Results for "Concord"

BIO367 - Concordia University

Bio330 - Final Exam - Concordia University

13 - Cosmological Models & Concordance

Lexington and Concord: The Beginning of the Revolutionary War

Bio 330 - Midterm - Concordia University

Neuro Concord

Subject Verb Concord and Reported Speech

Nacionalidades y Concordancia de género y número

Engagement and concordance

Comm 227 - Concordia

Vocabulario Nivel AP: Concordancia de Genero y Numero y las Excepciones a la Norma

Vocabulario Nivel AP: Concordancia de Genero y Numero y las Excepciones a la Norma

Vocabulario Nivel AP: Concordancia de Genero y Numero y las Excepciones a la Norma

1. Allegory • Definition: A narrative in which characters and events symbolically represent deeper truths or general ideas about human existence (often moral, political, or social). • Example: Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and subsequent political developments. • Quick Question: What hidden meaning might you look for in an allegorical story? 2. Alliteration • Definition: The repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely connected words. • Example: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” • Quick Question: Which sound is repeated in “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers”? 3. Allusion • Definition: A brief, indirect reference to a person, event, or piece of literature. • Example: “He met his Waterloo” alludes to Napoleon’s final defeat. • Quick Question: What famous historical event is hinted at with the phrase “met his Waterloo”? 4. Analogy • Definition: A comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification. • Example: “Life is like a box of chocolates—you never know what you’re gonna get.” • Quick Question: How does an analogy help in understanding a complex idea? 5. Anaphora • Definition: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. • Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream…” speech. • Quick Question: What is the effect of repeating “I have a dream” at the start of each sentence? 6. Anticlimax • Definition: A sudden shift from a significant idea to one that is trivial or mundane, often used humorously or ironically. • Example: “He lost his family, his job, and his keys.” • Quick Question: Why might an author choose to use an anticlimax in a narrative? 7. Antithesis • Definition: Juxtaposing contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel phrases or clauses. • Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” • Quick Question: Identify the contrasting ideas in the above example. 8. Aphorism • Definition: A brief, pithy statement that expresses a general truth or observation. • Example: “Actions speak louder than words.” • Quick Question: Can you think of another common aphorism? 9. Apostrophe (Rhetorical) • Definition: A figure of speech in which the speaker addresses an absent person, abstract idea, or inanimate object as if it were present and capable of understanding. • Example: “O Death, where is thy sting?” • Quick Question: Who or what is being directly addressed in an apostrophe? 10. Apposition • Definition: Placing two elements side by side where one explains or identifies the other. • Example: “My friend, the doctor, arrived.” • Quick Question: What information does the appositive “the doctor” add? 11. Assonance • Definition: The repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words to create internal rhyming. • Example: “Hear the mellow wedding bells.” • Quick Question: Which vowel sound is repeated in “mellow” and “wedding”? 12. Asyndeton • Definition: The omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence, often to speed up the rhythm or create an impactful effect. • Example: “I came, I saw, I conquered.” • Quick Question: How does the lack of “and” in the example affect its pace? 13. Chiasmus • Definition: A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. • Example: “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.” • Quick Question: What is the reversed structure you notice in the example? 14. Connotation • Definition: The implied or emotional meaning of a word, beyond its literal definition. • Example: The word “home” connotes warmth and safety, not just a place where one lives. • Quick Question: How does the connotation of “home” differ from its denotation? 15. Deduction • Definition: A logical process where a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises generally assumed to be true (moving from general to specific). • Example: “All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.” • Quick Question: What type of reasoning moves from general principles to a specific conclusion? 16. Denotation • Definition: The literal, dictionary definition of a word. • Example: The denotation of “snake” is a legless reptile, while its connotation may imply deceit. • Quick Question: What is the difference between denotation and connotation? 17. Ellipsis • Definition: The omission of words or a trailing off of thought, often indicated by three dots (…). • Example: “To be continued…” • Quick Question: What effect does an ellipsis have on the reader? 18. Epithet • Definition: A descriptive phrase expressing a quality or attribute of the person or thing mentioned. • Example: “Alexander the Great” uses “the Great” as an epithet to highlight his achievements. • Quick Question: How does an epithet add depth to a name or description? 19. Ethos • Definition: An appeal to ethics, credibility, or character to persuade an audience. • Example: A doctor giving medical advice relies on his/her expertise (ethos). • Quick Question: In what ways can a speaker build ethos? 20. Euphemism • Definition: A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one that is considered harsh or blunt. • Example: Saying “passed away” instead of “died.” • Quick Question: Why might someone choose to use a euphemism? 21. Figures of Speech • Definition: A broad category of literary devices that express ideas in a non-literal or imaginative way (including metaphors, similes, hyperboles, etc.). • Example: “Time flies” is a figure of speech that does not mean time literally has wings. • Quick Question: Can you name three figures of speech besides those listed here? 22. Hyperbole • Definition: Deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for emphasis or effect. • Example: “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.” • Quick Question: What is the purpose of using hyperbole in a statement? 23. Induction • Definition: A logical process that involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations (moving from specific to general). • Example: Observing that the sun has risen every morning and concluding it will rise tomorrow. • Quick Question: How does inductive reasoning differ from deductive reasoning? 24. Irony • Definition: A contrast between expectation and reality. There are several types: • Verbal irony: Saying the opposite of what is meant. • Situational irony: When events turn out contrary to what was expected. • Dramatic irony: When the audience knows more than the characters. • Example: A fire station burning down is an example of situational irony. • Quick Question: What makes irony an effective rhetorical device? 25. Litotes • Definition: An understatement that uses negation to express a positive idea, often by denying the opposite. • Example: “Not bad” to mean “good.” • Quick Question: How does litotes differ from a straightforward understatement? 26. Logos • Definition: An appeal to logic and reason, using facts, statistics, or logical arguments to persuade. • Example: A politician citing economic data to support a policy argument. • Quick Question: What kinds of evidence are most effective for a logos-based argument? Part 2: Devices 27–53 27. Metaphor • Definition: A figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike things by stating one is the other. • Example: “Time is a thief.” • Quick Question: How does calling time “a thief” change our understanding of it? 28. Metonymy • Definition: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. • Example: “The pen is mightier than the sword” (where “pen” represents writing or intellect). • Quick Question: Can you think of another example of metonymy? 29. Onomatopoeia • Definition: A word that imitates the natural sound of a thing. • Example: “Buzz,” “sizzle,” or “clang.” • Quick Question: What sound does “whisper” evoke even though it isn’t a perfect auditory mimic? 30. Oxymoron • Definition: A figure of speech in which two contradictory terms appear in conjunction. • Example: “Deafening silence.” • Quick Question: How does an oxymoron create emphasis? 31. Paradox • Definition: A statement that appears self-contradictory or absurd, yet may contain a hidden truth. • Example: “Less is more.” • Quick Question: What might “less is more” suggest about quality versus quantity? 32. Parallelism/Parallel Structure • Definition: Using components in a sentence that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, or meaning. • Example: “Easy come, easy go.” • Quick Question: How does parallel structure enhance clarity in a sentence? 33. Parataxis • Definition: Placing clauses or phrases one after another without using coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. • Example: “I came, I saw, I conquered.” • Quick Question: How is parataxis similar to or different from asyndeton? 34. Parenthesis (Rhetorical) • Definition: An explanatory or qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a passage as an aside. • Example: “The car, a 1967 Mustang, was in mint condition.” • Quick Question: What purpose does the parenthetical information serve in the sentence? 35. Pathos • Definition: An appeal to the audience’s emotions, aiming to evoke feelings to persuade. • Example: A charity advertisement showing images of suffering animals to elicit compassion and donations. • Quick Question: How might a speaker use pathos to strengthen an argument? 36. Periodic Sentence • Definition: A sentence that withholds its main clause or meaning until the end, creating suspense or emphasis. • Example: “Despite heavy winds and torrential rains, the expedition continued forward.” • Quick Question: What effect does a periodic sentence have on the reader? 37. Personification • Definition: Attributing human qualities or actions to non-human objects or abstract ideas. • Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.” • Quick Question: Why might a writer choose to personify nature? 38. Polysyndeton • Definition: The deliberate use of many conjunctions between clauses, often to slow the rhythm or emphasize each element. • Example: “He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.” • Quick Question: How does polysyndeton affect the pace of a sentence compared to asyndeton? 39. Proverb • Definition: A short, well-known saying that expresses a common truth or piece of advice. • Example: “A stitch in time saves nine.” • Quick Question: Can you recall another common proverb? 40. Pun • Definition: A play on words that exploits the multiple meanings or similar sounds of words for humorous or rhetorical effect. • Example: “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.” • Quick Question: What makes a pun effective or humorous? 41. Refutation • Definition: The act of disproving an opposing argument; an essential component in debate and persuasive writing. • Example: “While my opponent argues X, the following evidence refutes that claim…” • Quick Question: Why is refutation important in persuasive writing? 42. Rhetoric • Definition: The art of effective or persuasive communication, encompassing the strategic use of language and rhetorical devices. • Example: Speeches by great orators that move audiences emotionally and intellectually. • Quick Question: How do rhetorical devices contribute to the art of rhetoric? 43. Rhetorical Question • Definition: A question asked for effect or emphasis rather than to receive an answer. • Example: “Isn’t it a bit late to be asking that now?” • Quick Question: What response is expected from the audience when a rhetorical question is used? 44. Simile • Definition: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two different things using “like” or “as.” • Example: “Her smile was as bright as the sun.” • Quick Question: How does a simile differ from a metaphor? 45. Style • Definition: The distinctive manner in which an author uses language, including word choice, sentence structure, tone, and use of rhetorical devices. • Example: The poetic, elaborate style of Shakespeare versus the straightforward style of Ernest Hemingway. • Quick Question: What elements contribute to an author’s style? 46. Syllogism • Definition: A form of deductive reasoning that includes a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. • Example: “All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal.” • Quick Question: How does a syllogism differ from other forms of argument? 47. Synaesthesia • Definition: A mixing of the senses, or the use of one sense to describe another, creating an unusual or vivid expression. • Example: “A loud color” or “a sweet sound.” • Quick Question: What is the effect of describing a color as “loud”? 48. Synecdoche • Definition: A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole or vice versa. • Example: “All hands on deck” where “hands” represent the sailors. • Quick Question: Can you identify another example where a part stands for the whole? 49. Tricolon • Definition: A series of three parallel elements (words, phrases, or clauses) used to create a memorable or dramatic effect. • Example: “Veni, vidi, vici.” • Quick Question: How does using three elements (a tricolon) affect the rhythm of a sentence? 50. Trope • Definition: A figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression; an umbrella term for any figure of speech. • Example: Metaphors, similes, and hyperboles are all types of tropes. • Quick Question: Why might an author use tropes throughout a work? 51. Understatement • Definition: A figure of speech that minimizes the importance or magnitude of something, often for ironic or humorous effect. • Example: Saying “It’s just a scratch” when referring to a large dent in a car. • Quick Question: How can understatement be used to achieve irony? 52. Voice • Definition: The unique personality, tone, and style of a writer or speaker, reflected in word choice and syntax. • Example: The distinctive narrative voice in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. • Quick Question: What aspects of writing contribute to an author’s voice? 53. Zeugma • Definition: A figure of speech in which one word (often a verb or adjective) applies to two or more other words in different ways. • Example: “He stole my heart and my wallet.” • Quick Question: What is the dual effect created by the word “stole” in the example? Practice Quiz Questions Use these questions to test your understanding. Try answering them before checking the answers! 1. Multiple Choice: Which sentence best demonstrates alliteration? A. “Time is a thief.” B. “She sells seashells by the seashore.” C. “Less is more.” D. “The pen is mightier than the sword.” Answer: B 2. Fill in the Blank: A comparison using “like” or “as” is known as a ________. Answer: Simile 3. True or False: A rhetorical question is asked to get an actual answer. Answer: False (It is asked for effect.) 4. Matching: Match the rhetorical device to its description: • a. Hyperbole • b. Irony • c. Personification • d. Euphemism Descriptions: 1. A mild or pleasant word used in place of one that might be considered harsh. 2. An exaggeration for effect. 3. Assigning human qualities to non-human things. 4. A contrast between what is said and what is meant or expected. Answers: • a → 2 • b → 4 • c → 3 • d → 1 5. Short Answer: Explain the difference between deduction and induction. Answer: Deduction is reasoning from general premises to a specific conclusion, while induction is reasoning from specific observations to form a general conclusion. 6. Identification: Identify the rhetorical device used in the sentence: “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Answer: This sentence uses asyndeton (omitting conjunctions) and is an example of a tricolon (three parallel elements). 7. Application: How does the use of anaphora enhance the impact of a speech? Answer: Anaphora creates rhythm and emphasis by repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences or clauses, which can make the message more memorable and persuasive. Final Tips for Your Quiz • Read each example carefully: Ask yourself what effect the device creates and why the author might have chosen to use it. • Practice identification: Try to spot these devices in articles, speeches, or literature you read. • Explain in your own words: Being able to explain each device in your own words will deepen your understanding and prepare you to identify them on a quiz. By reviewing these definitions, examples, and practice questions, you’ll be well prepared to identify and analyze these 53 rhetorical devices on your quiz

Unit 1 Mercantilism -Economic relationship where the mother country has tight economic control -England's goal was to maximize wealth and power Navigation Acts -Laws that prevent colonies from trading/selling or buying from other countries Salutary neglect -Good neglect -GB was backing off the colonies - Not military or trade Middle Passage -2-3 month voyage -15% died on the ship -slaves are captured and chained together Enlightenment - A movement started in Europe by a small group of intellectuals -discussed thoughts, wrote books, and sent them to America. -Influenced America -believed there was a natural solution to every problem54rat vc Diests -Not a religious group -Believed there was a creator -Believed the creator was gone now, standing outside human experience, or just gone -Therefore, there is no reason to pray or go to church John Locke -English Philosopher -Believe every person has natural rights -Life liberty and property -Believed if the government wasn’t respecting these rights, the people could overthrow it Benjamin Franklin -Liked John Locke's Ideas -Freed slaves because of Lockes’ ideas -Referred to America as slaves to GB that should be freed Great Awakening/Pietism -A Christian movement stressed individual connection to god -didn’t like the king being the head of American churches -people required by law to attend church and pay taxes to the church -The revival movement started with thousands of people outside of the church -rejected English church system French and Indian War (including impacts on revolution) -Conflict between France and England -native american tribes helped both sides -Colonies were on the coast, french was on the inland -Settlers tried to move west and ran into french -France had a fur trading empire Sugar Act -Not the amount that mattered, it was the principal -A small tax on sugar -Re-enactment of molasses tax -People couldn't protest because they would be caught illegally trading it Stamp Act Tax on anything sold that was made out of paper It is not a huge amount but it affects a lot of people Stamp Act Congress Group of middle-aged educated men -made legal arguments -no tax w/o representation -No jury trial = not right -very respectful Sons of Liberty -young, violent, rowdy people, -South out by Stamp Act -bullies, terrorist-esk -Paid to do the calm group dirty work Declaratory Act -said that GB had the right to tax the colonies -warning official statement -one year after the Stamp Act was repealed Townshend Acts -taxed people on four things -paper -paint -glass -tea -GB argued they needed the money -affected virtually every American Non-Importation -Didn’t buy or use anything British -Loyalists were targeted with violence -Idea to shut British down economically Daughters of liberty -used gender-based skills -Women made their clothes and clothes and made others if they couldn’t Boston Massacre -Lots of British soldiers + SOL on streets -Soldiers surrounded and attacked with snowballs, rocks, bottles, pavement -A gun raised in the air to shoot, the smoke clears and 5 dead -exaggerated the event to send a message, made into propaganda -made out to be a completely random attack on Americans Tea Act -Lowered the tax on tea -GB had an economic problem with the British East India Tea Company -Made British tea the cheapest tea Committees of Correspondence -Properganda and social media -Coordinated the riders to spread the propaganda to other areas -the message was to not fall for the British tea -many SOLs took part in this -made physical threats to British ship captains. Boston tea Party -Ships in Boston harbor waiting for soldier escort -SOL disguised themselves as Native Americans -At night dumped a lot of pales of tea into the harbor -342 chests of tea destroyed, major financial loss for GB Coercive (Intolerable) Acts -Nicknamed intolerable acts by patriots -Boston Port Act (shut down harbor) -Ma. Gov. Act (shut down all colonial gov) -New Quartering Act (sent more soldiers, colonists had to house them) -Administration of Justice Act (soldiers who committed a capital crime would go to GB for trial) 1st Continental Congress -hoped to go to war but not independence. -rep from every colony except Georgia -3 things were decided -organize militias -keep boycotting -meet again in spring Loyalists (Tories) -Completely loyal to GB -snitch on patriots -⅓ of colonists Paul Revere -Rode from Boston to Concord -warned British soldiers were coming (bc patriots were gathering weapons) -Soldiers were going to break up the weapon-gathering Minutemen -Middle-aged men + teenage sons w/o military experience -said they'd be ready in a minute if needed Lexington and Concord -Militia started shooting soldiers who were taken by surprise -Casualties on both sides (273 GB) (95 Patriots) -The British retreated to Boston, and people shot them along the way 2nd Continental Congress -Met in May 1775 -Decided three things -no more militias, make a continental army -Continue boycotting -2 groups would send letters to the king -The” Olive Branch Petition” asked the king to step in, no war, but reverse British policy -” Declaration of causes of taking up arms” reasons why they’d fight -The King messaged both groups “I will crush you” (basically), which united both groups. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense -50 page pamphlet convincing the middle group to join the patriot cause - Is it in the interest of a man to be a boy all his life? -A gov. Of our own is our natural right ‘tis time to part. -Question, why do you obey the king? Thomas Jefferson/ Declaration of Independence -Jefferson wrote it with help from Franklin and Adams -Gave a list of reasons for independence -used “he” to target people's anger towards the king -” life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” -Helped more colonists to join the patriots. War of Attrition/George Washington -Not play by rules -make it difficult for the enemy - make the British think the war is stupid and give up Battle of Trenton/Battle of Princeton -British in NYC, Americans in Pennsylvania -On Christmas night patriots crossed the Delaware River, a surprise attack. -Heschians surrendered. Battle of Saratoga/General John Burgoyne - Burgoyne was overconfident in himself and told soldiers to bring family and friends -Got ambushed by minutemen at Saratoga, minutemen attacked the back of the basic parade situation happening. -John Burgoyne escaped, not defeated. Funding the Continental Army -borrowed money from France and other British enemies -borrowed gold and silver but they were afraid to raise taxes -printed money, not worth face value causing insane inflation Treaty of Paris (1783) -Treaty negotiation took 2 years Formally recognize that GB no longer had claims in North America, and USA is not a country All land won in french- Indian War was now American American fishing ships were allowed to fish in GB waters off the coast of Canada If GB Freed slaves they had to give them back Both countries had access to the Mississippi River America agreed to not persecute or bother loyalists (agreed to but not followed) Loyalists after the war -A lot of them left -Many went to Canada - A small group went to England -Few went to the British West Indies -Some stayed, had to keep their mouths shut, and live American Established churches after the war -Freedom of religion was prominent -Religion was big -Church of England turned into Episcopalion Chuch Unit 2 Mixed Government -people feared too much democracy -elect people to represent them, a democratic republic System of checks and balances Articles of Confederation -first constitution -four things, Power to form army and navy Power to declare independence and war Power to establish diplomatic relationships between nations Right to handle sidputs against the states. -did not include the right to tax Northwest Ordinance of 1787 -Procedure on how territories would become states The adult white male population of 5,000 in the territory could send a non-voting rep to Congress Could become a state when the adult white male population is 60,000 Write the state constitution and apply for statehood Shays’ Rebellion -Daniel was the leader -farmers fed up after fighting in the war, and the debt wasn't their fault -tried to overthrow the Ma. state government -4,000 state soldiers fought the farmers, they won after months Virginia Plan -James Madison's plan at the Constitutional Convention -congress with two parts upper/lower house -reps depended on the state's population New Jersey Plan -William Patterson plan -Single-house legislature -equal representation Connecticut Compromise -take both ideas and mush them together -Senate, equal representation -house of reps, based on population -electoral college ⅗ Compromise -Decided after the electoral college system was decided -Southern states wanted slaves to count towards pop, the North did not -a slave counted as ⅗ of a person for electoral college + house of reps Difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists -Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and have a strong central government -Anti-federalists had two problems with the constitution Wanted states rights Wanted individual rights Federalist Papers -Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote anonymous essays -Convince people to approve the constitution -Helped to gain support Bill of rights -wrote to please the anti-federalists -includes the first ten amendments -worked, and it was ratified Thomas Jefferson vs. Hamilton on the Constitution -Jefferson had a strict interpretation, this meant following it to a t. -Jefferson meant this to limit the power of the constitution -Hamilton had a loose interpretation, which meant unless the constitution says no, they can do it -This meant to stretch the power of the constitution Hamilton's financial plan 1. Report on Public Credit, This addressed all levels of debt People could give paper money to the government and they'd redeem it at face value. Or people could give loan certificates back and provide a new one with interest. 2. Report on a national bank Established a national bank that held money at taxes Should be a large government institution 3. Report on manufactures Not adopted Use money to get new manufacturing businesses going Jay's Treaty -George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate for a stop to the bullying of ships at sea -A last resort, ended with GB saying they’ll stop and start trading with the USA Whiskey Rebellion -Corn farmers in Pa. angry because of corn prices and attempt to overthrow the state government -Washington sent 15,000 federal troops and he led them himself to send a message XYZ Affair - Adams tried to make a treaty for American ships being bullied, sent a rep to France -Prime minister rep refuses to meet with our rep -Adams tried again and sent three more reps who again denied - Democrats in Congress accused Adams of never trying to negotiate -Adams told them what happened and replaced their names with XYZ Aliens and sedition acts 1. Naturalization act, had to live in us for 14 years to apply for citizenship (previously 4) 2. Alien Act On suspension, non-citizens could be deported to their country of origin 3. Alien EnemiesAct If at war, us could deport migrants without suspension 4. Sedition Act. Made sedition a crime, if convicted $2,000 or two years in jail Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/ Nullification -Declared states had fundamental rights that the federal government could not infringe -Stated that states could nullify laws that they viewed as unconstitutional Revolution of 1800 -Think about Hamilton's musical. -Adams and Jefferson run again, Burr comes in third, and Jefferson (after a tie) wins. - Adams did not put up a fight when leaving before the inauguration. Louisiana Purchase -Louisiana territory purchased from France for $ 15 million -Neoplean realized he didn’t care about the western hemisphere, and sold it to make a profit Lewis and Clack Expedition -An expedition to explore the Louisiana territory -Wanted to learn about the weather, terrain, native Americans, etc. -Ended on the Oregon coast at Fort Clatsop. -A very peaceful trip they brought presents for tribes, brought Sacagawea 2 Reasons Burr became infamous -Challenged and killed Hamilton in a dual -Fled to the Mississippi River area -plotted to overthrow that area and become dictators with James Wilkonson Troubles with Britain and France at Sea -GB had impressed 8,000 American sailors -Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808 which halted trade with the countries but backfired. War Hawks and their goals -Young men who wanted to expand US land -Get Canada and Florida -they were very aggressive and would go to war for this -Jefferson's party. Causes of the Way of 1812 The -US gov said it was the bullying of ships at sea and native americans -Historians say it was the war hawks wanting to expand land. Treaty of Ghent -Established in 1815 for the War of 1812 -established no real winner or loser and everything would go back to normal. -historians think this is why GB stopped bullying our ships. Hartford Convention -Federalists met up during the war to discuss secession -made them look like traitors after the war -capitalized on the unpopularity of the war Eli Whitney -Creator of the cotton gin -made it when American cotton and slavery were declining -caused both those things to expand exponentially Missouri Compromise -Henry Clay -Union had a perfect balance of slave and not slave states -Missouri would be upset about this -had Missouri join as a slave state -Main break off from Ma. and become a free state In the long term, any state joining below the 36, 30 would be a slave state Rush-Bagot Treaty -By John Quincy Adams -Established the north border of the US after Canada and the states expanded fully Adams-Onis Treaty -John Quincy Adams -treaty with Spain -US bought Florida Monroe Doctrine -Established European countries had to stay out of the western hemisphere -No new countries -Helped GB by letting them have land uncontested -in return, GB would protect the us Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain) -3 presidential candidates none had the majority but Jackson had the most -Clay had the least about of votes but was the speaker of the house -made a deal with Adams that if Clay endorsed him Clay could be Sec of State. -Made Adamss an unpopular president John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the “American System” 1. Protective Tariff 2. Internal improvements (roads canals etc.) 3. A national bank Andrew Jackson's views of the American System 1. the tariff was a conspiracy against the South because they were more agricultural 2. the roads and canals were fine but he’d rather the states fund them 3 . The national bank was corrupt and run by wealthy people to stuff their own pockets Tariff of Abominations -Jackson had lost an election and wanted to win this one had Southern support but not northern -gained support by making a tariff (helped him gain support in the north) Kitchen Cabinet -Jackson did not trust his cabinet -never held a cabinet meeting -Held meetings with friends around the kitchen table instead Spoils System -Fired everyone -put his followers in government positions -no one was qualified for the positions they gained Second Part system (democrats vs. Whigs) -emerged in the 1830’s -whigs: - Less extreme federalists -anti-andrew Jackson -more elitist party (educated + wealthy) -democrats stayed the same (party of the south) Panic of 1837 -An economic depression caused by Jackson partially when he removed all the money from the national bank -Also by the tariff of 1828 -made it harder for GB and USA to do business they pulled out of investments and business Election of 1840/ Williams Henry Harrison -Whigs finally only ran one person who was a war hero to draw more people in -Harrison won but got pneumonia and died a month into his presidency John Tyler’s Presidency -VP to William Henry Harrison -hated by both parties -he was a Democrat but ran as a Whig because he got screwed over by Jackson -Whigs hated him because he was a Democrat and vice versa American Colonization society -Abolitionist movement -thought that they would buy slaves off their owners and return them to Africa -only 6,000 slaves were freed and they founded Liberia Though blacks and whites couldn’t or shouldn’t live together Nat Tuener’s Rebellion -Nat Turner is a slave who never did anything wrong to his master -had a vision from god -several plantations revolted at the same time -made plantation owners paranoid and more strict -All escaped slaves were eventually killed or returned to their plantations Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke #powercouple -Theodore was a minister abolitionist and had an audience because of that -Angelina was born and raised on a plantation but moved to the north to be an outspoken abolitionist Manifest DestinyNorthernersrs and Southerners agreed on this -Assumption that the US would expand to the [acific and central land -seen as good and pure Fifty-Four fort or fight -A line of latitude -Wanted all of Oregon country and they would fight for it James Polk -A president from Tenesse that no one knew -Ran on getting Texas and Oregon -Said he would and only served on term General Winfield Scott -General in the Mexican-American war -Had a secret amphibious operation that they went from Vera Cruz to Mexico City -took over Mexico City and Mexico surrendered Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -Polk could have taken all of Mexico and had pressure from Southerners to do so -He only took Texas Election of 1848 -Polk didn’t rerun -the whig Zachery Taylor won, he was a southern slave owner who was a general -Democrats ran Lewis Cass who was a northerner and not pro-slavery. Popular sovereignty -Lewis Cass’s view on slavery and expansion -Appealed to the people in the middle -When a state entered the union they would vote on being a slave or free state California Gold Rush -Gold was found in California in 1848 and many people moved there -California didn’t agree with the Missouri compromise Gadsden Purchase -bought the southern part of Arizona -originally wanted more but the Mexican government talked them down Compromise of 1850 -5 parts -only two important -the admission of California as a free state -passage of the fugitive slave act Unit 3 Election of 1852 -Pierce was the democratic candidate who won because Whigs were divided over slavery -Whigs won General Winfield Scott who was anti-slavery which some whigs didn’t like Kansas-Nebraska Act/Stephen A. Douglas -Stephen was trying to be a great compromise like Clay -Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska become states and use popular sovereignty -The South was happy because those states never had a chance to be slave states and now they did -The North was worried about the South and formed a new political party to replace the Whigs (republicans) American (know nothing) Party -3rd party who was anti-immigrant and anti-catholic -Thought the Irish were going to try to take over America as Catholics -leaders told them to respond with “know nothing” when asked about what their party was about Bleeding Kansas -Lawrence Kansas was a free town -Slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, killed, burned buildings, raped people. -the goal was to terrify the anti-slavery side John Brown –A very serious abolitionist who thought god was using him to end slavery -Took four of his sons and two other men to get revenge for Lawrence Kansas -Went to pro-slavery people houses who had nothing to do with the attacks -Dragged the men of the families onto the lawn and killed them The caning of the summer (Charles Sumner) -An abolitionist senator who gave a speech on the Senate floor –called out important people like President Pierce and SC Senator Andrew Butler (old guy) -Butler’s relative Preston Brookes got revenge for Butler by caning Charles Sumner Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont) -Buchanan (D) was northern but pro-south -Fremont was the other candidate -Buchanan was a dough face who got all of the South and some of the North so he won -Fremont was a free soiler Lecompton Constitution -Pro-slavery people met in Lecompton to write a state constitution or Kansas -Sent to DC House of reps and President Buchanan publicly endorses it anyways –House people didn’t endorse it because it was completely fraud. Dred Scott -Scott was a slave taken from south to north and argued he could be free -The Supreme Court was dominated by Southerners and decided against Scott -implied slavery could be taken anywhere. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Debated slavery in the Senate race. -Lincoln from Illinois condemned slavery but his priority was the union -Douglas was a moderate, liked popular sovereignty - Lincoln thought slaves should have rights in the Constitution, and Douglas fell back on popular sovereignty and he won Election of 1860 -Abraham Lincoln won - beat out Douglass Secession -SC started secession and the deep South followed -Feb. 1862 all southern states succeeded -The South considered themselves a new country, but Lincoln did not. Crittenden Plan -Buchanan supports this -Congress tried to stop secession by: -Extend Missouri compromise line -never try to abolish slavery -North rejected it Fort Sumter -Lincoln is the president -Confederates said if the US didn’t evacuate by a certain time they would attack it -kicked off the Civil War, confederacy got control of the fort -no deaths or injuries -April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis -President of the Confederate States of America -War of attrition with an underdog mentality -related the confederacy to the US and the US to Britain First Battle of Bull Run (Manasses) -Virginia in July 1961 first major battle -north was confident but had to run away because they lost -Disaster for the north Antietam -On northern territory -24000 died in one day -both sides lost -Lincoln decides to fire McClellan (northerners didn’t understand why) How the Union and Lincoln Prepared for War -Held a draft halfway through the war -Many rich people hired other people to serve for them -made income taxes -sold bonds, tariffs, borrowed money from money from other countries How the Confederacy and Davis prepared for war -South doesn’t have a strong gov -Davis struggles to get buy-in -Wealthy people didn’t want to contribute so most of the taxes fell on the middle class -Had to seize things from plantations by force -economy struggled Emancipation Proclamation -Abraham Lincoln did this to end slavery and save the union -slaves started escaping and joining Union troops when they were near -So many slaves were freed that the Union didn’t know what to do Battle of Vicksburg/General Ulysses S. Grant -Grant was not the general yet -Grant took Union ships and covered them in iron which worked -allowed grant to move eastward Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg -Took place in Gettysburg Pa. -As far as the North as the South ever got -The confederacy started to get pushed backward after this -end of the Confederate success Role of African American Soldiers At the start of the war, they were not allowed to help -end of the war became 10% of Union troops -Fought in segregated units but were enthusiastic about fighting -paid less than white soldiers Ulysses S. Grant’s War Strategies -Considered controversial techniques -Total war strategy -Willing to lose his own men's lives, throw them at the enemy -Since the North had more soldiers than the South he could do that Shenandoah CampaignThe goal was to not kill civilians but destroy everything but life -Sunandoah was close to N+S border -found civilians who were helping confederates ride into the north and did this to them. Election of 1864 -Lincoln didn’t think/wasn’t expected to win -switched his VP to a Southerner who was pro-union -George McClellan ran against him for revenge -General William Sherman captured Atlanta and burned it to the ground which was a positive surprise and led to lincolns reelection William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea -After burning down Atlanta he marched to the Atlantic and destroyed everything they came across -Didn’t destroy Savannah because it was too beautiful -After getting to the Atlantic they marched north to SC after still no surrender Appomattox Court House -Lee was still fighting with few soldiers and Grant sent him a message to surrender to save lives -They surrendered in the biggest house in town and Grant was very gracious during it -Grant was a little star-struck Lincolns Reconstriction Plan -General Ambassy (forgiveness) except for high-ranking officers -If 10% of the white men in the states took an oath of elegance the state could write a new state constitution and rejoin the union -Required the abolition of slavery Radical republicans -Republicans had a large amount of power -The” Wade-Davis Bill” included no Confederate unions that could return to power, in the state got. Couldn’t have anyone who rebelled in any way, the Republic Party would establish itself as a strong party in the South, protect former slaves -Lincoln pocket vetoes this, just ignored it Andrew Johnson Reconstriction Plan -VP to Lincoln and became president when Lincoln was assassinated -Oath of allegiance to return to the union -no high-ranking officials or wealthy plantation owners could become citizens -Would have to ratify the 13th to be reinstated -All property taken during the war would be returned, except for the slaves Black Codes -Discriminatory laws keeping AA’s in an inferior position -Couldn’t have slavery but could keep them incredibly low Freedmen's Bureau Bill -A bill Johnson Vetoed -Attempt to give land in the South to freed slaves 14th Amendment -Vetoed this civil rights bill -Gave African Americans citizenship -Johnson encouraged the South to not ratify it but it passed -South argued it didn’t mean African Americans could vote. Reconstriction of Act 1867 -Republicans had a 3/1 majority in the senate -Johnson vetoed but congress overode it -Troops to protect African Americans and enforce laws 1. Divide south into military districts 2.” supervise” new states constitution writing 3. Protect black men's right to vote Tenure of Office Act/Johnson impeachment -Congress passed this act to make it easier to impeach Johnson -Made it so the President couldn’t fire cabinet members without congressional approval -Johnson went to fire Edwin Stanton and many reporters were there so there was evidence -used to impeach Johnson, but he was not removed Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant was a Republican with no political experience but was popular because of the war -Surrounded himself by good advisors -Ran under the “National Union Republican Party” -Wanted to help African Americans -Did not want to treat Confederate leaders harshly 15th Amendment -Gave African American men the right to vote -Congress made this a requirement to rejoin the union -Women thought they be included but they weren’t Sharecropping -Freed slaves would rent farming spots on plantations -Plantation owners loaned out supplies and animals and took advantage of their inability to read -Slaves had to spend all they made on rent and since they still had a loan with the supplies and animals they couldn’t leave legally Ku Klux Klan -Not allowed to be in the open so they wore sheets to conceal their identity -They tried to scare African Americans into what they believed to be their place -Other groups like this existed too Election of 1876/ Rutherford B. Hayes -Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tildon (D) -Neither candidate got the majority but Tildon was one vote short -Republicans set up Bipartisan committee ti find election fraud -Decided there was fraud in SC, LA, and FL and gave those votes to Hayes who then won Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Booker T. Washington's views on segregation (Accommodationists; Atlanta Compromise Adress) W.E.B Dubois’ views that disagreed with Washington

DG Q3 - ELLIPSIS AND CONCORD

Dental Materials Midterm (Concorde

Dental Materials Midterm (Concorde)

CM N°1 HISTOIRE ANTIQUITE VENDREDI 13/09 14-16H HISTOIRE ROMAINE ROME , DE LA ROYAUTÉ A L’EMPIRE DE LA FONDATION À LA REPUBLIQUE , LES PREMIERS PVRS La cité= mot imp =une portion de ville ds antiquité=un territoire dont une partie au moins = ville ROME=(urbs) Rome devenu urbs= ville car a un moment Rome devenue extraordinaire = atteint 1 million hab ( il faut attendre 18 siècle pr qu’une ville ait autant d’hab=Londres) dimension urbaine de la cité 1million de romains = les habitants MAIS romains peuvent aussi être les citoyens = ceux membres de la cites = civitas On peut être romain et vivre partout ds l’Empire ( jusqu’à babylone , en fR …) = quand Mme citoyens de Rome car appartient a la cité cité aussi dimension juridique = la citoyenneté = en 212 apr J-C mise en place de la constitution antenine = octroi la citoyenneté romaine a ts les H libres = extension max de la cité AINSI. Ds antiquité = cité pas que dimension territoriale = aussi ensemble citoyens 3 GRANDES PRIODES HIST ROMAINE 753-509 = période ROYALE 509-44 ou 31 ou 27 = période RÉPUBLICAINE 44/31/27 = Période EMPIRE sur 1 millénaire = bcp de variation I)LA FONDATION ACTE POLITIQUE LE RÉCIT DE FONDATION TRANSMIS PAR LES ANCIENS -21 AVRIL 753 = fondation intellectuels a un moment ont réfléchis a qd s’est formes = ont écrit l’histoire des romains ( intellectuels = VIRGILE ET TITE LIVE) récit classique : Enee d’après Virgile fuit Guerre de Troie et parcours mer Méditerranée fond une ville = Lavignium ( d’après nom femmeLavignia celle qu’il épouse ) a un fils = Ascagne= fonde une cité = Albe la Longue pls descendants … Une fille = Rhéa Silvia fille du roi Numitor père est chassé du pvr son oncle fait d’elle prêtresse de Vesta ( censé reste vierge) mais violée par le Dieu Mars elle abandonne les 2 enfants jumeaux qu’elle a ds eau ( = Romulus et Remus ) s ‘échouent près de Rome ( existe pas encore ) louve les sauves ils recup le trône de leur grand père la trouvent pas assez grande s’entendent pr en refaire une querelle sur emplacement vont voir augures / Dieu Romulus dis qu’il a vu plus oiseaux = decident = lui roi et commence a construire muraille Remus se moue et passe la muraille et se fait tuer par Romulus = Hist raconté par les romains latin dit de se méfier condere = fonder mais aussi = cacher ainsi ds fondement de Rome = quelque chose de caché réflection / cherche autre part les historiens va voir les récits no autorisés ( autres auteurs) +30 récits ≠ sur fondation de Rome bcp de ≠ Denys d’HALYCARNASSE livre ANTIQUITÉ ROMAINES I) fait la liste des ≠ sur identité fondateur ( Enee , Ulysse, Des Albains …) sur date ( après guerre Troie directement , 15 générations après …) tres divergents car bcp de suppositions COMMENT faire en histoire :changer de source archéologie ( grec = archaios logos) = discours sur choses vieilles rai archéologie née 19e avc méthode scientifique ( avt archéologie=pillage) archeologie se base sur statigraphie=etude des couches MOT CLÉ = CONTEXTE seulement en mettan contexte = valeur / sens L’APPORT ARCHÉOLOGIQUE fonds de cabane découverts sur colline du Palatin fin 19e = montre présence H découverte céramiques qui illustrent vie de ces hab avait des gens pdt période fondation Rome = peut concorder avc hist mas il y avait présence de gens avant ( 10-18) en + de gens autour d’ici DE PLUS : fouilles de GIACOMO BONI début 20e s au nord du forum = découverte tombe du 10 ou 9 e s AAinsi Rome ne s’est pas fondé de rien car y avait déjà nécropole avt la fonda Mais a été cassse vers la date de la fonda ARCHÉOLOGIE dit :il se passe quelque chose pdt la période de fonda mais avant aussi synoecisme = regroupement de petites communautés humaines pr former une cité c phénomène de regroupement se passe déjà avec les fête du Septimontium 11/12e s rassemblement des 7collines+Subura font un sacrifice publique ( se sépare de quelque chose pr donner aux dieux ) fetecommemorait les tps anciens + pourrait faire réf aux 7 villages qui se seraient réunis ( pr former Rome ) question fondamentale :EST CE QUE ROME A ÉTÉ FONDÉE ? non peut être pas phénomène synoecisme = sur un tps long ainsi ce moment = jms existé = reconstruction du passé le fait que fondation Rome = en meme tps que effondrement de la république = interroge récits fondation Rome = charges d’anchronismes qu’il faut prendre en compte se montre par idée que des départ Rome domineras le monde projette le futur sur le passé avc idée de destin LA CONSTRUCTION DES SAVOIRS fama= réputation/hist orale en + intégration présence des dieux ds les récits fondateurs ds gènes des romains aurait des dieux ( mars= Romulus ) ( venus = Enee) ainsi bcp de ≠ en histoire ont dit qu’il faut prendre une posture de tres grande défense HYPERCRITISISME 1e auteur = Louis de BEAUFORTS « disssertation un l’incertitude des 5 premier siècles de l’histoire romaine » 1738 Dit qu’il faut TOUT effacer car pas cohérent = radical ETTORE PAIS reprend l’idée avec « storia di Roma « 1899 ex : dit qu’il y a jms eu de roi MAIS en meme temps : fouilles lapis niger découvert = colonne ou graver des termes en latin archaïque mots = recei = rex = roi date du 6 au 5e siècle = après fin période royale hypercriticisme = demonté par le réel conduit a la création de FIDÉISME (fides=la foi) = ceux qui croient aux mythes 1 incarnation du fidéisme = ANDREA CARANDINI = archéologue « le mythe est la realité et l’histoire n’est que sa métaphore » CARANDINI dis a trouvé trace du sillon originel( aurait été trace par Romulus le jour de la création Rome ) on croit le mythe mais lequel ? Car il y en a pleins Conclusion : prudence a adopté ds écriture de l’histoire de la période romaine royale II) LA ROYAUTÉ A ROME A)LA ROYAUTÉ ENTRE MYTHE ET HISTOIRE Les 7 rois de la tradition Rois latins et sabins ROMULUS ( 753-715) NUMA POMPILIUS ( 715-672) TULIUS HOSTILIUS ( 672-641) ANCUS MARTIUS (641-617) PUIS rois étrusque ( viennent de Toscane) LUCIUS TARQUINIUS( tarquin l’ancien ) (617-578) SERVIUS TULLIUS(578-534) TARQUIN LE SUPERBE (534-509) FIN de la ryauté car = 509 et = roi = TARQUIN LE SUPERBE = tyran Romains vêlent plus jms de roi après ça MAIS bcp aberrations ns font douter de la chronologie longueur des règnes = entre 38 et 44 ans hors a cette époque espérance de vie courte = sans dote y a eut bcp plu de rois mais certains ont été évacués Quel sens ? Pk se fixer a 7 rois ? 7 = calcul rationnel de 509 a 753 ( 7x35 = une génération a cette époque ) ou sont parti de la date 753 et ont calculé 7 autre courant de pensé : STRUCTURALISME ANNÉES 1950 George DUMÉZIL idee u’il y aurait une civilisation originelle = indoeuropéene si on analyse structure communes = preuve s’il y a une origine unique ( A REVOIR PAS COMPRIS ) élément qui marque la théorie la TRIPARTITION FONCTIONNELLE orga structurelle autour de 3 pôles fonctionnels = orga des soc Fonction SACERDOTALE (religieux) Fonction GUERRIÈRE Fonction PRODUCTRICE = ce serait un idéal fonctionnel certains rois de Rome ont incarnés ces fonctions ex ROMULUS= guerrière ex NUMA = Sacerdotale ex ARCUS= productrice B) L’ORGA DES PVRS roi = chef de guerre MAIS aurait été assisté du conseil des patres ( père) souvent chef et père des 7 tribus , familles « originelles » = 100 au conseil aide a prendre des décisions =une préfiguration du sénat (ex La Boulè a AThENES ET la Gerousia a SPARTE) ainsi roi en quelque sorte = arbitre pr que pas guerre entre familles monarchie = théoriquement modérée Le peuple aurait été divisé en 3 tribus ( TITIES, RAMNES ET LUCERES ) + en 10 groupes appelés curies ( = 30 curies ) militaire chaque tribus(3) 100 cavaliers + 1000 fantassins = fait de Rome une importante puissance militaire cela pet peut expliquer pk Rome survécu alors que était tt le tps en guerre combinaison tres forte entre les fonctions militaires et civique L’IDÉAL = citoyen soldat rafiné par l’avant dernier roi ( prépare a la période républicaine) responsabilité du roi = rétablir équilibre entre Hommes et Dieu rassemblement de grps de pretes permet réaliser rituels MAIS Rome bcp grandis tradition accueil étranger + politique volontaire d’accroissement = asile ( asylum) = espace pr obtenir la citoyenneté romaine commence des le règne de ROMULUS en + épisode du RAPT DES SABINES = Romulus a invité les sabins ( = voisins ) a célébré une fête = ont enlevés ttes les femmes ce rapt = politique agressive de Romulus pr accroître pop cela fait que bcp de nvx citoyens mais PPRBLM car faut les intégrer ds la soc conseil des patres = figé par l’ancienneté manque d’intégration = deviennent clients des patrons = chefs des conseils mais si chef trop de clients déséquilibre fonctionnement de la royauté ( chef va se croire trop imp ) = source de tensions roi SERVIUS veut casser la dynamique des chefs grnds pleins PVRS Tyrannie du dernier roi marque la fin royauté il écartait / minimisait les charges attribuées aux citoyens et au conseil … Pr avoir ts les PVRS B) DU VILLAGE À LA VILLE ASPECT URBAIN développement urbain excptionel du 8 au 6e s ( archéologie le prouve) structures imposantes cela manifeste une capacité royale , le pvr fort du roi a cette époque = se montre avec construction du pont SUBLICIUS DE PLUS pdt royautéé étrusque : action urbaine la plus imp ex drainage de la zone du forum car sans cesse inondée donc on mis des ÉNORMES ÉGOUTS « la Grande ROme des TARQUINS » = Rome sous royauté des étrusque creation des égouts = encore la depuis 2600 ans ex autre création énorme = TEMPLE À LA TRIADE CAPITOLINE 10x taille des autres temples montre enrichissement citée+ gran pvr royal ont construits la GRANDE MURAILLE SERVIENNE LA GRANDE ROME DE TARQUINS = par l’urbanisme CONCLUSION malgre difficultésmetho a savoir hist romaine. Réussis avec ≠ sources questionne la manière d’écrire ancienne et des anciens On a pu définir la cité de manière complète ds monde romain = communauté d’individus qui se recoco avc origine commune partage dieux , langue ; culture - territoire en partie urbain , ruraux et idéal Autarcique ( en autonomie ) - corps civique décompose d’individus bénéficiants de droits perso polique ais aussi de devoirs ( militaires et financiers ) - variabilité régimes politique de la cité de Rome : monarchie , oligarchie ploutocratie(sur la richesse), démocratie mais ça ne définit pas la cite a lui tt seul le régime politique fin 1ER COURS J

spanish concordancia irregulars