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Chapter 8 – The Appendicular Skeleton chPectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Bones: Clavicle & Scapula • Functions: Connects upper limb to axial skeleton; provides attachment for muscles; allows wide range of motion. • Principal Markings of Scapula: • Acromion: Shoulder tip; articulates with clavicle. • Coracoid Process: Muscle attachment. • Glenoid Cavity: Articulates with humerus (shoulder joint). • Borders: Lateral & Medial. • Spine of Scapula: Muscle attachment. • Angles: Superior & Inferior. • Fossae: Supraspinous & Infraspinous; for muscle attachment. • Principal Markings of Clavicle: • Sternal End: Articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint). • Acromial End: Articulates with scapula. Upper Limb (Extremity) Humerus • Head: Articulates with glenoid cavity. • Greater & Lesser Tubercle: Muscle attachment. • Capitulum: Articulates with radius. • Trochlea: Articulates with ulna. • Fossae: Coronoid & Olecranon for ulna movement. • Epicondyles: Medial & Lateral; muscle attachment. Radius & Ulna • Ulna: • Olecranon & Coronoid Process form elbow hinge. • Radial Notch: articulates with radius. • Styloid Process: wrist attachment. • Radius: • Head: articulates with humerus & ulna. • Radial Tuberosity: biceps attachment. • Styloid Process: wrist attachment. Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges • Carpals (wrist): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. • Metacarpals I–V: Base, shaft, head. • Phalanges I–V: Proximal, middle, distal. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Bones: 2 Os Coxa (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis). • Acetabulum: Socket for femur. • Ilium Markings: Iliac crest, ASIS, PSIS, Auricular surface, Iliac fossa. • Ischium: Ischial tuberosity (sits bones). • Pubis: Pubic symphysis (joins 2 hip bones). False vs True Pelves • False Pelvis: Superior portion; supports abdominal organs. • True Pelvis: Inferior portion; surrounds pelvic cavity & birth canal. Female vs Male Pelvis • Female: Wider, shallower, larger pelvic inlet/outlet. • Male: Narrower, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet/outlet. Lower Limb (Extremity) Thigh – Femur & Patella • Femur Markings: • Head & Neck, Greater & Lesser Trochanter. • Medial & Lateral Condyles and Epicondyles. • Intercondylar Fossa: posterior notch between condyles. • Patella: Base, Apex, Articular facets. Tibia & Fibula • Tibia: Medial & Lateral Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus. • Fibula: Head, Lateral Malleolus. Foot • Tarsals: Talus, Navicular, Calcaneus, Cuboid, 1st–3rd Cuneiforms. • Metatarsals I–V: Base, shaft, head. • Phalanges I–V: Proximal, Middle, Distal. • Arches: Longitudinal & Transverse; support weight & absorb shock. Disorders & Homeostasis • Skeletal Homeostasis: Supports body, protects organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells. • Appendicular Disorders: • Fractures, dislocations, arthritis, osteoporosis. • Can affect mobility, strength, and posture

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