MolCell - Chapter 15 & 21
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80 Terms
What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?
The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red–eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red–and white–eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white–eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?
The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together?
They are located close together on the same chromosome.
SRY is best described in which of the following ways?
a gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development
Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents?
XRXr and XRY
Which of the following statements is true of linkage?
The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them.
How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental–type offspring than recombinant–type offspring are produced?
The two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome.
Males are more often affected by sex–linked traits than females because
males carry only one X chromosome.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to make it a most useful species?
its four pairs of chromosomes
few moral issues
easy and inexpensive maintenance
short generation time and large number of offspring
1, 2, 3, and 4
deletion
removes chromosomal segment
duplication
repeats chromosomal segment
inversion
reverses segment within chromosomes
translocation
moves segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous. in reciprocal translocation nonhomologous chromosomes exchange fragments
Date of when the process of meiosis was worked out.
1890s
Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently.
law of independent assortment
Date of when the process of mitosis was worked out.
1875
The two alleles for each gene separate.
law of segregation
Date of development of chromosome theory of inheritance.
1902
Why did white eyes only show up in Morgan's male fruit flies?
The allele for eye color was on the X chromosome.
A person with one X and one Y chromosome
male
A gene on the Y chromosome that is responsible for development of the testes.
SRY gene
The larger sex chromosome.
x chromosome
A person with two X chromosomes.
female
The smaller sex chromosome
Y chromosome
A gene that is located on either the X or Y chromosome
sex-linked gene
Genes located specifically on the X chromosome.
x-linked genes
Genes located specifically on the Y chromosome.
y-linked genes
Chromosome that also has genes for many characters unrelated to sex.
x chromosomes
Person that x-linked recessive disorders are much more common in.
male
Why does a tortoiseshell cat exhibit multiple colors?
X Inactivation
The name of the production of offspring that differ in from either parent.
genetic recombination
Offspring that have a phenotype that doesn't match either parent.
recombinants
Genes that are on the same chromosome and are usually inherited together.
linked genes
Offspring that have the phenotype of one of the parents.
parental type
Represents a 1% recombination frequency
map unit
A genetic map of recombination frequencies on a specific chromosome.
linkage map
A list of specific loci of genes on a particular chromosome.
genetic map
The probability of finding two genes separated from each other.
recombination
Frequency at which genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.
50%
Study of how proteins work within a biological system.
systems of biology
Amount of genes within a genome
number of genes
Studying a large set of proteins and their functions.
proteomics
Stored known human genes in a silicon/glass "chip".
microarray
Number of base pairs in a genome
genome size
Amount of genes within a certain amount of base pairs
gene density
Genome size is not correlated with the number of genes in a genome.
true
Found as multiple copies in a genome.
repetitive DNA
DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome
transposable elements
Former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional.
pseudogenes
DNA form of a transposable element.
transposons
RNA form of a transposable element.
retrotransposons
A series of repeating units of 2-5 nucleotides.
short tandem repeat
The increase of genome sizes over time has lead to _______ gene diversity.
morev
Duplication and inversions result in which of the following (hint: more than one answer)?
extra chromosomes, alterations of chromosomes structure
Unequal crossing over can result in:
deletions and duplications
how did Morgan study the fruit flies
mated red eye fruit flies with white eyed fruit flies
when morgan mated the flies, he found out that…
f1 generation had red eyes, f2 showed 3:1 red:white ratio
where is the SRY gene located?
y chromosome
the applications of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
bioinformatics
study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
genomics
probability of recombination
centimorgan
the second X chromosome is condenses and deactivated
chromosomal inactivation
how does chromosomal inactivation affect females
the inactive X condenses into Barr Body
symptoms that a surviving individual of aneuploidy possesses
syndrome
what causes separate genes to be inherited together
recombination
genes that tell body parts where to develop
homeotic genes
what causes someone to have too many chromosomes
aneuploidy, polyploidy for plants
how are sex-linked traits inherited
through recessive alleles on the X chromosome
1 centimorgan equals
1% chance of crossing over
two examples of where we see multiple chromosomes come together form human chromosomes in the theory of evolution?
fusion and rearrangement
What causes variation/recombination in the sequence of base pairs in DNA?
duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation
what causes recombination between two genes
crossing over
what causes some genomes to be bigger than others
pseudogenes
what is the role of non-coding DNA?
determine if the gene is turned on or off
how does X inactivation affect males
it does not affect males because males only have one X chromosome
what did morgan find
specific genes were connected on certain chromosomes
morgans finds supported what theory
theory of inheritance
present multiple copies of a genome
repetitive DNA
What do various linkage percentages tell us?
recombination frequency
map unit
relative distance and order but not precises location of genes