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✈️ AVTN 110 — AVIATION BASICS STUDY GUIDE 1. FAA — Federal Aviation Administration What does the FAA do? * Promotes aviation safety. * Creates safety standards for civil aviation. * Regulates pilots, aircraft, flight operations, and training. Important terms * FARs = Federal Aviation Regulations * Rules for aviation. * CFR = Code of Federal Regulations * Collection of U.S. government rules. * Title 14 = Aeronautics and Space * Covers civil aviation. Remember: FAA = Safety + Rules ⸻ 2. 14 CFR Title 14 — Aeronautics and Space Important parts: * Part 61 → Pilot certification * Part 91 → General flight rules * Part 135 → Commercial/corporate operations * Part 141 → Flight schools with FAA-approved programs Easy memory: 61 = Pilot 91 = Rules 135 = Corporate/Charter 141 = Flight School ⸻ 3. NOTAMs NOTAM = Notice to Airmen NOTAMs give pilots important, time-sensitive information. Examples: * Runway closed * Taxiway closed * Obstructions * Airshows * Special events Remember: NOTAM = Something important has changed. ⸻ 4. Pilot Certifications Private Pilot * Personal or recreational flying. * Cannot normally accept payment for flying. * Can command an aircraft under VFR. VFR = Visual Flight Rules Commercial Pilot * Allows you to earn money for flying. * Without an instrument rating, there are restrictions on flying for hire. ATP — Airline Transport Pilot * Highest level of pilot certificate. * Needed to serve as PIC/SIC in airline operations. * Generally requires 1,500 hours. * Minimum age is 23. PIC Pilot in Command SIC Second in Command Restricted ATP * Can allow someone to serve as SIC at scheduled airlines. * Based on certain education and flight-experience requirements. * Minimum age is 21. ⸻ 5. Extra Pilot Ratings Instrument Rating Allows you to fly in a wider range of weather conditions using instruments. IFR = Instrument Flight Rules Commercial Rating Allows you to receive compensation for flying. MEI Multi-Engine Instructor Important for many flying jobs. CFI Certified Flight Instructor Teaches people how to fly. CFII Certified Flight Instructor — Instrument Teaches instrument flying. Seaplane Rating Allows you to fly seaplanes. ⸻ 6. Flight Instructor What does a flight instructor do? The instructor is responsible for training the student in the knowledge and skills needed to become a safe pilot. A CFI must: * Have enough flying experience. * Pass knowledge tests. * Pass practical tests. * Demonstrate teaching ability. Remember: CFI = Teaches you to fly ⸻ 7. What Is a Flying Lesson Like? 1. Weather Check Check weather to see if conditions are safe. 2. Instructor Briefing Talk with your instructor about what you will practice. 3. Preflight Inspection Use a checklist to inspect the airplane. 4. Flight Practice old skills and learn new maneuvers. 5. After Flight * Instructor evaluates the lesson. * Logbook is filled out. * Instructor endorses the logbook when needed. Easy memory: Weather → Brief → Inspect → Fly → Log ⸻ 8. Part 61 vs Part 141 Part 61 * More flexible. * Often smaller/“mom & pop” flight schools. * Certified instructors. * Curriculum is not regulated by FAA in the same way as Part 141. * Training is focused on meeting the required test standards. * More personalized to each student. Part 141 * Highly regulated by FAA. * Has an approved curriculum. * Flight AND ground training are regulated. * More paperwork. * Certified CFIs. * Has a regulated maintenance program. * Academic units can reduce the required flight hours for certain certificates. * Can be eligible for GI Bill benefits. Easy memory: Part 61 = Flexible Part 141 = Structured + FAA regulated ⸻ 9. Four Forces of Flight There are 4 forces: ✈️ Thrust Forward force Produced by the: * Propeller * Powerplant/engine 🛑 Drag Backward force Caused by resistance/disruption of airflow around: * Wings * Fuselage * Other aircraft parts ⬇️ Weight Downward force The combined load of the aircraft, including: * Crew * Fuel * Cargo/baggage ⬆️ Lift Upward force Produced by air acting on the wing. SUPER EASY: Thrust → Forward Drag → Backward Lift → Up Weight → Down ⸻ 10. Aviation Career Opportunities Possible aviation careers/areas: * ✈️ Airlines * 🛫 Airports * 🛩️ Flight Departments * 🏢 Part 91 / Part 135 corporate flying * 🚁 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) * 🚀 Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) * ⛽ Fixed Base Operators (FBOs) * 🎖️ Military * 👮 Law Enforcement ⸻ 11. NATO Phonetic Alphabet You need to know these: