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By late 1938, 1.5 million Japanese troops were bogged down in
China
Hitler's Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except
Land reform
The Nuremberg Laws
Deprived German Jews of their rights to citizenship
In July 1941, the United States cut off __ sales to Japan
Oil
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
They were approximately the same
Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist party for
Urging Italian entry into WWI
The Grand Alliance included all of the following except
Italy
The decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany came at the Battle of
Stalingrad
The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except
The decision to exclude France from the Alliance
In the early 1930s, German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression by
Cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the
Russian peasants
The term Final Solution refers to
The attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis
In the spring of 1943, the Allies followed up their victories in North Africa by invading
Sicily
Hitler's popularity was based on all of the following except
His establishment of equality for women
In June 1942, at the Battle of _, American pilots sank four Japanese aircraft carriers and established overall naval equality with Japan in the Pacific
Midway
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
Were able to pursue professional careers
By spring __, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war
1921
Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain
Headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis
On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans
were Hitler's willing accomplices in the Final Solution
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country
argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own
Lenin's _ (NEP) was a response to the dire conditions in the post-civil war Soviet Union
New Economic Policy
Among the objectives of Stalin's first five-year plan were all of the following except to
Russify the ethnic minority groups in the USSR
All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin's industrialization drive except
the skill of Soviet economists
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants
Stalin defeated ___ to take control of the post-Lenin Soviet Union
Trotsky
Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _, in 1929
better-off peasants
Mussolini began his political career as a __ party leader
Socialist
Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except
abundant housing
By 1950, __ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women
75
Mussolini's used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder.
Black Shirts
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
According to Hitler's New Order, the European race that was next to the Jews on Hitler's scale of subhuman was the
Slavic race
By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered
6 million
By the end of _, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control
1926
In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city's mayor
Karl Lueger
After the Lateran Agreement of 1929, ___ urged Italians to support Mussolini's government
the pope
In order to foster economic growth, the German minister of the economy, Ludwig Erhard,
emphasized free-market capitalism
After World War II, the Soviet Union
returned to the totalitarianism of the 1930s
_ Russians identified themselves with Russian nationalism and feared that greater freedom in eastern Europe would harm Russia
Hard-line
The strength of the Soviet government in the 1960s and 1970s was expressed in the __ of culture and art
flowering
U.S. president ___ committed the United States to landing a man on the moon
Kennedy
Conservative party figures ousted Khruschev from the Soviet leadership because of all of the following except
Khrushchev's readiness to let Soviet satellites leave the Warsaw Pact
The ultimate goal of Robert Schuman's plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to
bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be impossible
Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel
when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948
The European Common Market was created by the Treaty of
Rome
Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon
gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation
The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by
students
In 1958, General de Gaulle established the Republic in France
Fifth Republic in France
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers
The leveling of European society was a product of all of the following except
increased immigration resulting from decolonization
represented the model for the new postwar middle class
Managers and civil servants
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a decisive American defeat
In the 1920s and 1930s, built a mass movement in India preaching nonviolent noncooperation
Gandhi
The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries
In the 1950s, the typical woman in the West
married early and bore her children quickly
In 1954, the were defeated by the forces of Ho Chi Minh
French
Over the course of the 1980s, the U.S. government debt
tripled
In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the , provoking a military conflict with France and Britain
Suez Canal Company
According to the _ Doctrine, the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need
Brezhnev
The founder of the National Organization for Women was
Betty Friedan
Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand
was forced to introduce austerity measures
Margaret Thatcher did all of the following except
reduce British unemployment to near zero
In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments
created a new class of property owners
Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress
cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit
Common goals of the women's movement included all of the following except
elimination of male-dominated governments
The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern bloc was
to seek peace and reconciliation
The signing of the _ Agreements in 1980 brought a temporary end to conflict between workers and the Polish government
Gdansk
Gorbachev's policy of involved greater openness in public discourse
glasnost
Poland differed from the other Eastern bloc states because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church
The workers at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk demanded all of the following except
dissolution of the Communist party
Gorbachev's reforms included all of the following except
the breakup of collective farms
Helmut Kohl presided over the reunification of
Germany
According to the text, European societies in the early twenty-first century face all of the following problems except
rapidly declining living standards
The first President Bush's "___" was meant to feature a stable and cooperative relationship between the United Nations and the United States
brand new day
According to the text, economic shock therapy in Russia worked poorly for all of the following reasons except the
strength of the ruble on international currency exchanges
Vladimir Putin
was elected president of Russia in 2000
Terrorism and have gone hand-in-hand since the beginning of the twentieth century
Famine or epidemic
The German Red Army Faction is an example of the
second wave of terrorism
The Solidarity movement of the 1980s was led by
Lech Walesa
Western nations joined forces with the Afghani _ in the 2001 attack on the Taliban and al-Qaeda
Northern Alliance
The Maastricht treaty of 1991
set up a plan for creating a European monetary union with a single currency
The attempted coup by the communist old guard in the Soviet Union in August 1991 failed because of
massive popular resistance, rallied around Boris Yeltsin
In 1992, Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at
"the end of history."
During their struggle against the Soviet Union, bin Laden and like-minded holy warriors developed a hatred of all of the following except
Islamic puritanism
The Gulf War clearly revealed
American preeminence as the only remaining superpower
In __, President Bush and his advisers began to consider how to overthrow Saddam Hussein
2002
In 2002, the Bush administration new Security Council resolutions requiring Iraq to accept the return of weapons inspectors
pushed hard for
Rapid economic decline in 1992 and 1993 in Russia encouraged opposition to __ and his policies
Yeltsin
The successful reform movements in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic resulted from all of the following factors except
state control of strategic industries
Slobodan Milosevic's plan, which hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia, was known as
Greater Serbia
The event that finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs was
the slaughter of several thousand citizens in Srebrenica
In 1993, Vaclav Havel presided over the spilt of into two countries
Czechoslovakia
The text argues that the decline of western European birthrates is due to
the entrance of married women into careers and the related drive for gender equality
It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003 illegal immigration into the European Union
rose from 50,000 to perhaps 200,000 per year
Gorbachev's encouragement of reform movements in Poland and Hungary was a repudiation of the Doctrine.
Brezhnev
Opposition to the Maastricht treaty was based on all of the following considerations except
the belief that the new currency would be easily manipulated and controlled by the United States
In the late 1990s, __ forces clashed with the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)
Serb
make up 60 percent of Iraq's population
Shi'ites