → prolong dopamine activity. Examples: • entacapone (Comtan) • tolcapone (Tasmar) Nursing Implications: • Always give with carbidopa/levodopa. • Monitor liver function (q6 months) – risk of liver failure (especially tolcapone). • Harmless side effect: brown-orange urine. • Rise slowly to prevent hypotension. ⸻ 3️⃣ MAO-B Inhibitors Action: Inhibit MAO-B enzyme → prevents dopamine breakdown. Examples: • selegiline (Eldepryl) • rasagiline (Azilect) • safinamide (Xadago) Teaching: • Avoid foods high in tyramine → hypertensive crisis risk. (Aged cheese, wine, beer, cured meats, soy sauce, yogurt, avocados, bananas) • Monitor BP closely. • Avoid OTC decongestants or stimulants. • Can cause insomnia, dizziness, dry mouth, or constipation. ⸻ 🧠 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Cause • Progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss, confusion, and poor judgment. • Loss of acetylcholine (ACh) and buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Symptoms • Early: forgetfulness, confusion, mood changes. • Late: loss of reasoning, personality changes, inability to perform ADLs. ⸻ Drug Classes for AD 1️⃣ Cholinesterase Inhibitors Action: Block enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) → increases ACh → improves memory and function. Examples: • donepezil (Aricept) • rivastigmine (Exelon) • galantamine (Razadyne) Side Effects: • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Loss of appetite, GI discomfort • Drowsiness, headache, insomnia • Muscle cramps, bradycardia Adverse Effects: • Dysrhythmias, GI bleeding, hallucinations • Overstimulation of parasympathetic system (too much ACh) Nursing Implications: • Give at bedtime to reduce nausea. • Monitor weight, HR, and mental changes. • Report black/tarry stools or vomiting blood. • Avoid OTC anticholinergics (they reduce effectiveness). ⸻ 2️⃣ NMDA Blockers Action: Block NMDA receptor → decreases glutamate activity → prevents neuron death. Example: • memantine (Namenda) Used in: Moderate to severe AD (often combined with donepezil). ⸻ ⚡ Epilepsy / Seizure Drugs (AEDs) Purpose Reduce excessive electrical activity in the brain and prevent seizures. Common AEDs: • phenytoin (Dilantin) – prevents neuron excitation • topiramate (Topamax) – broad-spectrum seizure control Topiramate Key Points: • Side effects: dizziness, drowsiness, taste changes, paresthesias (“pins and needles”) • Adverse: metabolic acidosis, ↑ ammonia → confusion, lethargy, vomiting • Monitor: serum bicarbonate & ammonia levels • Teaching: stay hydrated, report mental status changes, don’t crush tablets • Contraindicated in pregnancy (teratogenic) ⸻ 💥 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Pathophysiology • Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks myelin (fatty sheath around neurons). • Leads to nerve signal disruption → muscle weakness and loss of coordination. • Common type: Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) – periods of flare-ups and remission. Common Symptoms • Fatigue, weakness, difficulty walking • Double vision or blurred vision • Tingling or numbness • Bladder/bowel dysfunction • Depression, poor concentration ⸻ Drug Therapy for MS 1️⃣ Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs) Action: Modify immune system activity and slow disease progression. Examples: • beta-interferons (Avonex, Betaseron, Rebif, Extavia, Plegridy) • glatiramer (Copaxone) • fingolimod (Gilenya) • teriflunomide (Aubagio) Side Effects: • Flu-like symptoms, headache, fatigue • Elevated liver enzymes, slow HR • Thinning scalp hair Nursing Teaching: • Rotate injection sites. • Monitor liver enzymes, CBC, and heart rate. • Avoid live vaccines. ⸻ 2️⃣ Monoclonal Antibodies Action: Destroy lymphocytes that attack myelin. Examples: • alemtuzumab (Lemtrada) • natalizumab (Tysabri) • ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) Side Effects: • Increased risk of infection • Headache, rash, fatigue • GI upset Nursing Teaching: • Given IV every few months to yearly. • Monitor for infusion reactions and infection signs. ⸻ 3️⃣ Neurologic Drugs Examples: • dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) – reduces CNS inflammation • dalfampridine (Ampyra) – improves walking by increasing nerve conduction Teaching: • Take daily; don’t crush tablets. • Watch for GI symptoms and dizziness. ⸻ 💪 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Description • Progressive, fatal disorder destroying motor neurons → paralysis. • Death usually occurs within 3–5 years of diagnosis. Drug Therapy Glutamate Antagonists Example: • riluzole (Rilutek, Tiglutik) Action: Inhibits glutamate release → slows neuron damage → prolongs life by months. Side Effects: • Weakness, nausea, dizziness • Liver toxicity (↑ liver enzymes) • Neutropenia, anemia Nursing Implications: • Monitor liver enzymes before and during therapy. • Report jaundice or dark urine. • Take on an empty stomach (1 hr before or 2 hrs after meals). • Avoid alcohol. • Don’t breastfeed while on this med. ⸻ ⚙️ Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Description • Autoimmune disease destroying acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction. • Causes muscle weakness and fatigue, especially in eyes, mouth, throat. Symptoms • Ptosis (drooping eyelids) • Difficulty chewing/swallowing • Weakness in arms, legs, or respiratory muscles • Worsens with activity, improves with rest ⸻ Drug Therapy Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Action: Prevent breakdown of acetylcholine → improves nerve–muscle communication. Example: • pyridostigmine (Mestinon) Dosage: Usually every 4–6 hours, depending on patient response. Side Effects: • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea • Increased salivation, sweating • Bradycardia, hypotension Adverse: • Cholinergic crisis (too much medication): → extreme weakness, bradycardia, bronchospasm, respiratory arrest. Nursing Implications: • Use with caution in asthma, COPD, bradycardia. • Give doses at same time each day to maintain muscle strength. • Monitor for myasthenic vs. cholinergic crisis. • Give meds 30–45 min before meals to prevent aspiration. Patient Teaching: • Take missed dose ASAP (but skip if close to next dose). • Don’t double dose. • Avoid alcohol and sedatives. • Report muscle weakness or breathing difficulty. • Keep atropine available (antidote for cholinergic crisis)

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (Er) Plays A Key Role In The Modification Osince The Rough Er Helps Modify Proteins That Will Be Secreted From The Cell, Cells Whose Job Is To Secrete Large Amounts Of Enzymes Or Other Proteins, Such As Liver Cells, Have Lots Of Rough Er. Smooth Er The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth Er) Is Continuous With The Rough Er But Has Few Or No Ribosomes On Its Cytoplasmic Surface. Functions Of The Smooth Er Include: Synthesis Of Carbohydrates, Lipids, And Steroid Hormones Detoxification Of Medications And Poisons Storage Of Calcium Ions In Muscle Cells, A Special Type Of Smooth Er Called The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Is Responsible For Storage Of Calcium Ions Which Are Needed To Trigger The Coordinated Contractions Of Muscle Fibers. There Are Also Tiny "Smooth" Patches Of Er Found Within The Rough Er. These Patches Serve As Exit Sites For Vesicles Budding Off From The Rough Er And Are Called Transitional Er . The Golgi Apparatus When Vesicles Bud Off From The Er, Where Do They Go? Before Reaching Their Final Destination, The Lipids And Proteins In The Transport Vesicles Need To Be Sorted, Packaged, And Tagged So That They Wind Up In The Right Place. This Sorting, Tagging, Packaging, And Distribution Takes Place In The Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body), An Organelle Made Up Of Flattened Discs Of Membrane. Micrograph Of The Golgi Apparatus Showing A Series Of Flattened Membrane Discs In Cross-Section _image Credit: "The Endomembrane System And Proteins: Figure 3" By Openstax College, Biology (Cc By 3.0), Modification Of Work By Lousia Howard_ The Receiving Side Of The Golgi Apparatus Is Called The Cis Face And The Opposite Side Is Called The Trans Face. Transport Vesicles From The Er Travel To The Cis Face, Fuse With It, And Empty Their Contents Into The Lumen Of The Golgi Apparatus. As Proteins And Lipids Travel Through The Golgi, They Undergo Further Modifications. Short Chains Of Sugar Molecules Might Be Added Or Removed, Or Phosphate Groups Attached As Tags. Carbohydrate Processing Is Shown In The Diagram As The Gain And Loss Of Branches On The Purple Carbohydrate Group Attached To The Protein. Image Showing Transport Of A Membrane Protein From The Rough Er Through The Golgi To The Plasma Membrane. The Protein Is Initially Modified By The Addition Of Branching Carbohydrate Chains In The Rough Er; These Chains Are Then Trimmed Back And Replaced With Other Branching Chains In The Golgi Apparatus. The Protein, With Its Final Set Of Carbohydrate Chains, Is Then Transported To The Plasma Membrane In A Transport Vesicle. The Vesicle Fuses With The Plasma Membrane, Its Lipids And Protein Cargo Becoming Part Of The Plasma Membrane. _image Modified From "The Endomembrane System And Proteins: Figure 1" By Openstax College, Biology (Cc By 3.0), Modification Of Work By Magnus Manske_ Finally, The Modified Proteins Are Sorted (Based On Markers Such As Amino Acid Sequences And Chemical Tags) And Packaged Into Vesicles That Bud From The Trans Face Of The Golgi. Some Of These Vesicles Deliver Their Contents To Other Parts Of The Cell Where They Will Be Used, Such As The Lysosome Or Vacuole. Others Fuse With The Plasma Membrane, Delivering Membrane-Anchored Proteins That Function There And Releasing Secreted Proteins Outside The Cell. Cells That Secrete Many Proteins—Such As Salivary Gland Cells That Secrete Digestive Enzymes, Or Cells Of The Immune System That Secrete Antibodies—Have Many Golgi Stacks. In Plant Cells, The Golgi Apparatus Also Makes Polysaccharides (Long-Chain Carbohydrates), Some Of Which Are Incorporated Into The Cell Wall. Lysosomes The Lysosome Is An Organelle That Contains Digestive Enzymes And Acts As The Organelle-Recycling Facility Of An Animal Cell. It Breaks Down Old And Unnecessary Structures So Their Molecules Can Be Reused. Lysosomes Are Part Of The Endomembrane System, And Some Vesicles That Leave The Golgi Are Bound For The Lysosome. Lysosomes Can Also Digest Foreign Particles That Are Brought Into The Cell From Outside. As An Example, Let'S Consider A Class Of White Blood Cells Called Macrophages, Which Are Part Of The Human Immune System. In A Process Known As Phagocytosis, A Section Of The Macrophage’S Plasma Membrane Invaginates—Folds Inward—To Engulf A Pathogen, As Shown Below. Diagram Of Phagocytosis, In Which The Phagosome Generated By Engulfment Of A Particle Fuses With A Lysosome, Allowing Digestion Of The Particle. _image Credit: Modified From "The Endomembrane System And Proteins: Figure 4" By Openstax College, Biology (Cc By 3.0)_ The Invaginated Section, With The Pathogen Inside, Pinches Off From The Plasma Membrane To Form A Structure Called A Phagosome. The Phagosome Then Fuses With A Lysosome, Forming A Combined Compartment Where Digestive Enzymes Destroy The Pathogen. Vacuoles Plants Cells Are Unique Because They Have A Lysosome-Like Organelle Called The Vacuole. The Large Central Vacuole Stores Water And Wastes, Isolates Hazardous Materials, And Has Enzymes That Can Break Down Macromolecules And Cellular Components, Like Those Of A Lysosome. Plant Vacuoles Also Function In Water Balance And May Be Used To Store Compounds Such As Toxins And Pigments (Colored Particles). Lysosomes Vs. Peroxisomes One Point That Can Be Confusing Is The Difference Between Lysosomes And Peroxisomes. Both Types Of Organelles Are Involved In Breaking Down Molecules And Neutralizing Hazards To The Cell. Also, Both Usually Show Up As Small, Round Blobs In Diagrams. However, The Peroxisome Is A Different Organelle With Its Own Unique Properties And Role In The Cell. It Houses Enzymes Involved In Oxidation Reactions, Which Produce Hydrogen Peroxide ( ) As A By-Product. The Enzymes Break Down Fatty Acids And Amino Acids, And They Also Detoxify Some Substances That Enter The Body. For Example, Alcohol Is Detoxified By Peroxisomes Found In Liver Cells. Importantly, Peroxisomes—Unlike Lysosomes—Are Not Part Of The Endomembrane System. That Means They Don'T Receive Vesicles From The Golgi Apparatus. You Can Learn More About How Proteins Are Shipped To The Peroxisome In The Article On Protein Targeting.F Proteins And The Synthesis Of Lipids. It Consists Of A Network Of Membranous Tubules And Flattened Sacs. The Discs And Tubules Of The Er Are Hollow, And The Space Inside Is Called The Lumen. Rough Er The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough Er) Gets Its Name From The Bumpy Ribosomes Attached To Its Cytoplasmic Surface. As These Ribosomes Make Proteins, They Feed The Newly Forming Protein Chains Into The Lumen. Some Are Transferred Fully Into The Er And Float Inside, While Others Are Anchored In The Membrane. Inside The Er, The Proteins Fold And Undergo Modifications, Such As The Addition Of Carbohydrate Side Chains. These Modified Proteins Will Be Incorporated Into Cellular Membranes—The Membrane Of The Er Or Those Of Other Organelles—Or Secreted From The Cell. If The Modified Proteins Are Not Destined To Stay In The Er, They Will Be Packaged Into Vesicles, Or Small Spheres Of Membrane That Are Used For Transport, And Shipped To The Golgi Apparatus. The Rough Er Also Makes Phospholipids For Other Cellular Membranes, Which Are Transported When The Vesicle Forms.

BOT3015 Final Exam (Reused Qs)