Mid-Chem Unit Test Outline Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the Mid-Chem Unit Test Outline, including atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical families, ion formation, and foundational chemistry concepts.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, identifying the element on the periodic table.

Atomic Mass

The average mass of an atom of an element, typically reflecting the total mass of its protons and neutrons.

Ion Charge

The net electrical charge of an ion, calculated as the sum of the positive charges of its protons and negative charges of its electrons.

Groups

The vertical columns on the periodic table containing elements that share similar chemical properties and numbers of valence electrons.

Periods

The horizontal rows on the periodic table that indicate the number of occupied electron shells in an atom.

Metalloids (Semi-Metals)

Elements located along the dividing staircase on the periodic table that exhibit physical and chemical properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.

Physical Properties

Characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity, categorized as qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (numerical).

Chemical Properties

Characteristics describing how a substance reacts chemically with other substances to form new materials.

Alkali Metals

The chemical family of highly reactive metals located in Group 1 of the periodic table, possessing $1$ valence electron and forming $+1$ ions.

Alkaline Earth Metals

The chemical family of reactive metals found in Group 2 of the periodic table, having $2$ valence electrons and forming $+2$ ions.

Halogens

The chemical family of highly reactive non-metals located in Group 17, possessing $7$ valence electrons and forming $-1$ ions.

Noble Gases

The extremely stable and unreactive chemical family found in Group 18 of the periodic table with completely filled valence electron shells.

Proton

A subatomic particle carrying a positive electrical charge ($+1$) located inside the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with no charge ($0$) located within the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

A subatomic particle carrying a negative electrical charge ($-1$) located in energy shells outside the nucleus.

Neutral Atom

An atom that carries no overall charge because its number of positively charged protons exactly equals its number of negatively charged electrons.

Bohr Model

An atomic model diagram showing the nucleus surrounded by concentric electron shells arranged according to the $2, 8, 8, 18$ electron capacity pattern.

Lewis Structure

A diagram of an atom that displays the chemical symbol surrounded only by dots representing its outermost valence electrons.

Valence Electrons

The electrons occupying the outermost energy shell of an atom that determine its chemical reactivity and bonding characteristics.

Positive Ion (Cation)

An ion formed when a neutral atom, typically a metal, loses one or more electrons, resulting in more protons than electrons.

Negative Ion (Anion)

An ion formed when a neutral atom, typically a non-metal, gains one or more electrons, resulting in more electrons than protons.

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

A scientific theory explaining changes of state and properties of matter based on the continuous motion and energy of particles.

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System; a Canadian system of standard symbols and labeling for hazardous materials used in work and lab environments.

HHPS

Hazardous Household Product Symbols; a labeling system identifying safety hazards on common commercial chemical products used at home.