Period 1: 1491-1607 - Native Americans Before Columbus-Jamestown Found

Flashcards covering Native American societies, European exploration, the Columbian Exchange, labor systems, and cultural interactions in the Americas between 1491-1607.

The spread of __ cultivation from present day Mexico northward

Supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies in the American Southwest.

Despite the arid conditions, __

Tribes like the Anasazi were able to farm in the Southwest.

__ maintained a nomadic and hunter-gatherer life in the Southwest.

Navajos and Apaches.

__ was a key aspect of social and religion in the Southwest, Great Basin and Great Plains, and Northwest and California.

Animism.

Lack of irrigation and a drought forced __

More of a hunter-dominated society in the Great Basin and Great Plains.

The "Three Sisters" crops are __.

Corn, squash, and beans.

The Great League of Peace, later known as __, settled cyclical violence between the Iroquois and Algonquians.

The Iroquois Confederacy.

In the Northwest and California, __ dominated trade.

Salmon.

__ allowed Native Americans to become settled/"civilized societies".

Agriculture development such as maize in the Southwest.

Agricultural development such as maize in the Southwest will lead to more of __

Trade will increase.

The __ revolutionized exploratory voyages.

Caravel.

Motivations for European colonization of the New World echoed Columbus': __.

God, Glory, and Gold.

The main purpose for Europeans coming to the Americas/"New World" was __.

To generate more wealth!

Europeans will accomplish the goal of generating wealth by __.

They will create relationships with some Native American groups leading to trade.

Europeans desired to have __ over Natives.

Power.

Europeans used __ to extract resources in the Americas.

Slaves.

At first it was Natives but what happens to them over time? __

They begin to die from disease

As Natives died from disease, who is going to do the work? __

Start of African Slavery

New sources of mineral wealth to Europe from the Americas __

Stimulated trade and commerce in Europe.

The introduction of corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, and sweet potatoes from the New World to the Old World __.

Caused population growth in Europe.

Mercantilism Needs: __.

Colonies rich in raw materials, Cheap labor, Colonial loyalty to the home government, Control of the shipping trade.

European explorers inadvertently brought chickenpox, measles, mumps, smallpox __.

Causing destruction of Indigenous populations.

In __ system, spanish colonial economies marshalled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.

The Encomienda.

Native Americans were so vulnerable to these diseases because __.

Native Americans had no immunity to new diseases introduced by Europeans.

__ influenced economic changes in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Atlantic economy drove long-lasting economic shifts across Europe, Africa, and the Americas

The introduction of crops from the Americas __.

Crops stimulated economies across Europe.

Why is the __ important?

The encomienda system aimed to establish a labor force and convert Indigenous people to Catholicism but resulted in the exploitation and abuse of indigenous peoples for free labor.

How did the Spanish colonial authorities organize society in the Americas to manage the diverse population of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans, and what was the result of this system? __

The Spanish created a caste system that incorporated people of European, Native American, and African descent. The development of a rigid racial hierarchy

How did Spanish colonists address the labor shortages on their plantations in the Americas? __

Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations.

Why was there a need for slaves? __

Demand for crops produced in the Americas

__ as English colonists sought to expand settlements, while Native Americans viewed land as spiritually and culturally significant.

Land acquisition was a significant point of tension

Despite initial misunderstandings, both groups adopted aspects of each other's cultures. __

Europeans brought technologies like iron tools and guns, reshaping Native American life and interactions with the environment.

These justifications were used to rationalize the exploitation of non-European labor and resources, as well as the conquest and colonization of non-European lands.Why? __

These justifications were used to rationalize the exploitation of non-European labor and resources, as well as the conquest and colonization of non-European lands.

Las Casas persuaded the Spanish king to enact the New Law of 1542. Effect: __

These laws abolished indigenous slavery, halted forced native labor, and began to dismantle the encomienda system.