AP Seminar SAP Concepts

Ethnocentrism

• Believing your culture is superior to others

• judging others’ cultures from your own perspective

Cultural relativism

Different cultures are valued and equal

Cultural appropriation

When someone intentionally or unintentionally exploits part of a culture they dont belong to → harms the culture/people

Ex: using ideas, customs, clothing, etc appropriately without permission

Cultural imperialism

• The process by which one culture exters influence over another → leads to dominance of certain customs, values, and practices at the expensive of local traditions

• Often one cultural imposing itself on another

• Can be unintentional, but often has long term effects

Cultural norm

• shared expectations and rules that guide how people behave within a particular group or society

• define what is considered acceptable, appropriate, or polite in that culture.

Piaget's stages of development

• Sensorimotor stage → learning with the senses

• Preoperational stage → using language and asking questions (egocentric, self centered)

• Concrete operational stage → able to see other’s perspectives, make cause and effect connections between events in surroundings

• Formal Operational stage → use logic and critical thinking

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

• Pre-conventional stage → “right” is what feels good to them

• Conventional stage → “right” is what they are told by those around them (society + family)

• Post-conventional stage → consider more abstract ethical concepts beyond just being “right” or “wrong” → gray areas

• **only looked at boys → biased results

Gilligan's gender-role model of moral development

• boys: emphasize formal rules to define what is right or wrong → justice perspective

• Girls: focused on interpersonal reasoning in moral decisions → care and responsibility perspective

  • Due to cultural condition because girls are told they need to be more feminine → associated with nurturing and empathetic

Mead's role-taking model

Develop sense of self through other people

• Imitation → mirror behaviour of others

• Play → ex: playing the role of a mom with a doll

• Game stage → multiple roles within one situation

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Every stage of life has different expectations and challenges → seen as markers of social development

• Infants: basic trust vs mistrust (doubt and fear) → based on interactions with mother

• Autonomy vs shame & doubt → exploring our body, based on both parents

• Initiative vs guilt → encouraged vs scolded

• Industry vs inferiority → discovering interests, unique personalities, dependent on praise, based on neighbours and school

• Identity vs role confusion → finding our place in the world (student, citizen, family) based on peers and role models

• Intimacy vs isolation → love, long-term commitments, intimate relationships, based on friends and parents

• Generativity vs stagnation → comfort, routine, having kids, based on family and work

• Ego integrity vs despair → slowing down, reflecting

Cultural Capital

Non-financial assets that help you succeed in the world

Gender, race, and class socialization

• Group memberships

• Learning about behaviours, values, and attitudes associated with certain groups (race, gender, class etc)

Anticipatory socialization

• People learn to take on the values and standards of groups they plan to join

• Ex: children to adults

Hidden curriculum

unspoken or informal lessons, values, and expectations that students learn in school but are not part of the official curriculum—such as attitudes, behaviors, or social norms.

Social prescriptions

behaviour expected of people in social/peer groups

Coleman's social categories

• Nerds, Jocks, Leading crowds, Burnouts

• Who you hang out with affects how you do in school → depending on social setting

• Peers aren’t necessarily the same as us → they shape our personalities

Media socialization

• process through which people learn values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms by interacting with or consuming media, such as television, social media, movies, and news

Goffman's total institution and resocialization theory

• Total institution theory describes places where people are isolated from the rest of society and their daily life is strictly controlled—such as prisons, military camps, or boarding schools

• Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors to replace old ones

  • often occurring inside total institutions where individuals must adapt to a completely new way of life.