Social Sciences quiz 1

Globalization

A planetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create barriers to, or expedite, those flaws. 

an example of a result of increasing global flows

Brexit

Transnationalism

processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geo-political borders 

transnationoality

the rise of new communities and formations of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation states. 

globality

omnipresence of the process of globalization

flows

the movement of people, things, and places due, in part, to the increasing porosity of global barriers. 

microstructures

terrorist organizations—light compared to heavy bureaucratic systems

example of how we have moved from “heavy” to “light”

A shift from vinyl records to listening to music on a phone

economic globalization

the global capitalist system has produced an uneven playing fueld

what is an example of a major point where movement is blocked

borders

what does friction do to flows

it keeps them moving and even speed them up as well as slow them down

what is imperialism

a broad concept that describes various methods employed by one country to gain control of another country and then to exercise that control over it and perhaps many others

what can empire and the process of imperialism be associated with

rulership over vast geographic spaces and the people who lived there over time

what is colonialism

generally involves settlers, as well as much more formal mechanisms of political control than those of imperialism

what defines imperialism vs colonialism

imperialism: defined by economic control

Colonialism: about political control

what is decolonization

the process of revealing and dismantling colonialist power in all its forms. this includes dismantling the hidden aspects of those institutional and cultural forces that have maintained the colonialist power and that remain even after political independence is achieved

what is post colonialisn

developments that take place in a former colony after the colonizing power departs

what is development

a project that predated globalization, developed countries want underdeveloped countries to depend on them for development

what is import subtitution

encouraging countries to develop their own industries instead of producing for export and relying on imports

what is foreign direct investment

investment by a firm in one-nation state in a firm in another nation-state with the intention of controlling it.

what was the issue with development aid

helpful in the short term but made it so that the countries could not grow and produce their own food. leading to a greater food dependency

what is the dependancy theory

the idea that the development of the nation-states of teh south contributed to a decline in their independence and to an increase in their dependence on the North

what did capitalism contribute to

development in developed nations and underdevelopment in less developed nations

what is the world system theory

the idea that the world is divided mainly between the core an the periphery, with the latter dependant on the former

what was the concern with Americanization

american dominance globally in the realm of consumption

what is neoliberalism

liberal commitment to individual liberty combined with a belief in the free market and opposition to state intervention on it

what was a key development of neoliberalism

the marxist president in chile

the chicago boys say the oppertunity to implement neoliberal ideas when the president was replaced in a coup

what is structural adjustment

conditions of economic restructuring imposed by organizations such as the world bank and the IMF on borrowing nation-states

what spurred progress during the earlier epoch of globalization

developments such as the railroad system and steam ship

what did global economic development depend on

large scale flows of capital

what are remittances

transactions by which migrants send money back to their country of origin

what was the issue with the global economy of a century ago

not equally good for everyone and was bad for many

what were the Bretton woods systems 5 key elements

1. each participating state would establish a par value for its currency expressed in terms of gold or in terms of gold value of the US dollar

2. the official monetary authority in each country would agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the established exchange rate

3. the IMF was created to establish, stabilize and oversee exchange rates

4. the member states agreed to eliminate all restrictions on the use of its currency for international trade

5. the entire system was based on the US dollar

who took centre stage in terms of world order

the International Monetary fund (IMF)

what did the Bretton woods system help with

made exchange rates stable enough to encourage international trade and investment

what problems did social welfare programs want to deal with

recession, layoffs, reduction in wages, bankruptcies of uncompetitive firms

what is the general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)

a system for the liberalization of teh trade that came into existence in 1947, growing out of Bretton woods

what was WTO

an independent organization

what does intellectual property rights involve (IRPs)

intangible ideas, knowledge and expressions that require their use to be approved by their owner

what are trade related investment measures

a WTO agreement on the trade measures governments can impose on foreign firms

what is the WTOs focus

trade places it at the heart of economic globalization and has made it a magnet for those opposed either to the broader process of trade liberalization and promotion or to some specific aspect of WTO operations

what do the WTO operations continue to be premised on

the neoliberal idea that all nations benefit from free and open trade, and the organization is dedicated to reducing barriers to such trade

what is the International monetary fund (IMF)

goal is to promote macroeconomic stability for both its member nations and the global economy

what do critics see in the IMF

supporting developed countries and their efforts to impose their policies on less developed countries

what do supporters see in the IMF

key to the emergence and further development of the global economy

what is austerity

economic policies that cut government spending to reduce public debt

what does the world bank do

provides funds to governments guaranteed programs in part 2 countries (member states that are middle-income or creditworthy poorer nations)

what are some issues with the world bank

seen as dominated by rich developed nations

concerns that the bank serves certain interests

the bank had long neglected agriculture in sub-saharan Africa

what is a Multinational corporation (MNC)

a corporation that operates in more than 2 countries

what led to the establishment of the Bretton woods system

fears of another depression after WWII

what was the main focus of the world bank

developing physical infrastructure in middle-income nations

what mechanisms can MNCs employ

greenfield investments, mergers, acquisitions, and strategic collaborations

what started sovereign states in Europe

Westphalia

what is a nation

a social group that is linked through common descent, culture, language, or territorial contiguity

what is national identity

the fluid and dynamic form of collective identity, founded upon a community’s subjective belief that the members of the community share a set of characteristics that make them different from other groups

what is nationalism

a doctrine and/or political movement that seeks to make the nation the basis of a political structure, especially a state

what is the state

emerged as a new institutional form in the wake of the demise of the duedal system

what is a nation state

the integration of sub-groups that define themselves as a nation with the organizational structure of the state

what is a threat to the nation-state

it is threatened by the global economy and global economic flows

what is a failed state

where there is no functioning national government

what is liquid sovereignty

the detachment of the political authority to rule or self-rule a people from the nation state and its provisional flow to other local and/or transnational communities

what are major sources of collective insecurity

1. terrorism

2. economic globalization, leading to the problems such as outsourcing and pressures toward downsizing

3. threats to national identity due to immigration

4. the spread of global diseases

what are 4 characteristics of an imagined community

1. it is impossible in all but the smallest communities to have face-to-face contact with more than a few of one’s peers

2. it is imagined to be limited, because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond lie another nation

3. it is imagined to be sovereign; that is, as being free

4. it is imagined to be a community, because regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship

what is the difference between globalization and geopolitics

globalization: involves the free flows, especially of an economic nature

geopolitics: involves largely political and military efforts aimed at gaining control over these flows

what was an economic issue with brexit

the UK was a top three economy in the EU and losing it means a significant loss in terms of revenue, GDP, and trade within the union

why is China a geopolitical actor

it surpassed the US as the worlds largest trading nation and has had a rise as a scientific superpower

what is the general assembly

the UNs main deliberative body

what is the security council

responsible for the maintenance of the international peace and security

what are the 4 broad issues that the UN is concerned with

1. military

2. economic

3. environmental

4. human protection

largest contributer to the UN

the US and the US has more power and budget

UN conference on trade and development (UNCTAD)

to improve economic situation of less developed nations and improve their relationships with developed nations

united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (UNESCO)

focus is in the areas of education, the natural and social sciences, and culture

governance

formal and informal rules and institutions that elicit compliance toward collective goals 

what are the three forms of global governance

1. governance through multistakeholder initiatives

2. involves the creation of voluntary regulations

3. transnational arbitration bodies, where governance has been accorded to courts and lawyers, but their authority is not based on international law

what is being demanded more as a result of the declining power of nation states

global governance

what is civil society

a process through which individuals negotiate, argue, struggle against, or agree with one another and those in authority

what is a counterbalance and alternative to nation state and economic market

civil society

what is global civil society

a global, non-governmental, pluralistic form of society composed of interlinked social processes oriented in civility

what could civil society not survive without

the market

international non-governmental organizations (INGOS)

international not-for-profit organizations that perform public functions but are not established or run by nation-states

characteristics that make INGOS invaluable in the global arena

1. they are often grassroots organizations, therefore much more in touch with the needs and interests of their membership than larger organizations associated with nation-states or the international community

2. more effective in achieving their goals in other types of organizations

3. are very good at garnering media attention in efforts to force more formal organizations into action

negative sides to the growth of INGOS

they may not take into consideration wider sets of concerns or issues, they often keep their agendas secret, adn are elitist and seek to impose inappropriate universal plans on local organizations or settings

Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

organizations such as the UN that are international in scope

what are the three stages in which the world is evolving

bipolar (cold war)

unipolar (the ascendancy of the US)

Tripolar (the US, EU, and China as the three centres of power)

international migrant

someone who lives in a country where they were not born and to which they have important social ties

migrants alone drive what is some high income countries

population growth

restrictions on migration have not been

liberalized

main driving force behind Brexit

fear of immigration

refugees

those forced to leave their homeland, or who leave involuntarily because they fear for their safety

why are undocumented migrants in US afraid

la migra is always after them and they cannot trust anyone

liquid migration

migration that is predominantly work- and study- driven and is envisioned as temporary and unpredictable

what is an issue with remittances

they can create a drain on the economy of the home country

diaspora

the large scale dispersal of a population

diaspora involves

a social form

a type of conciousness

a mode of cultural production

it is political

diaspora is being used to describe whay communitites

migrant communities

minority group

a group of people in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and/or prestige

a majority group

a group of people in a superordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and/or prestige

conflict between majority and minority

majority want to maintain and enhance their privileged position while minority groups want to improve theirs at times this leads to conflict

race

a social group defined on the basis of real or presume physical, biological, or phenotypical characteristics

ethnic group

a social group defined on the basis of some cultural characteristics