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Honors Midterm Ardoin US History (Jamestown through Reconstruction)

Jamestown Readings (just Authors)

Jamestown Readings

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Roanoke and Jamestown quiz

Jamestown Vocabulary Words

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Jamestown

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Jamestown

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Jamestown Vocab

us history jamestown colony

Hist 1301: Unit 1(L2): From the French to Jamestown and Virginia

# Cram Study Guide ## Pre-European North American Societies 1. **Mississippian Culture** - Lived in the Mississippi River Valley. - Known for constructing large, earthen mounds and having a complex, hierarchical society. 2. **Iroquois Confederacy** - Located in the northeastern woodlands. - Consisted of five (later six) tribes, known for their matrilineal society and the political system of the Great Law of Peace. ## “Do Glaciers Listen?” - The phrase refers to the impact of environmental changes on human societies and how human activities are affected by natural phenomena like glaciers. It suggests a dynamic relationship between nature and human culture. ## Mesoamerican Reverence for Astronomers - Mesoamericans revered astronomers for their ability to predict celestial events, which were crucial for agricultural cycles and religious ceremonies. Astronomers held significant power due to their knowledge. ## Mesoamerican Empires 1. **Maya** - Known for their advanced writing system, mathematics, and astronomical knowledge. 2. **Aztec** - Renowned for their massive capital, Tenochtitlan, and their powerful empire in central Mexico. ## West African Nations Prior to 1492 1. **Mali Empire** - Famous for its wealth, particularly under Mansa Musa, and its vibrant trade networks. 2. **Songhai Empire** - Known for its control of trans-Saharan trade and its capital, Gao, as a center of learning and culture. ## Commercial Revolution and Nation States - The Commercial Revolution involved increased trade and the rise of banking and joint-stock companies, which led to the accumulation of wealth and the centralization of power, fostering the development of nation-states in Europe. ## First European Nation State to Colonize America - **Spain** was the first to establish colonies in America, starting with Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492. ## Non-Human Environmental Factors in Colonization 1. **Disease** - Indigenous populations were decimated by diseases like smallpox brought by Europeans. 2. **Climate** - The Little Ice Age impacted agricultural productivity and settlement patterns. ## Jamestown Colony - Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company. - Goals included searching for gold and establishing trade routes. - Characterized by harsh conditions, high mortality rates, and eventual success with tobacco cultivation. ## New England Puritans - Mission: To create a "city upon a hill," a model of religious virtue and piety. - Theology: Predestination, the importance of a covenant community, and strict moral codes. ## John Winthrop’s ‘City on a Hill’ - John Winthrop envisioned the Puritan colony as a model of Christian charity and righteousness that would inspire others and demonstrate God's favor. ## Non-Warfare European & Indian Interactions 1. **Trade** - Exchange of goods like furs and European manufactured items. 2. **Alliances** - Formed for mutual defense and economic benefit. 3. **Intermarriage** - Led to cultural exchanges and mixed communities. ## African vs. American Slavery - African slavery often involved captives from wars, debtors, or criminals and was generally not hereditary. - American slavery was racial, hereditary, and brutal, focusing on lifelong bondage and dehumanization. ## Changes in Puritan Theology on the Frontier - Puritan theology became more individualistic and less strict as it spread to the frontier, adapting to the challenges of frontier life and contact with diverse cultures. ## Royal African Company - In the 1700s, it had a monopoly on the British slave trade, facilitating the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas and significantly impacting the British economy. ## Seven Years War Consequences - Britain gained vast territories in North America. - The war debt led to increased taxation of American colonies, fueling discontent and eventual revolution. ## Factors for American Independence 1. **Taxation Without Representation** - Colonists resented taxes imposed by a distant parliament without their consent. 2. **British Military Actions** - Events like the Boston Massacre and harsh measures like the Intolerable Acts. ## Reconquista’s Impact on Spanish Conquest - The Reconquista fostered a militant Catholicism and a mindset of conquest and conversion, influencing Spanish approaches in the New World. ## Bartolome de Las Casas’ Argument - De Las Casas argued that Spain's treatment of indigenous people was inhumane and advocated for their rights and better treatment. ## John Smith’s Narrative of Pocahontas - Revealed aspects of Powhatan culture, such as political alliances, kinship, and the complexity of Native American societies. ## Social Changes from the Great Puritan Migration - Led to the establishment of a new, religiously motivated society in New England with significant impacts on local governance, community structure, and relations with Native Americans. ## Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson - Their narratives reveal the strictness and intolerance of dissent within Puritan culture, leading to their banishments and the founding of more tolerant colonies. ## Bacon’s Rebellion Causes and Consequences - Caused by frontier settlers' frustrations with colonial government policies and lack of protection from Native American attacks. - Resulted in increased tensions between wealthy planters and poorer settlers, and a shift towards African slavery. ## Phillis Wheatley’s Poetry - Challenged Anglo views by demonstrating the intellectual capabilities and humanity of African Americans, contributing to anti-slavery sentiments. ## Jonathan Edwards’ “Sense of the Heart” - Described a deep, personal experience of God’s grace and presence, emphasizing emotional and spiritual transformation. ## George Whitfield’s Revivals - His evangelical revivals democratized religion, appealing to marginalized groups and fostering a sense of equality and personal empowerment. ## Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” - Galvanized American public opinion in favor of independence with its clear arguments against monarchy and for self-governance. ## Mercantilism and Colonial Conflict - Mercantilism’s emphasis on accumulating wealth through colonies led to restrictive trade policies, causing resentment and economic strain in the colonies. ## Columbian Exchange Transformations - Brought new crops and livestock to Europe and the Americas, transforming diets and agricultural practices, but also led to the spread of diseases. ## Great Awakening’s Impact on Identity - Fostered a sense of shared American identity, as colonists experienced a religious revival that emphasized personal faith and questioned traditional authority. ## Charles Woodmason’s “Mixed Medley” - Described the diverse and often unruly nature of Carolina frontiersmen, reflecting the challenges of colonial governance and social order. ## Anglo/Indian Trade Impact - Altered Native societies, introducing new goods and dependencies, but also creating new economic opportunities and alliances. ## Virginia Resolves Argument - Asserted that only the Virginia Assembly had the right to tax Virginians, challenging Parliament’s authority and laying groundwork for revolutionary thought. ## Parliament’s Response to Non-importation - Attempts to suppress colonial resistance through punitive measures only fueled further discontent and unified the colonies against Britain. ## Stono Rebellion Insights - Revealed the harsh conditions and resistance of enslaved Africans, highlighting the brutality of American slavery and the desire for freedom. ## Imperial Wars’ Impact on Relations - Strained colonial resources and fostered resentment towards Britain, contributing to a growing sense of American identity and independence. ## Lord Grenville’s Fiscal Policies 1. **Sugar Act** - Imposed taxes on sugar and molasses, affecting colonial trade. 2. **Stamp Act** - Required stamped paper for legal documents, inciting widespread protests. ## Stamp Act Congress and ‘British’ Identity - Showed colonial unity and a collective identity as British subjects demanding their rights, laying the foundation for coordinated resistance. ## Boston Massacre Trial - Exposed conflicting views: some saw it as a symbol of British tyranny, while others viewed it as a tragic misunderstanding, reflecting broader social tensions. ## 1st Continental Congress on Independence - Sought to address grievances and restore colonial rights within the British Empire, rather than immediate independence, reflecting a cautious approach. ## King George III’s Lexington & Concord Response - His decision to use military force solidified colonial opposition, leading to wider conflict and the push for independence. ## Unit One Essay Prompts ### European Expansion - **Driving Forces:** Economic motives (gold, trade routes), religious zeal (spread Christianity), and competition among European powers. - **Ideological Origins:** The Reconquista’s militant Catholicism, the Renaissance’s spirit of exploration, and mercantilist policies. - **Columbian Exchange:** Introduced new crops and animals to both worlds, spread diseases, and reshaped economies and cultures. ### English Colonial Society (1607-1740) - **Key Factors:** Economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political ambitions. - **Changes:** Growth of plantation economies in the South, development of urban centers in the North, and increased conflict with Native Americans. - **Conflicts:** Bacon’s Rebellion, religious dissent in New England, and tensions over land and resources. ### Imperial Wars & Great Awakening - **Relationship:** Wars strained colonial resources and governance, while the Great Awakening unified colonists through shared religious experiences. - **Changes in Colonies:** Increased diversity, economic growth, and social stratification. - **Evangelism:** Leaders like Jonathan Edwards sought to revive faith, contributing to a sense of identity and mission among marginalized colonists. ### American Revolution Causes - **Declaration of Independence:** Resulted from taxation without representation, British military actions, and the desire for self-governance. - **Independence Popularity:** Varied; strong support in some areas, but Loyalist opposition existed. - **Divisions:** Social, economic, and political differences highlighted the complexity of unifying diverse colonies. --- This study guide covers key points and questions, providing a foundation for deeper study and understanding of each topic.

APUSH: Jamestown

Jamestown

The founding of Jamestown

3.1 Settling Jamestown Quiz