Ap Euro History Outline: Age of Religious Wars
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What did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) accomplish?
It temporarily settled religious disputes in the Holy Roman Empire by recognizing Catholicism and Lutheranism.
How did religious conflicts evolve during the late 16th century?
They began as religious disputes but increasingly became struggles over political power and dynastic interests.
What was the major pattern of European religious conflict in the 16th century?
Catholic-Protestant tensions escalated into widespread wars across Europe.
Who were the Huguenots?
French Calvinists.
What were the main causes of the French Wars of Religion?
Religious division, weak monarchy, noble rivalries, and foreign intervention.
Which two noble families competed for influence during the French Wars of Religion?
The Catholic Guise family and the Huguenot Bourbon family.
Which countries supported the opposing sides in the French Wars of Religion?
Spain supported Catholics, while England and German princes supported Huguenots.
What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)?
The killing of thousands of Huguenots in Paris and throughout France.
What was the War of the Three Henrys?
A struggle among Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre for control of France.
Who became heir to the French throne after Henry III's assassination in 1589?
Henry of Navarre.
Who was Henry IV?
The Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre who became King of France and founded the Bourbon Dynasty.
What did Henry IV mean by "Paris is worth a Mass"?
He converted to Catholicism to secure the French throne.
What was the politique philosophy?
The belief that state stability was more important than religious uniformity.
What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
A law granting limited religious toleration to Huguenots.
What rights did the Edict of Nantes give Huguenots?
Limited worship rights, political rights, and fortified towns.
What was the immediate effect of the Edict of Nantes?
It ended the French Wars of Religion.
What were the long-term consequences of the French Wars of Religion?
Temporary religious coexistence, a stronger monarchy, and a precedent for religious toleration.
When did Philip II rule Spain?
1556-1598.
What territories made Spain Europe's dominant power under Philip II?
Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, and American colonies.
What funded many Spanish military campaigns?
Silver from New World mines.
How did Philip II view his role in Europe?
As the defender of Catholicism.
What was El Escorial?
Philip II's palace and administrative center.
How did Philip II enforce religious uniformity?
Through the Spanish Inquisition.
What were the main causes of the Dutch Revolt?
Heavy taxation, suppression of Protestantism, and resentment of Spanish rule.
Who led the Dutch resistance against Spain?
William of Orange (William the Silent).
What was the outcome of the Dutch Revolt?
The northern provinces became the independent Dutch Republic, while the southern provinces remained under Spanish control.
Which areas became known as the Spanish Netherlands?
The southern provinces of the Netherlands.
What factors contributed to Spain's decline?
Armada defeat, economic problems, and military overextension.
Why was Mary I called "Bloody Mary"?
She persecuted Protestants and burned over 300 at the stake.
What religion did Mary I attempt to restore in England?
Catholicism.
Whom did Mary I marry?
Philip II of Spain.
What effect did Mary's policies have on England?
They increased Protestant resistance.
What was Elizabeth I's Religious Settlement?
The establishment of moderate Protestantism through the Anglican Church.
How did Elizabeth I handle religious differences?
She avoided religious extremes and kept some Catholic traditions.
What action did the pope take against Elizabeth I in 1570?
He excommunicated her.
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots executed in 1587?
She was linked to Catholic plots against Elizabeth.
What were the causes of the Anglo-Spanish conflict?
Religious differences, English support for Dutch rebels, privateering, and Mary Queen of Scots' execution.
What was the Spanish Armada?
Philip II's fleet sent to invade England in 1588.
Why did the Spanish Armada fail?
English naval tactics, smaller ships, and bad weather.
What did the defeat of the Armada symbolize?
The decline of Spanish naval power.
What was the significance of England's victory over the Armada?
It secured Protestant England and marked the beginning of English naval dominance.
Where was the primary battleground of the Thirty Years' War?
The Holy Roman Empire (German states).
Why is the Thirty Years' War considered one of Europe's most destructive conflicts?
Some regions lost over half their population and suffered economic devastation.
How did the purpose of the Thirty Years' War change over time?
It began as a religious conflict but evolved into a political struggle for power.
What event started the Thirty Years' War?
The Defenestration of Prague in 1618.
What was the Defenestration of Prague?
Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out a window.
What was the outcome of the Bohemian Phase?
Emperor Ferdinand II defeated the Bohemian rebels.
Who intervened during the Danish Phase?
King Christian IV of Denmark.
What was the result of Denmark's intervention?
Denmark was defeated by imperial forces.
What was the Edict of Restitution (1629)?
An order requiring Protestant rulers to return Catholic lands seized since 1552.
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
The king of Sweden and one of history's greatest military commanders.
How did Gustavus Adolphus modernize warfare?
Through mobile artillery and disciplined infantry tactics.
Which Catholic leader supported Protestant Sweden?
Cardinal Richelieu of France.
What did Richelieu's support for Sweden demonstrate?
That political interests had become more important than religious differences.
What happened to Gustavus Adolphus in 1632?
He was killed at the Battle of Lützen.
Why did France enter the Thirty Years' War?
To weaken Habsburg power.
Was France motivated primarily by religion during the French Phase?
No, it was motivated by political goals.
How did the war end?
Through negotiated peace after all sides became exhausted.
What territory did France gain under the Peace of Westphalia?
Alsace.
What territory did Sweden gain from the Peace of Westphalia?
Land along the Baltic coast.
Which two states had their independence officially recognized?
Switzerland and the Dutch Republic.
Which religion was officially recognized for the first time under the Peace of Westphalia?
Calvinism.
Which three Christian faiths were recognized after Westphalia?
Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.
What principle regarding religion was reaffirmed at Westphalia?
Rulers could determine the religion of their territories.
How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the Holy Roman Empire?
It weakened imperial authority and increased the sovereignty of German princes.
Why is the Peace of Westphalia considered a turning point in European history?
It ended major religious wars and established the modern state system based on sovereignty.
Which dynasty declined as a result of the Thirty Years' War?
The Habsburgs.
Which country emerged as Europe's dominant power after 1648?
France.
What phrase best describes Henry IV's approach to religion?
Politique - state interests over religious uniformity.
What event is most associated with anti-Huguenot violence in France?
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
What event marked the decline of Spanish naval supremacy?
The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
Who is known as the "Silent" leader of the Dutch Revolt?
William of Orange.
Which cardinal supported Protestant Sweden despite being Catholic?
Cardinal Richelieu.
What event officially ended the Thirty Years' War?
The Peace of Westphalia (1648).
What treaty established the foundation of the modern sovereign state system?
The Peace of Westphalia.
What major AP Euro theme connects the French Wars of Religion, Dutch Revolt, and Thirty Years' War?
The shift from religious conflict to political and state-centered power struggles.