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Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

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Addition,The process of combining two or more numbers to find their total sum. (Indicator Words: sum, total, combined, plus) Addend,A number that is added to another number (or numbers) to find the sum. Algebraic Expression,A mathematical phrase that contains at least one variable and NO equal sign (e.g., 2x + 5). Algebraic Equation,A mathematical statement that shows two expressions are equal to each other (e.g., 2x + 5 = 11). Algorithm,A set of well-defined, step-by-step procedures or instructions for solving a problem. Area,The amount of two-dimensional space a shape covers, measured in square units. Associative Property,The way numbers are grouped in an addition or multiplication problem does not change the result (e.g., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)). Circumference,The distance around the outside of a circle (its perimeter). Coefficient,The number multiplied by the variable in an algebraic term (e.g., in 7x, the coefficient is 7). Common Factors,Factors that are shared by two or more numbers. Commutative Property,The order of the numbers in an addition or multiplication problem does not change the result (e.g., a + b = b + a). Composite Number,A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two factors. Constant,A value in an expression or equation that does not change. Decimal,A number that uses a decimal point to represent a part of a whole. Diameter,The distance across a circle that passes through the center point. Difference,The result obtained when one number is subtracted from another. Dividend,The number that is being divided in a division problem. Division,The process of splitting a number into equal parts or groups. (Indicator Words: quotient, divided by, split) Divisor,The number you are dividing by in a division problem. Exponent,A small number indicating how many times the base number should be multiplied by itself. Factor,A number that divides another number exactly without leaving a remainder. Formula,A mathematical rule or principle expressed in numbers and symbols. Fraction,A numerical quantity that is not a whole number, represented as a numerator over a denominator. Greater Than (and sign),The first number is larger than the second number. Sign: > Greater Than Or Equal To (and sign),The first number is either larger than or the same as the second number. Sign: ≥ Greatest Common Factor (GCF),The largest factor that two or more numbers share. Integer,All whole numbers (positive and negative) and zero (e.g., ... -2, -1, 0, 1, 2...). Inverse Operation,An operation that reverses the effect of another operation (e.g., addition is the inverse of subtraction). Irrational Number,A real number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction, and its decimal is non-terminating and non-repeating (e.g., π). Least Common Multiple (LCM),The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more numbers. Less Than (and sign),The first number is smaller than the second number. Sign: < Less Than Or Equal To (and sign),The first number is either smaller than or the same as the second number. Sign: ≤ Lowest Common Multiple (LCM),Same as Least Common Multiple. Minuend,The number from which another number is subtracted. Multiplication,The process of repeated addition. (Indicator Words: product, times, multiplied by, factor of) Not Equal To (and sign),The two numbers or expressions do not have the same value. Sign: ≠ Numeric Expression,A mathematical phrase that contains only numbers and operation symbols and NO equal sign. Numeric Equation,A mathematical statement that shows two numeric expressions are equal to each other (e.g., 4 + 5 = 9). Order of Operations,The set of rules used to solve mathematical expressions (PEMDAS). Perimeter,The distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape. Pi ($\pi$),The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately 3.14159... Prime Factor,A factor of a number that is also a prime number. Prime Number,A whole number greater than 1 that has only two factors: 1 and itself. Product,The result obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied. Quotient,The result obtained when one number is divided by another. Radius,The distance from the center point of a circle to any point on its edge. Rational Number,Any number that can be expressed as a fraction p/q, including all integers, terminating, and repeating decimals. Real Number,Any number that can be found on the number line (includes all rational and irrational numbers). Remainder,The amount left over when one number cannot be divided exactly by another. Square Root (and sign),A number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. Sign: $\sqrt{}$ Subtraction,The process of taking one number or amount away from another. (Indicator Words: difference, less than, minus, decreased by) Subtrahend,The number that is being subtracted from the minuend. Sum,The result obtained when two or more numbers are added. Variable,A letter or symbol that represents an unknown value in an algebraic expression or equation. Volume,The amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies, measured in cubic units. Whole Number,Any of the non-negative integers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...). Addend,A number that is added to another number (or numbers) to find the sum. Algebraic Expression,A mathematical phrase that contains at least one variable and NO equal sign (e.g., 2x + 5). Algebraic Equation,A mathematical statement that shows two expressions are equal to each other (e.g., 2x + 5 = 11). Algorithm,A set of well-defined, step-by-step procedures or instructions for solving a problem. Area,The amount of two-dimensional space a shape covers, measured in square units. Associative Property,The way numbers are grouped in an addition or multiplication problem does not change the result (e.g., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)). Circumference,The distance around the outside of a circle (its perimeter). Coefficient,The number multiplied by the variable in an algebraic term (e.g., in 7x, the coefficient is 7). Common Factors,Factors that are shared by two or more numbers. Commutative Property,The order of the numbers in an addition or multiplication problem does not change the result (e.g., a + b = b + a). Composite Number,A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two factors. Constant,A value in an expression or equation that does not change. Decimal,A number that uses a decimal point to represent a part of a whole. Diameter,The distance across a circle that passes through the center point. Difference,The result obtained when one number is subtracted from another. Dividend,The number that is being divided in a division problem. Division,The process of splitting a number into equal parts or groups. (Indicator Words: quotient, divided by, split) Divisor,The number you are dividing by in a division problem. Exponent,A small number indicating how many times the base number should be multiplied by itself. Factor,A number that divides another number exactly without leaving a remainder. Formula,A mathematical rule or principle expressed in numbers and symbols. Fraction,A numerical quantity that is not a whole number, represented as a numerator over a denominator. Greater Than (and sign),The first number is larger than the second number. Sign: > Greater Than Or Equal To (and sign),The first number is either larger than or the same as the second number. Sign: ≥ Greatest Common Factor (GCF),The largest factor that two or more numbers share. Integer,All whole numbers (positive and negative) and zero (e.g., ... -2, -1, 0, 1, 2...). Inverse Operation,An operation that reverses the effect of another operation (e.g., addition is the inverse of subtraction). Irrational Number,A real number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction, and its decimal is non-terminating and non-repeating (e.g., π). Least Common Multiple (LCM),The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more numbers. Less Than (and sign),The first number is smaller than the second number. Sign: < Less Than Or Equal To (and sign),The first number is either smaller than or the same as the second number. Sign: ≤ Lowest Common Multiple (LCM),Same as Least Common Multiple. Minuend,The number from which another number is subtracted. Multiplication,The process of repeated addition. (Indicator Words: product, times, multiplied by, factor of) Not Equal To (and sign),The two numbers or expressions do not have the same value. Sign: ≠ Numeric Expression,A mathematical phrase that contains only numbers and operation symbols and NO equal sign. Numeric Equation,A mathematical statement that shows two numeric expressions are equal to each other (e.g., 4 + 5 = 9). Order of Operations,The set of rules used to solve mathematical expressions (PEMDAS). Perimeter,The distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape. Pi ($\pi$),The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately 3.14159... Prime Factor,A factor of a number that is also a prime number. Prime Number,A whole number greater than 1 that has only two factors: 1 and itself. Product,The result obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied. Quotient,The result obtained when one number is divided by another. Radius,The distance from the center point of a circle to any point on its edge. Rational Number,Any number that can be expressed as a fraction p/q, including all integers, terminating, and repeating decimals. Real Number,Any number that can be found on the number line (includes all rational and irrational numbers). Remainder,The amount left over when one number cannot be divided exactly by another. Square Root (and sign),A number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. Sign: $\sqrt{}$ Subtraction,The process of taking one number or amount away from another. (Indicator Words: difference, less than, minus, decreased by) Subtrahend,The number that is being subtracted from the minuend. Sum,The result obtained when two or more numbers are added. Variable,A letter or symbol that represents an unknown value in an algebraic expression or equation. Volume,The amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies, measured in cubic units. Whole Number,Any of the non-negative integers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)l

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