Results for "Intolerable Acts"

Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington

Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts

1. Stamp Act Congress purpose 2. British imperial policies after the French and Indian War (Sugar Act, Tea Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts, Quartering Acts, etc...) 3. Adv and disadvantages for both England and thirteen colonies during the American Revolutionary War 4. Boston Massacre (Bloody Massacre by Paul Revere) 5. Difference between Federalist and Anti-Federalist and their argument over a Bill of Rights 6. Declaration of Independence and role of government 7. Enlightenment impact on the Declaration of Independence 8. Thomas Paine and Common Sense 9. First Continental Congress and response to their demands 10. Articles of Confederation and U.S. Constitution similarities and differences 11. Patriots and loyalists 12. Democratic Republicans and Federalists differences 13. Whiskey Rebellion

### EVENTS LEADING TO THE WRITING OF THE CONSTITUTION - **Struggle Between the Colonies and Britain**: Tensions arose as Britain imposed heavy taxes and restrictive laws, while the colonists felt increasingly marginalized. - **Relationship between Colonists and King/British Government**: The relationship soured over issues like taxation, representation, and control, especially after the French and Indian War. - **Actions by King/British Government Towards Colonists**: Imposed taxes (e.g., Stamp Act, Tea Act), the Intolerable Acts, and quartering British troops. - **Actions by Colonists Towards King/British Government**: Protested through boycotts, organized the Boston Tea Party, and formed militias. - **King George III**: The monarch of Britain during the American Revolution, seen as a tyrant by the colonists. - **Taxation without Representation**: A rallying cry for the colonists, arguing that they shouldn't be taxed by a government in which they had no political representation. - **First Continental Congress**: A 1774 meeting where delegates from 12 colonies met to respond to British policies, leading to boycotts and military preparations. - **Declaration of Independence**: Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, it declared the colonies’ separation from Britain. It was adopted in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. - **Common Sense by Thomas Paine**: A 1776 pamphlet that argued for independence from Britain, greatly influencing public opinion. - **Second Continental Congress**: Met in 1775 to manage the war effort and eventually declare independence. - **US Constitution**: The framework for the U.S. government, establishing three branches and the system of federalism. - **Bill of Rights**: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, protecting individual freedoms. - **Articles of Confederation**: The first constitution of the U.S., which created a weak central government. - **How Constitution is Different from Articles**: The Constitution established a stronger federal government, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. - **Constitutional Convention**: Held in 1787 to draft the Constitution. --- ### STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION - **Preamble to the Constitution**: The introduction that outlines the purpose of the Constitution. - **Seven Articles of the Constitution**: 1. **Legislative Branch**: Establishes Congress, its powers, and the legislative process. 2. **Executive Branch**: Defines the presidency, powers, duties, and impeachment. 3. **Judicial Branch**: Establishes the Supreme Court and lower courts, and their powers. 4. **States' Relations**: Addresses the rights and powers of states and their interaction with the federal government. 5. **Amendment Process**: Explains how the Constitution can be amended. 6. **Supremacy Clause**: Declares the Constitution the "supreme law of the land." 7. **Ratification**: Details the process for ratifying the Constitution. - **27 Amendments**: The changes and additions made to the Constitution over time, including the Bill of Rights. --- ### SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES - **Limited Government**: The government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it. - **Rule of Law**: Everyone, including government officials, must follow the law. - **Federalism**: The division of power between the national and state governments. - **Supremacy Clause**: The Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws. - **Popular Sovereignty**: The people are the ultimate source of governmental authority. - **Separation of Powers**: The division of government into three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial. - **Judicial Review**: The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional (established in *Marbury v. Madison*). - **Checks and Balances**: Each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches. --- ### FORMALLY AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION - **Proposing Amendments**: Can be done by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress or a national convention. - **Ratifying Amendments**: Requires approval by three-fourths of the state legislatures or conventions. --- ### INFORMALLY AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION - **Laws Passed by Congress**: Congress can pass laws that shape the way the Constitution is applied. - **Actions by the President**: Executive actions and orders can effectively amend how the government functions. - **Decisions of the Supreme Court**: Court rulings interpret the Constitution and can lead to significant changes in law. - **Influence of Political Parties**: Parties affect how the Constitution is applied, even though they aren’t mentioned in the Constitution. - **Customs/Traditions**: Long-standing practices (e.g., the President serving only two terms before the 22nd Amendment) can informally amend the Constitution. ---

# Cram Study Guide ## Pre-European North American Societies 1. **Mississippian Culture** - Lived in the Mississippi River Valley. - Known for constructing large, earthen mounds and having a complex, hierarchical society. 2. **Iroquois Confederacy** - Located in the northeastern woodlands. - Consisted of five (later six) tribes, known for their matrilineal society and the political system of the Great Law of Peace. ## “Do Glaciers Listen?” - The phrase refers to the impact of environmental changes on human societies and how human activities are affected by natural phenomena like glaciers. It suggests a dynamic relationship between nature and human culture. ## Mesoamerican Reverence for Astronomers - Mesoamericans revered astronomers for their ability to predict celestial events, which were crucial for agricultural cycles and religious ceremonies. Astronomers held significant power due to their knowledge. ## Mesoamerican Empires 1. **Maya** - Known for their advanced writing system, mathematics, and astronomical knowledge. 2. **Aztec** - Renowned for their massive capital, Tenochtitlan, and their powerful empire in central Mexico. ## West African Nations Prior to 1492 1. **Mali Empire** - Famous for its wealth, particularly under Mansa Musa, and its vibrant trade networks. 2. **Songhai Empire** - Known for its control of trans-Saharan trade and its capital, Gao, as a center of learning and culture. ## Commercial Revolution and Nation States - The Commercial Revolution involved increased trade and the rise of banking and joint-stock companies, which led to the accumulation of wealth and the centralization of power, fostering the development of nation-states in Europe. ## First European Nation State to Colonize America - **Spain** was the first to establish colonies in America, starting with Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492. ## Non-Human Environmental Factors in Colonization 1. **Disease** - Indigenous populations were decimated by diseases like smallpox brought by Europeans. 2. **Climate** - The Little Ice Age impacted agricultural productivity and settlement patterns. ## Jamestown Colony - Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company. - Goals included searching for gold and establishing trade routes. - Characterized by harsh conditions, high mortality rates, and eventual success with tobacco cultivation. ## New England Puritans - Mission: To create a "city upon a hill," a model of religious virtue and piety. - Theology: Predestination, the importance of a covenant community, and strict moral codes. ## John Winthrop’s ‘City on a Hill’ - John Winthrop envisioned the Puritan colony as a model of Christian charity and righteousness that would inspire others and demonstrate God's favor. ## Non-Warfare European & Indian Interactions 1. **Trade** - Exchange of goods like furs and European manufactured items. 2. **Alliances** - Formed for mutual defense and economic benefit. 3. **Intermarriage** - Led to cultural exchanges and mixed communities. ## African vs. American Slavery - African slavery often involved captives from wars, debtors, or criminals and was generally not hereditary. - American slavery was racial, hereditary, and brutal, focusing on lifelong bondage and dehumanization. ## Changes in Puritan Theology on the Frontier - Puritan theology became more individualistic and less strict as it spread to the frontier, adapting to the challenges of frontier life and contact with diverse cultures. ## Royal African Company - In the 1700s, it had a monopoly on the British slave trade, facilitating the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas and significantly impacting the British economy. ## Seven Years War Consequences - Britain gained vast territories in North America. - The war debt led to increased taxation of American colonies, fueling discontent and eventual revolution. ## Factors for American Independence 1. **Taxation Without Representation** - Colonists resented taxes imposed by a distant parliament without their consent. 2. **British Military Actions** - Events like the Boston Massacre and harsh measures like the Intolerable Acts. ## Reconquista’s Impact on Spanish Conquest - The Reconquista fostered a militant Catholicism and a mindset of conquest and conversion, influencing Spanish approaches in the New World. ## Bartolome de Las Casas’ Argument - De Las Casas argued that Spain's treatment of indigenous people was inhumane and advocated for their rights and better treatment. ## John Smith’s Narrative of Pocahontas - Revealed aspects of Powhatan culture, such as political alliances, kinship, and the complexity of Native American societies. ## Social Changes from the Great Puritan Migration - Led to the establishment of a new, religiously motivated society in New England with significant impacts on local governance, community structure, and relations with Native Americans. ## Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson - Their narratives reveal the strictness and intolerance of dissent within Puritan culture, leading to their banishments and the founding of more tolerant colonies. ## Bacon’s Rebellion Causes and Consequences - Caused by frontier settlers' frustrations with colonial government policies and lack of protection from Native American attacks. - Resulted in increased tensions between wealthy planters and poorer settlers, and a shift towards African slavery. ## Phillis Wheatley’s Poetry - Challenged Anglo views by demonstrating the intellectual capabilities and humanity of African Americans, contributing to anti-slavery sentiments. ## Jonathan Edwards’ “Sense of the Heart” - Described a deep, personal experience of God’s grace and presence, emphasizing emotional and spiritual transformation. ## George Whitfield’s Revivals - His evangelical revivals democratized religion, appealing to marginalized groups and fostering a sense of equality and personal empowerment. ## Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” - Galvanized American public opinion in favor of independence with its clear arguments against monarchy and for self-governance. ## Mercantilism and Colonial Conflict - Mercantilism’s emphasis on accumulating wealth through colonies led to restrictive trade policies, causing resentment and economic strain in the colonies. ## Columbian Exchange Transformations - Brought new crops and livestock to Europe and the Americas, transforming diets and agricultural practices, but also led to the spread of diseases. ## Great Awakening’s Impact on Identity - Fostered a sense of shared American identity, as colonists experienced a religious revival that emphasized personal faith and questioned traditional authority. ## Charles Woodmason’s “Mixed Medley” - Described the diverse and often unruly nature of Carolina frontiersmen, reflecting the challenges of colonial governance and social order. ## Anglo/Indian Trade Impact - Altered Native societies, introducing new goods and dependencies, but also creating new economic opportunities and alliances. ## Virginia Resolves Argument - Asserted that only the Virginia Assembly had the right to tax Virginians, challenging Parliament’s authority and laying groundwork for revolutionary thought. ## Parliament’s Response to Non-importation - Attempts to suppress colonial resistance through punitive measures only fueled further discontent and unified the colonies against Britain. ## Stono Rebellion Insights - Revealed the harsh conditions and resistance of enslaved Africans, highlighting the brutality of American slavery and the desire for freedom. ## Imperial Wars’ Impact on Relations - Strained colonial resources and fostered resentment towards Britain, contributing to a growing sense of American identity and independence. ## Lord Grenville’s Fiscal Policies 1. **Sugar Act** - Imposed taxes on sugar and molasses, affecting colonial trade. 2. **Stamp Act** - Required stamped paper for legal documents, inciting widespread protests. ## Stamp Act Congress and ‘British’ Identity - Showed colonial unity and a collective identity as British subjects demanding their rights, laying the foundation for coordinated resistance. ## Boston Massacre Trial - Exposed conflicting views: some saw it as a symbol of British tyranny, while others viewed it as a tragic misunderstanding, reflecting broader social tensions. ## 1st Continental Congress on Independence - Sought to address grievances and restore colonial rights within the British Empire, rather than immediate independence, reflecting a cautious approach. ## King George III’s Lexington & Concord Response - His decision to use military force solidified colonial opposition, leading to wider conflict and the push for independence. ## Unit One Essay Prompts ### European Expansion - **Driving Forces:** Economic motives (gold, trade routes), religious zeal (spread Christianity), and competition among European powers. - **Ideological Origins:** The Reconquista’s militant Catholicism, the Renaissance’s spirit of exploration, and mercantilist policies. - **Columbian Exchange:** Introduced new crops and animals to both worlds, spread diseases, and reshaped economies and cultures. ### English Colonial Society (1607-1740) - **Key Factors:** Economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political ambitions. - **Changes:** Growth of plantation economies in the South, development of urban centers in the North, and increased conflict with Native Americans. - **Conflicts:** Bacon’s Rebellion, religious dissent in New England, and tensions over land and resources. ### Imperial Wars & Great Awakening - **Relationship:** Wars strained colonial resources and governance, while the Great Awakening unified colonists through shared religious experiences. - **Changes in Colonies:** Increased diversity, economic growth, and social stratification. - **Evangelism:** Leaders like Jonathan Edwards sought to revive faith, contributing to a sense of identity and mission among marginalized colonists. ### American Revolution Causes - **Declaration of Independence:** Resulted from taxation without representation, British military actions, and the desire for self-governance. - **Independence Popularity:** Varied; strong support in some areas, but Loyalist opposition existed. - **Divisions:** Social, economic, and political differences highlighted the complexity of unifying diverse colonies. --- This study guide covers key points and questions, providing a foundation for deeper study and understanding of each topic.

Period 3: 1754–1800: The Crisis of Empire, Revolution, and Nation Building

Chapter 9: Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750–1775)

taxation (period 3)

intolerable acts

Social Studies - Final test - Intolerable Acts