Pre-Ap World History Finals Review

history

the study of past events starting in the fourth millennium

prehistory

the time before written history

Bipedalism

the preference for walking on two limbs rather than four

primary source

original evidence from the time period

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age

foraging

searching for food and other resources

homo spaiens

present day humans

Neanderthals

a people first found in the Neander Valley in southwest Germany

neolithic revolution

the changeover from food gathering to food producing that serves as a major marker event

agriculture

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber

horticulture

using only hand

pastoralism

the domestication of plants and animals in a semi

domestication of animals

to train animals to stay put and not wander

surplus

having more than needed

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

metallurgy

the science of working with metals

textiles

the combining of fibers in order to make clothing and other fabrics

Catal Huyuk

an ancient city in modern day southern Turkey

civilization

a social organization in which made improvements to society including gaining access to water

social hierarchy

the organization of society in arrangement of individuals based on power and wealth

cultural hearths

the areas where civilization first began to radiate ideas, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

Mesopotamia

the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) in southwest Asia

Semetic languages

the precursor to both modern Hebrew and Arabic

Sumerians

a non

city

state/polis

Sargon the Great

the leader of a semetic group that founded the Akkadian Empire

Akkadian Empire

An empire founded by Sargon the Great

Fertile Crescent

The land from Mesopotamia to Egypt

theocracy

society governed by gods or priests

Hittitites

a group that originated in Anatolia that formed a large empire in northwestern Mesopotamia

Assyrians

An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 900s B.C.E.

New Babylonians

An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 500s B.C.E.

Hammurabi's code

an inscription on a blackstone pillar that gave judges many examples of punishments for crimes; a strict law code with harsh punishments

cuneiform

a "wedge

the Epic of Gligamesh

A famous story that has been orally passed down since at least the seventh millennia; version of Noah's Arc

ziggurats

large, multiple story pyramids constructed by bricks and approach by ramps and stairs; a home of the gods/place to worship the gods; Mesopotamian

Nile River

an ancient river that runs through Egypt and is home to many cultural hearths

cataracts

areas where water was too swift and rocky for boats to pass

Hyksos

a people who came from the north to conquer the Nile Delta

pharaoh

an ancient Egyptian ruler

Old Kingdom

the time when the pharaoh had the most power in Egypt

Middle Kingdom

The era when the Hyksos invaded Egypt

New Kingdom

When the Hyksos were defeated by princes from Thebes

social mobility

the ability of individuals to change social status

patriarchy

a system of society where the eldest male is the head of the family

Hatshepsut

A female pharaoh who ruled from 1473 to 1458 B.C.E.

papyrus

An Egyptian writing material made of pressed plants

Amon

Re/Ra

Isis

Egyptian goddess of fertility and the Nile

Osiris

The Egyptian ruler of the afterlife

Horus

the son of Osiris and Isis who was represented by pharaohs

The Book of the Dead

A papyrus text that contained Ancient Egyptian rituals from the New Kingdom; Egyptian

Mohenjo

Daro

Dravidian

An ancient language believed to be spoken in the Indus Valley that is similar to southern Indian languages

Aryans

northwestern invaders who poke Indo

monsoon rains

storms created by seasonal winds that blow from seas towards the Indian subcontinent

Harappa

An ancient Egyptian city made of a huge complex of towns and villages

Rosetta Stone

A tablet with a relatively long script in three languages (formal hieroglyphics, informal hieroglyphics, and Greek)

systems failure

a break down of the political, social, and economical structures of the Indus Valley cities

Xia

an ancient Chinese dynasty that most likely did not exist

Shang

the first known Chinese dynasty

tribute

payment that is usually in the form of produce

Zhou Dynasty

the longest

oracle bones

specially prepared broad bones or turtle shells inscribed with questions

Confucianism

an ancient Chinese philosophy created by Confucius

The Analects

a collection of Confucian works

The book of songs

a collection of early developed Chinese poetry

divination

the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or unknown by supernatural means

Eastern Hemisphere

The hemisphere east of the Prime Meridian.

Western Hemisphere

The hemisphere west of the Prime Meridian.

Olmec

an early American civilization that expanded out from the coastline of the gulf of Mexico

Chavin

an early American civilization that settled between the coastlines of the Andes River Valley

nomadic

moving from place to place constantly

market events

important dates in history; turning points that changed the course of history

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultures, religions, and ideas

perspective

the way someone percieves things

Sumer

tribes with 1 common language a religion; first to settle in Mesopotamia

Anthropomorphic

attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects, animals, or gods; Sumerian

Scribes

people employed at Sumerian temples and palaces to record literature, financial transactions, and legal documents

maritime trade

sea trade; Pheonician

torah

Hebrew Bible

Abraham

Founder of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Nile Delta

a rich area of alluvial soil in Egypt

Black Land

The rich soil around the Nile

Red Land

The desert around the Nile

the ka

the life force or spiritual double of the person; Egyptian

vizier

Chief advisor to the pharaoh/the exclusive head of the Egyptian bureaucracy;Head of government directed by the caliph under the Abbasid caliphate(Islamic)

ba

a human

akh

the spirit of Re; the transfigured spirit of a person that becomes one with light after death

Akhenaton

an Egyptian pharaoh who tried to force his people to become monotheistic and caused major political and social problems; husband of Nefertiti

Nefertiti

Wife of Akhenaton

King Tut (Tutenkhamun)

the only pharaoh with a tomb still intact, which gave archaeologists and historians an insight into Egyptian traditions and ways of life

Ramses Ⅱ

royal overseers

ensured that the 42 district governors carried out the pharaoh's orders.

hieratic/demotic script

a simplified version of Egyptian writing

CleopatraⅦ

the last pharaoh of Egypt who committed suicide instead of surrender to the Romans

monogamy

having more than one wife

monarchy

hereditary rule by one

caste

social classes of hereditary status; India

jati

subgroups of families within a caste