Cerebrum: Fuctional areas

What are the three functional divisions of the cerebral cortex?

Primary, secondary, high order association

Who divided the cerebral cortex into 52 areas?

Brodmann

What is the Brodmann area of the primary motor cortex?

Area 4

What is the Brodmann area of the premotor cortex?

Area 6

What is the Brodmann area of the supplementary motor cortex?

Area 6

Which Brodmann areas form the frontal eye field?

8 and 9

Which Brodmann areas form Broca’s area?

44 and 45

Where is Broca’s area located?

Inferior frontal gyrus

In which hemisphere is Broca’s area usually located?

Left (dominant)

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Motor speech production

What gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

Precentral gyrus

What is another name for the primary motor cortex?

Primary somatomotor cortex

What medial structure continues the primary motor cortex?

Anterior paracentral lobule

What is the motor homunculus?

Somatotopic motor map

Which body part is represented laterally on the motor cortex?

Face

Which body part is represented in the middle third of the motor cortex?

Hand

Which body part is represented medially on the motor cortex?

Trunk

Where is the lower limb represented in the motor cortex?

Paracentral lobule

Which side of the body does the motor cortex control?

Contralateral

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex in movement?

Visualizes movement

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

Motor programming

Which muscles are mainly controlled by the premotor cortex?

Proximal and trunk

What is the function of the supplementary motor cortex?

Plans complex movement

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Executes movement

What determines the size of representation on the motor homunculus?

Precision of movement

Which body parts have the largest motor representation?

Hand and face

What results from a primary motor cortex lesion?

Contralateral paralysis

What results from a premotor cortex lesion?

Apraxia

What is apraxia?

Inability to perform learned movements

What type of aphasia results from a Broca’s area lesion?

Expressive aphasia

How is speech affected in Broca’s aphasia?

Slow, nonfluent

Can patients with Broca’s aphasia understand language?

Yes

Where is the frontal eye field located?

Superior/middle frontal gyri

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

Voluntary conjugate gaze

What type of eye movement does the frontal eye field control?

Horizontal gaze

What occurs with irritation of the frontal eye field?

Contralateral gaze deviation

What occurs with a destructive frontal eye field lesion?

Eyes deviate toward lesion

What are the two major regions of the prefrontal cortex?

Orbitofrontal and dorsolateral

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

Emotion and behavior

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Planning and judgment

What syndrome results from orbitofrontal dysfunction?

Disinhibition syndrome

What behavioral change is seen in orbitofrontal syndrome?

Impulsivity

What neurotransmission-related senses connect strongly with the orbitofrontal cortex?

Taste and smell

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Executive function

What results from orbitofrontal cortex lesions?

Poor decision-making

What results from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions?

Apathy

What memory deficit occurs with dorsolateral PFC lesions?

Poor working memory

What historic psychiatric surgery targeted the prefrontal cortex?

Lobotomy

Which Brodmann areas form the primary somatosensory cortex?

3,1,2

Which Brodmann areas form the somatosensory association cortex?

5 and 7

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

Postcentral gyrus

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organized?

Somatotopically

Which structures have bilateral somatosensory representation?

Larynx, pharynx, perineum

What sensory deficits follow primary somatosensory cortex lesions?

Loss of discrimination

What sensory modality is especially lost with primary somatosensory lesions?

Proprioception

Which cortical layer receives sensory input?

Layer 4

Which Brodmann area is most granular in the somatosensory cortex?

Area 3

What histologic feature is prominent in area 3?

Band of Baillarger

Where is the somatosensory association cortex located?

Superior parietal lobule

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

Sensory integration

Which sensory modalities are integrated in the superior parietal lobule?

Multiple modalities

Which parietal region is important for visuospatial processing?

Superior parietal lobule

What is visuospatial processing?

Spatial relationship analysis

Where do vision and proprioception converge?

Superior parietal lobule

What is the function of visuospatial processing?

Object localization

What deficit occurs with impaired visuospatial processing?

Poor object localization

What motor deficit can occur with superior parietal lesions?

Poor coordination

What is optic ataxia?

Impaired visually guided reaching

What is astereognosis?

Cannot identify object by touch

What syndrome results from bilateral parieto-occipital lesions?

Balint syndrome

What are the three features of Balint syndrome?

Optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia

What is ocular apraxia?

Inability to move eyes voluntarily

What is simultanagnosia?

Cannot perceive multiple objects

What are the two gyri of the inferior parietal lobule?

Supramarginal and angular

Which gyrus arches over the lateral fissure?

Supramarginal gyrus

Which gyrus arches over the superior temporal sulcus?

Angular gyrus

What inputs does the inferior parietal lobule receive?

Auditory, visual, sensory

What functions are associated with the dominant inferior parietal lobule?

Language and math

What syndrome follows dominant inferior parietal lobule lesions?

Gerstmann syndrome

What are the four classic features of Gerstmann syndrome?

Agraphia, acalculia, alexia, L-R confusion

What reading deficit occurs in Gerstmann syndrome?

Alexia

What writing deficit occurs in Gerstmann syndrome?

Agraphia

What calculation deficit occurs in Gerstmann syndrome?

Acalculia

What orientation deficit occurs in Gerstmann syndrome?

Left-right confusion

Which aphasia may occur with dominant inferior parietal lesions?

Wernicke aphasia

What is the hallmark of nondominant inferior parietal lesions?

Hemispatial neglect

What side is neglected in hemispatial neglect?

Contralateral side

What visual field defect may accompany nondominant parietal lesions?

Homonymous hemianopia

What behavior is typical of hemispatial neglect?

Ignore one side

What is the primary gustatory cortex Brodmann area?

43

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

Parietal operculum

What results from a gustatory cortex lesion?

Contralateral taste loss

Which Brodmann areas form the primary auditory cortex?

41 and 42

What gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex?

Heschl gyrus

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Temporal lobe

What results from unilateral auditory cortex destruction?

Mild hearing loss

What results from bilateral auditory cortex destruction?

Cortical deafness

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

Posterior superior temporal gyrus

Which Brodmann area is associated with Wernicke’s area?

22