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history
the study of past events starting in the fourth millennium
prehistory
the time before written history
Bipedalism
the preference for walking on two limbs rather than four
primary source
original evidence from the time period
Paleolithic Age
Old Stone Age
foraging
searching for food and other resources
homo spaiens
present day humans
Neanderthals
a people first found in the Neander Valley in southwest Germany
neolithic revolution
the changeover from food gathering to food producing that serves as a major marker event
agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
horticulture
using only hand
pastoralism
the domestication of plants and animals in a semi
domestication of animals
to train animals to stay put and not wander
surplus
having more than needed
polytheism
belief in multiple gods
metallurgy
the science of working with metals
textiles
the combining of fibers in order to make clothing and other fabrics
Catal Huyuk
an ancient city in modern day southern Turkey
civilization
a social organization in which made improvements to society including gaining access to water
social hierarchy
the organization of society in arrangement of individuals based on power and wealth
cultural hearths
the areas where civilization first began to radiate ideas, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world
Mesopotamia
the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) in southwest Asia
Semetic languages
the precursor to both modern Hebrew and Arabic
Sumerians
a non
city
state/polis
Sargon the Great
the leader of a semetic group that founded the Akkadian Empire
Akkadian Empire
An empire founded by Sargon the Great
Fertile Crescent
The land from Mesopotamia to Egypt
theocracy
society governed by gods or priests
Hittitites
a group that originated in Anatolia that formed a large empire in northwestern Mesopotamia
Assyrians
An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 900s B.C.E.
New Babylonians
An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 500s B.C.E.
Hammurabi's code
an inscription on a blackstone pillar that gave judges many examples of punishments for crimes; a strict law code with harsh punishments
cuneiform
a "wedge
the Epic of Gligamesh
A famous story that has been orally passed down since at least the seventh millennia; version of Noah's Arc
ziggurats
large, multiple story pyramids constructed by bricks and approach by ramps and stairs; a home of the gods/place to worship the gods; Mesopotamian
Nile River
an ancient river that runs through Egypt and is home to many cultural hearths
cataracts
areas where water was too swift and rocky for boats to pass
Hyksos
a people who came from the north to conquer the Nile Delta
pharaoh
an ancient Egyptian ruler
Old Kingdom
the time when the pharaoh had the most power in Egypt
Middle Kingdom
The era when the Hyksos invaded Egypt
New Kingdom
When the Hyksos were defeated by princes from Thebes
social mobility
the ability of individuals to change social status
patriarchy
a system of society where the eldest male is the head of the family
Hatshepsut
A female pharaoh who ruled from 1473 to 1458 B.C.E.
papyrus
An Egyptian writing material made of pressed plants
Amon
Re/Ra
Isis
Egyptian goddess of fertility and the Nile
Osiris
The Egyptian ruler of the afterlife
Horus
the son of Osiris and Isis who was represented by pharaohs
The Book of the Dead
A papyrus text that contained Ancient Egyptian rituals from the New Kingdom; Egyptian
Mohenjo
Daro
Dravidian
An ancient language believed to be spoken in the Indus Valley that is similar to southern Indian languages
Aryans
northwestern invaders who poke Indo
monsoon rains
storms created by seasonal winds that blow from seas towards the Indian subcontinent
Harappa
An ancient Egyptian city made of a huge complex of towns and villages
Rosetta Stone
A tablet with a relatively long script in three languages (formal hieroglyphics, informal hieroglyphics, and Greek)
systems failure
a break down of the political, social, and economical structures of the Indus Valley cities
Xia
an ancient Chinese dynasty that most likely did not exist
Shang
the first known Chinese dynasty
tribute
payment that is usually in the form of produce
Zhou Dynasty
the longest
oracle bones
specially prepared broad bones or turtle shells inscribed with questions
Confucianism
an ancient Chinese philosophy created by Confucius
The Analects
a collection of Confucian works
The book of songs
a collection of early developed Chinese poetry
divination
the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or unknown by supernatural means
Eastern Hemisphere
The hemisphere east of the Prime Meridian.
Western Hemisphere
The hemisphere west of the Prime Meridian.
Olmec
an early American civilization that expanded out from the coastline of the gulf of Mexico
Chavin
an early American civilization that settled between the coastlines of the Andes River Valley
nomadic
moving from place to place constantly
market events
important dates in history; turning points that changed the course of history
cultural diffusion
the spread of cultures, religions, and ideas
perspective
the way someone percieves things
Sumer
tribes with 1 common language a religion; first to settle in Mesopotamia
Anthropomorphic
attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects, animals, or gods; Sumerian
Scribes
people employed at Sumerian temples and palaces to record literature, financial transactions, and legal documents
maritime trade
sea trade; Pheonician
torah
Hebrew Bible
Abraham
Founder of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Nile Delta
a rich area of alluvial soil in Egypt
Black Land
The rich soil around the Nile
Red Land
The desert around the Nile
the ka
the life force or spiritual double of the person; Egyptian
vizier
Chief advisor to the pharaoh/the exclusive head of the Egyptian bureaucracy;Head of government directed by the caliph under the Abbasid caliphate(Islamic)
ba
a human
akh
the spirit of Re; the transfigured spirit of a person that becomes one with light after death
Akhenaton
an Egyptian pharaoh who tried to force his people to become monotheistic and caused major political and social problems; husband of Nefertiti
Nefertiti
Wife of Akhenaton
King Tut (Tutenkhamun)
the only pharaoh with a tomb still intact, which gave archaeologists and historians an insight into Egyptian traditions and ways of life
Ramses Ⅱ
royal overseers
ensured that the 42 district governors carried out the pharaoh's orders.
hieratic/demotic script
a simplified version of Egyptian writing
CleopatraⅦ
the last pharaoh of Egypt who committed suicide instead of surrender to the Romans
monogamy
having more than one wife
monarchy
hereditary rule by one
caste
social classes of hereditary status; India
jati
subgroups of families within a caste
Note
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