Urban areas and development

Urbanisation

The increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas

Counterurbanisation

Movement of people from urban areas to smaller towns and rural areas

Suburbanisation

The outward growth of cities as people move to the suburbs

Reurbanisation

Movement of people back into inner‑city areas after regeneration

Megacity

A city with a population over 10 million

Primate city

A city disproportionately larger and more influential than others in a country

Social challenge of rapid urban growth

Growth of informal settlements

Environmental challenge of rapid urban growth

Air and water pollution

Urban sprawl

Uncontrolled outward expansion of urban areas

Sustainable urban management

Managing cities to meet present needs without harming future generations

Integrated transport planning

Coordinating different transport modes to reduce congestion and emissions

Brownfield redevelopment

Reusing previously developed land for new urban projects

Greenfield development

Building on previously undeveloped land

Advantage of brownfield sites

Reduces pressure on rural land

Disadvantage of greenfield sites

Loss of natural habitats

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements based on size, population, and services

Sphere of influence

The area served or affected by a settlement

Urban primacy

When one city dominates a country's economy, politics, and population

Urban regeneration

Reviving run‑down urban areas through redevelopment and investment

Gentrification

Wealthier people move into poorer areas, improving housing but raising costs

Urban heat island effect

Urban areas are warmer due to buildings, pollution, and reduced vegetation

Congestion

Overcrowding of transport routes leading to slower movement

Informal economy

Unregulated, untaxed jobs often found in rapidly growing cities

Slum upgrading

Improving informal settlements with services, housing, and infrastructure

Site and service schemes

Government provides land + basic services; residents build their own homes

Urban resilience

A city's ability to cope with shocks like floods, heatwaves, or economic change

Smart city

A city using technology to improve efficiency, services, and sustainability

Urban governance

How cities are managed by authorities, policies, and institutions

Transport‑oriented development

Planning high‑density areas around public transport routes

Urban land‑use zoning

Dividing land into zones for specific uses (residential, industrial, etc.)

Social sustainability

Ensuring cities support wellbeing, equality, and community cohesion

Environmental sustainability

Managing resources and reducing pollution to protect ecosystems

Economic sustainability

Ensuring long‑term economic growth without harming society or the environment

Urban microclimate

Local climate conditions created by urban surfaces and structures

Green belts

Protected land around cities to limit sprawl and preserve countryside

what did Olympic park start work

2007 till 2012

How many people where employed at Westfield

10,000 people

What are the causes of urban growth

Natural increase, urbanisation

How many people in dharvahi

1 million

how much is rent in Dharavi

£1.63

How many one room business in Dharavi

15,000

Where is vertical planing taken place

Chongqing

Opportunities of Changing

Train driver jobs

Architect jobs

Initiative buildings

Economic growth, transport has boosted trade along the yangtze

What is the CBD

The central business district is where roads form the outskirts converge. The area therefore becomes peak land value intersection

Pros and con of Burgess model

Simple and easy to understand   Applicable

Outdated and overly simplistic   Unrepresentative. Model mostly for HIC Cities

Pro and con Hoyt model

Realistic   Applies to some cities, west London

Does not fit all cities.   Ignores physical geography

pros and con of multiple nuclei

Explains suburbanisation. Better reflects modern cities.

Too complex for some cities   Lacks a clear pattern

pros and cons of bid rent model

Explains land use patterns   Works well for cites with high cbd

Assume all cities have 1 cbd   Ignores transport improvement.

What is greenwashing

When a company or organisation misleads people into thinking its products or practices are more environmentally friendly than they really are.

How many babies where born in Palates

133