the study of past events starting in the fourth millennium
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prehistory
the time before written history
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Bipedalism
the preference for walking on two limbs rather than four
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primary source
original evidence from the time period
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Paleolithic Age
Old Stone Age
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foraging
searching for food and other resources
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homo spaiens
present day humans
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Neanderthals
a people first found in the Neander Valley in southwest Germany
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neolithic revolution
the changeover from food gathering to food producing that serves as a major marker event
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agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
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horticulture
using only hand
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pastoralism
the domestication of plants and animals in a semi
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domestication of animals
to train animals to stay put and not wander
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surplus
having more than needed
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polytheism
belief in multiple gods
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metallurgy
the science of working with metals
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textiles
the combining of fibers in order to make clothing and other fabrics
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Catal Huyuk
an ancient city in modern day southern Turkey
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civilization
a social organization in which made improvements to society including gaining access to water
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social hierarchy
the organization of society in arrangement of individuals based on power and wealth
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cultural hearths
the areas where civilization first began to radiate ideas, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world
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Mesopotamia
the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) in southwest Asia
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Semetic languages
the precursor to both modern Hebrew and Arabic
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Sumerians
a non
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city
state/polis
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Sargon the Great
the leader of a semetic group that founded the Akkadian Empire
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Akkadian Empire
An empire founded by Sargon the Great
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Fertile Crescent
The land from Mesopotamia to Egypt
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theocracy
society governed by gods or priests
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Hittitites
a group that originated in Anatolia that formed a large empire in northwestern Mesopotamia
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Assyrians
An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 900s B.C.E.
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New Babylonians
An ancient Mesopotamian society that formed in the 500s B.C.E.
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Hammurabi's code
an inscription on a blackstone pillar that gave judges many examples of punishments for crimes; a strict law code with harsh punishments
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cuneiform
a "wedge
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the Epic of Gligamesh
A famous story that has been orally passed down since at least the seventh millennia; version of Noah's Arc
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ziggurats
large, multiple story pyramids constructed by bricks and approach by ramps and stairs; a home of the gods/place to worship the gods; Mesopotamian
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Nile River
an ancient river that runs through Egypt and is home to many cultural hearths
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cataracts
areas where water was too swift and rocky for boats to pass
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Hyksos
a people who came from the north to conquer the Nile Delta
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pharaoh
an ancient Egyptian ruler
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Old Kingdom
the time when the pharaoh had the most power in Egypt
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Middle Kingdom
The era when the Hyksos invaded Egypt
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New Kingdom
When the Hyksos were defeated by princes from Thebes
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social mobility
the ability of individuals to change social status
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patriarchy
a system of society where the eldest male is the head of the family
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Hatshepsut
A female pharaoh who ruled from 1473 to 1458 B.C.E.
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papyrus
An Egyptian writing material made of pressed plants
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Amon
Re/Ra
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Isis
Egyptian goddess of fertility and the Nile
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Osiris
The Egyptian ruler of the afterlife
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Horus
the son of Osiris and Isis who was represented by pharaohs
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The Book of the Dead
A papyrus text that contained Ancient Egyptian rituals from the New Kingdom; Egyptian
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Mohenjo
Daro
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Dravidian
An ancient language believed to be spoken in the Indus Valley that is similar to southern Indian languages
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Aryans
northwestern invaders who poke Indo
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monsoon rains
storms created by seasonal winds that blow from seas towards the Indian subcontinent
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Harappa
An ancient Egyptian city made of a huge complex of towns and villages
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Rosetta Stone
A tablet with a relatively long script in three languages (formal hieroglyphics, informal hieroglyphics, and Greek)
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systems failure
a break down of the political, social, and economical structures of the Indus Valley cities
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Xia
an ancient Chinese dynasty that most likely did not exist
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Shang
the first known Chinese dynasty
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tribute
payment that is usually in the form of produce
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Zhou Dynasty
the longest
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oracle bones
specially prepared broad bones or turtle shells inscribed with questions
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Confucianism
an ancient Chinese philosophy created by Confucius
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The Analects
a collection of Confucian works
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The book of songs
a collection of early developed Chinese poetry
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divination
the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or unknown by supernatural means
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Eastern Hemisphere
The hemisphere east of the Prime Meridian.
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Western Hemisphere
The hemisphere west of the Prime Meridian.
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Olmec
an early American civilization that expanded out from the coastline of the gulf of Mexico
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Chavin
an early American civilization that settled between the coastlines of the Andes River Valley
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nomadic
moving from place to place constantly
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market events
important dates in history; turning points that changed the course of history
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cultural diffusion
the spread of cultures, religions, and ideas
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perspective
the way someone percieves things
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Sumer
tribes with 1 common language a religion; first to settle in Mesopotamia
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Anthropomorphic
attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects, animals, or gods; Sumerian
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Scribes
people employed at Sumerian temples and palaces to record literature, financial transactions, and legal documents
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maritime trade
sea trade; Pheonician
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torah
Hebrew Bible
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Abraham
Founder of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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Nile Delta
a rich area of alluvial soil in Egypt
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Black Land
The rich soil around the Nile
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Red Land
The desert around the Nile
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the ka
the life force or spiritual double of the person; Egyptian
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vizier
Chief advisor to the pharaoh/the exclusive head of the Egyptian bureaucracy;Head of government directed by the caliph under the Abbasid caliphate(Islamic)
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ba
a human
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akh
the spirit of Re; the transfigured spirit of a person that becomes one with light after death
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Akhenaton
an Egyptian pharaoh who tried to force his people to become monotheistic and caused major political and social problems; husband of Nefertiti
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Nefertiti
Wife of Akhenaton
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King Tut (Tutenkhamun)
the only pharaoh with a tomb still intact, which gave archaeologists and historians an insight into Egyptian traditions and ways of life
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Ramses Ⅱ
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royal overseers
ensured that the 42 district governors carried out the pharaoh's orders.
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hieratic/demotic script
a simplified version of Egyptian writing
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CleopatraⅦ
the last pharaoh of Egypt who committed suicide instead of surrender to the Romans