ANFS 350: Quiz 4

Ethical Frameworks

guidelines to look at issues in a systematic way and apply ethical reasoning

Ethical Goals Scale

prevent pain, injury, disease to create positive emotions and natural living

Why Discuss Ethics?

decide acceptable and unacceptable animal use and treatment

Three Ethical Approaches

virtue-oriented, action-oriented, value-based

Virtue Oriented Ethics

morality is what matters, people act as they should out of internal virtue

Virtue Oriented Ethics Figures

socrates, aristotle

Virtue Oriented Ethics Values

loyalty, compassion, kindness, generosity, fairness

Virtue Oriented Ethics Veterinary

people view vets as moral and virtuous, laws and rules in practice can contradict this view, must account for professional ethics

Action Oriented Ethics

consequences of actions and how people act

Action Oriented Ethics Values

outcomes, duty, obligation

Action Oriented Ethics Categories

utilitarianism, deontology

Utilitarianism

consequences of actions determine the right or wrong, for greater good

Utilitarianism Figure

jeremy bentham

Utilitarianism Animal View

recognize that animals feel pain, account for their good in the greater good

Deontology

consequences are not the only source of moral obligation

Deontology Figure

immanuel kant

Deontology Animal View

obligation to pets as companions, obligation to preserve wildness of certain species

Animal Rights Movements

abolitionism, moral rights, legal rights

Abolitionism

opposition to all animal use by humans, sentient beings should not be treated as property

Moral Rights

all sentient beings have moral rights to life and respectful treatment

Moral Rights Figure

tom regan

Legal Rights

backed by legislation, offense punishable by law

Guardianship

AVMA opposes, creates confusion about responsibilities

Guardianship Legal Obligations

pursue any and all treatment for 'ward', impossible to buy and sell livestock, elect for euthanasia or spay/neuter

Personhood

legal backing of rights, right to life and not be imprisoned

Stereotypic Behavior

repetitive, unchanging behavior with no function or obvious goal

Stereotypic Behavior Origin

prevention of highly motivated behaviors

Stereotypic Behavior Development Steps

constant exposure, lack of consummation, increase in frequency, perfection, emancipation

Stereotypies Constant Exposure

exposure to a stimulus or lack of a stimulus leads to repetitive nature

Stereotypies Consummation

originates from lack of consummation, animal is stuck in appetitive phase, more about the process than the desired resource

Stereotypies Frequency

behavior increases in frequency and duration until fully developed

Stereotypies Perfection

behavior will become an invariable pattern that does not change

Stereotypies Emancipation

behavior will occur without triggering stimulus or in response to a different stimulus or stressor

Stereotypies Duration

longer occurrence results in a behavior that is more difficult to eliminate

Stereotypies Purpose Hypotheses

coping, pathology

Coping Hypothesis Internal

stereotypic behavior serves as an internal reward mechanism that releases endorphins

Coping Hypothesis Physiology

stereotypic behavior helps animal cope with a negative situation by doing something positive

Coping Hypothesis Physiology Examples

cribbing in horses can buffer GI pH

Pathology Hypothesis

failure of brain mechanism to feedback when goal is achieved leads to continued appetitive loop

Types of Stereotypies

oral, locomotor

Oral Stereotypies Examples

cribbing, tongue rolling, feed tossing, wool biting, bar biting, vacuum chewing

Cribbing

oral, horses, biting and sucking in air

Tongue Rolling

oral, cattle, side to side tongue motion

Feed Tossing

oral, cattle, scooping and flinging feed, usually when fed after bunk has been empty

Wool Biting

oral, sheep, pulling off and eating wool, damages gut and fleece

Bar Biting

oral, rodents and pigs

Vacuum Chewing

oral, pigs, chewing on nothing

Locomotor Stereotypies

swaying/head bobbing, pacing, route tracing, wheel-running, jumping/looping

Swaying/Head Bobbing

locomotor, elephants, bears, large carnivores, side to side motion of head or whole body

Pacing

locomotor, large cats, bears, carnivores, repetitive tracing of a perimeter

Route Tracing

locomotor, polar bears, repetition of a complex route, gets more complex as behavior develops

Wheel Running

locomotor, mice, complex behavior

Jumping/Looping

locomotor, mice

Wheel Running Normal Conditions

can be stopped when interrupted, otherwise enriched environment, occurs when wheel is first introduced

Wheel Running Abnormal Conditions

repetitive, functionless, SSRI stops behavior

Oral Stereotypies Motivation

reduced gut fill, foraging time, feeding/eating time, high concentrate diet, low gut pH

Locomotor Stereotypies Motivation

motivation to forage, explore, ranging behavior, activity levels, patrol territory, escape, approach members of the same species

Environmental Enrichment

meaningful change to an animal's environment with positive consequences

Enrichment is Not

providing random stuff, not one-size-fits-all

Types of Enrichment

food, physical, sensory, social, cognitive

Food Based Enrichment

hidden food, low cal that needs to be worked for, foraging opportunities, anything except limit feeding

Physical Enrichment

beams, platforms, ponds, hiding spots, brush

Sensory Enrichment

visual, audio, olfactory, tactile

Social Enrichment

cage mates, herd mates, parent/offspring

Cognitive Enrichment

puzzle feeders

Displacement Behavior

normal behavior performed at an inappropriate time or in a different way

Displacement Behavior Example

cat intensively grooming between shoulder blades when stressed

Vacuum Behavior

normal behavior performed in the absence of normal stimulus

Vacuum Behavior Examples

hens going through motion of dustbathing without substrate, sows chewing on nothing

Redirected Behavior

normal behaviors directed toward an inappropriate target

Redirected Behavior Examples

chicken feather pecking, pig tail biting

Feather Pecking Cause

frustration and stress, barren environment, overcrowding

Feather Pecking

birds missing feathers between the wings and tail, one bird pecking another individual

Aggressive Pecking

dominant animal pecking at head, causes serious injury

Aggressive Pecking Cause

dominance

Feather Plucking

self directed behavior, usually in captive psittacines

Resolving Stereotypies Considerations

simply preventing them can cause worse welfare, enrichment might only occupy time

Housing and Welfare

potential to improve or cause poor welfare

Intensive System

specializes in one species, often indoor, everything provided and strictly managed

Extensive System

may be multiple species, outdoor component, must work with external factors

Intensive System Feeding

easier to monitor intake and prevent over/underfeeding

Good Welfare Feed Requirements

easy, regular access to feed, must meet energy demands

Feed Social Facilitation

many species coordinate feeding and will eat more frequently and quantity when social

Feed Competition

ensure enough food for all animals, more space is good

Feed Competition Solutions

still allow social facilitation, physical barriers or dividers to prevent animals from pushing each other

Water Availability Importance

dairy cows immediately after milking, should not soil bedding, should not be a source of competition

Wild Environment Stressors

predation, food scarcity, reproductive competition

Most Common Source of Distress

inappropriate handling

Animal Movement and Stress

use flight zone but don't emphasize fear, consider animal's experience

Animal Movement Law

animals cannot be moved faster than a walk at slaughter

Housing Environmental Protections

heat stress, cold stress, severe weather conditions, sunburn

Important Housing Components for Discomfort

ventilation, thermoregulation

Overcrowding

housing more animals than technically allowed, can increase productivity but can threaten welfare if too extreme

Outdated Housing Systems

animals have gotten taller, heavier, longer, expensive to keep up with changes

Calf Hutch Purpose

prevent disease spread, no nose-to-nose contact

Calf Housing Important Factors

ventilation, feed intake, vaccination

Bad Flooring Types

slippery, slatted, rough

Slippery Flooring

can cause falling and injuries such as broken legs or hips

Slatted Flooring

can contribute to lameness

Rough Flooring

can injure sensitive foot tissues